Anda di halaman 1dari 26

!

" #

$ %& $
&' & &&( $
) *
+ , -... / # 0 , 1 1
0 , 2 $3 3 &&( 1 $ 4 ,
$ ! $ , #
5
46 & $
&&( 7 8 9
7 5 , #

( ,

"

# $%

, : ; ; 1 ,
CPU #
, &' & ! ' " $ , < # ,
= , > ,1 ?
Processor Year , , &' @> ,>#
( ; .A #

' (! $ ' " $ ) * ) $ !%

, 1 ( # B C
, # , 8 ) , 1 , ,1,
) ,>#

) , 1 @& D1 #

a) Processor
, , " , E , , #
, F , D 1 , , G #
, , ,1, H 6 1 ,
B # B I
8 ,>#

Intel Processor 8
Intel Processors

Intel Dual Core - 2005


Intel Core Duo - 2006
Intel Core2 Duo – 2006
Intel Core2 Extreme – 2007
Intel Core2 Quad – 2008
Celeron Processor

• Intel® Celeron® processor

• Intel® Celeron® D processor

The Intel Celeron D processor is now available at speeds up to 3.60 GHz

• Intel® Celeron® Dual-Core processor

AMD Processor

• AMD Phenom™

• AMD Athlon™

• AMD Opteron™

C JKL , & , AMD Processor B #

- Memory (
Memory 4
+
• Register
• Cache Memory
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
• Hard Disk
• Floppy Disk
• CD ROM
• Flash Memory
• Magnetic Tape

a) Register
, 8 Memory # , , Micro processor " #
b) Cache Memory

, Microprocessor Memory # , ,
, ,1 # M
Level 1Cash – L1 Cache

Level 2 Cash – L2 Cache

> (Intel Core2 Duo)

L1 Cache- 2x32 KB

L2 Cache – 4 MB

c) Random Access Memory (RAM)

> D 1 N
, 5 , / G 1
N, 5 @> D 1 #
)- , , , / $
> , 5 D #
'L )- , , ,
$
#
$

d) Read Only Memory (ROM)

,
, O ',
, # >
,
, , # , (ROM)
1 O,
, , #

e) Hard Disk P /

, O ', 1 $ @>
,># 8 &' JKL 1 , 1
, / #

f) Floppy Disk.
, , , F / / # ,
, O $ , >>( P! J
1 $ @> D1 #

g) CD ROM

, 8 >' /. 0. 1 1 1 8 F
#

' ) " ' ) %

, , >,'I " D , H
, > # J,' ( , 8 #

' )2 " ' ) 2 %

, , >,'I " > #

h) Flash Memory (USB PEN Drive)

.
PEN Drive ,
D , Q,
, #
ARS MB RTA MB 1GB 2GB
Rs.850 Rs.1500

i) Magnetic Tape

5) Mother Board
, ( ) J # ,
RAM, Processor, Network Card, VGA Card &
1 , , Mother board # RAM, VGA Sound card,
I/O Ports U , & , Mother Board
, #

6) Power Supply
AC &! DC &! 1 4 computer , DC &! 1 ,
power supply B #

Power supply 4 A #
V AT (Old)
- ATX (Newer)

7) Input/ Output Devices (I/O Devices)


/
JW
, ) J In put Device ,
1 ) J Out put Device , ,>#

Input/Output ) J
• VDU Scanner
• Keyboard Printer
• Mouse Microphone

8) I/O Ports

I/O ) J 1 ( 1 , I/O ports B #

"*
-!
' 7
-! !

*
1

# $% !

USB Port , &,'I

, 1! 1 G >>( 1
;, ) J , 8 1 ( #
)X *
+ 3 4 ' 5" 5 ! 5

9) 4

0
a. Desktop
' " D L ; D $
, Y 1 @> D
# , >>( ;, 9 5
' " >>( ;, '5 )
@> #

b. Laptop (Note Book)


" " "! D , , F
1 8 D #
" " L, 1 > #
>! D > $, 1 Z ;[5 !,># >!
D > $ L, .S 1
G #

c. Palmtop
'- ' - ;, "
" "! ,
D E ,># , , ,
>,'IJ ' > #

d. &,'I

Telephone Exchange &,'I # % ,


# CPU, Hard Disk, Optical Disk

10) Specification for Desktop Computer

Feature Desktop

8
Processor - Intel Pentium Dual Core 2.8 or higher

Cache – L1 512KB / L2 4MB

Motherboard - Intel Original / Asus / Gigabyte

Memory - 512 MB DDR2 or Higher with 533 Hz or higher bus speed

Video Card - 128 Mb or higher in-built VGA or Asus / TNT ATI PCI Express
separate VGA

HDD - 80 GB or higher Serial ATA (Hitachi / Sony / Samsung)

FDD - 1.44 Mb FDD

CD-ROM - 52x DVD-RW (Asus / Sony / Philips)

Key Board - PS2 Keyboard (Logitech)

Mouse - PS2 Normal Scorall

Monitor - 17’’ Philips / Samsung / Pro-Link LCD monitor

Modem - 56-K fax Modem

Network Interface - In-built or Separate NIC D-Link

Sound Card - 128-bit Inbuilt Sound Card

Speaker - 800W PMPO (Peak Music Power Output), Normal

11) 1 ( (

,
L, @& T., # AR\ JKL,
, , M

, .\
, .R
, .R #
, , , 5 5 5 #
, ,

, , 5 ,5 85 /5; < ]

) *
+T.TT , JKL, ,

, , , JKL TM
. , ,^# , &L JW 2 "
& , 2 ,^# , JW #

:
) # , , &L JW .& , ) R& , #
,^#

, , JW G #
TM
.5 # , G &&( ! "! G
U? 1 , #

5 1 ( _ #
, 1 ( (L G !" # (L & "" 5 =% ,
' ) J G @& " # ,> , , '
! ,^#

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

, T, . % D ,^#

, ; (L #

# T $ % % $ , % ,
D E ,># % ,
% " %7 ,
D E ,>#

%7 % "

%7 % "

%7 % "

> %7 > % "

, D ,^#

% 8 %$ 1 D ,^# $ " $ ( D1 , %$ #

1024 %$ 1 #1

, #1 1

, 1 >1

15 #15 15 > 1 $ ', #

)X*
+ RTA 1 )-
8 >1 4 '

&

"* &

J` &L 1 ; & L, ,1 , 'a J` #


)X*
+

'^ &L ' 1 $#

, &L J` , , , B , b , # , -
,^#

D ,>

,>

A ,> @& D ,^#

! " #! $ % & "$


! O 6 ? , 8 , , ! O "* 3*
, #

"* 3* , 1 (> , J, I (L # , "" 5


@% 6" , ) (L , #

- ! O J`

! O , J` #
<+ +<, 4 A< , ', , 4A
D ,^#

"* 3* ,
D
, # , B
#

3* 5 O , 1 ; D #

' &

"* 3* 1 ; D1 ,
B #
, $ 1 ; ,
$ D
% /, %7 ,># , "*
3* ! O 5, $ 1 #

( # )

; , ; >,
' ! " 3 ' # ,1#

* " + !

64 kbps x 32 - 2.048 Mbps (E1)

2.048 Kbps x 4 - 8.448 Mbps (E2)

8.448 Mbps x 4 - 34.368 Mbps (E3)

34.368 Mbps x 4 - 139.254 Mbps (E4)

18.) Higher Order Muxes


* " $ !3 !3< @ ! " $ !3 ! "! % ! " 3
!3 ! "! <

+
2nd Order Mux [E2 Channel]
< ,8 %7

8<,,8 %7
6
B
+

64 %

3rd Order Mux [E3 Channel]


8<,,8 %7

+,<+/8 %7
+ 6
B
+

64 %

4th Order Mux [E4 Channel]


+,<+/8 %7

+:< /, %7
,*6 B

64 %

19.) Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy [PDH]


* =* ! " 3 * * <

,
< ,8 %7

8<,,8 %7

+,<+/8 %7
6
B + +:< /, %7
6
*
B ,
6
B

20.) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy [SDH]


* * ! " 3 * *$<

C ..<. %7

'4
$ * ! " =
B

64 %

* "! % + ,<

* "! % = ! <

* ! "! % ..<. %7 <

,B C , / <8 %"

,B , C / <,88 > %"

,B / C /, :<:.+ > %"

21.) 6
.A C JKL $ 6 @&
,^# 6 ( , .A ,1 #

1. Local Area Network (LAN)


2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
.
, $ % &, $

c 1 ( ,
$ 6 -? ,^#

-? , 7
4 , , ,
, _ #

8 -? $ 'L , ? 9 = 5
% 5 )D,.5 4 1

1 ( 2 , ,>#

-? 4 9 $ 4 1 , 9 * , # J$
4
-? 9 $ ", , ,^# , ! ! %
,^#

, 1 ( $ J$
4 -? ,>#

7 O ', -? , #

- $ % &- $

8 ! / ) * , -? , , 1 ( & 2 -? ?
2, # , $? 1 ( 2 -? ? ,^#

, -? 8 ! ? L, "" % 1 ,
, , # ? ? 1 ( 1, , 6" # ) * 5' 5 !

22.) 6 ) &$ % .

! /+

/
@ E- 8" 4 !%

@ E 3 " = ," 9 *

2 , , -? , 1 ( , 2 -?
D G #

) ! 2 -? 1 ( , 8
D 2, #

, ! O 6 ? 1 ( , $
$ 2, ,
1 ( ,>#
0
$ %2 3 &$ 2

-? 1 ( , ? 9
D = # , 1 ( ,
D
, #

"

3 04 '

- $ &- $ 1 (

8
, 8 1 $2 -? 1 ( # , 1 ( 1 , ! O 6 #

, 'L , ! O 1 ( #

, ! O , 8 ;, D , , & # , $
1 ) ( ,> RS %" ,># , & Dd D , e ! O
d d #

, ,

, $! O , 1 ( 8 2, , ,># , $ "*
3* 1 (5 ! , ,># , A- D , _< D
1 ( #
$ ( S- %" 5 8 %" ; ; <+8 %" ; ; ,8 %" &
#

, 1 ( , & @&
, # , , , , , #
, & Dd D S- %" L, # 35,000# ,>#

9 , , 9 - 1 ( # , 9 9 =!
9 , ,>#

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

;, @& & JW & , ' #


, JW & , # 5 ;- 'L ,>#

:
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

< ', 1 (

G L, 1 ( 1 , -? , #

2 /5 $

MPLS H , 1 >,'I Network ? #


? 1 1 ( IP/VPN ,^#

7& ? ', 1 (

> , , f 2 -? #

) E

3 2

g , , :> ( !% 6 # , -?
, , > # , :> h ,
6
; , #
, i , -? 1 1 , 2 -? # , j
' !" 5 , & ? @> #

24) 1 ( 1

46 & , 46 , (ISP-Internet Service Provider)


#

L, , ISP , 1 ( 5 ! O exchange , ISP


1 (5 # , dial-up connection ,^#

, , ! O _ ISP ! O _ # ,
! O 8 modem 1 ( " #

ISP , ! O , modem Remote Access Server (RAS) 1 ( " #


, $ 1 ( " modem B ISP , ! O J dial 7
1 ( # , telephone exchange , , L! O &
#

1 ( 1 ( "! O J bill ,^#

c 46 1 ( $ O ISP & , &ka 0 ,


,@ , , & 1 # , Authentication ,># L,
, ! , ,@ 1 $ Username Password , 9
$ $ !
1 , ISP , RAS B #

1 ( modem B ISP , ! O J () *+ SLT B TAR.3A-l) J


&ka " # , J dial ,
$ RAS 1 (& # & User & Username
Password "& 46 1 ( 1 #

' =
!"' , $!" 9 ! , # !" , < ,
,1 , 6
; , 5 # 9 6 ,
; ,1
, 1 $ # !" , $ !" $ , 9 $ !
# , $ 5 , 1 $ ! ) $ RS %" -
4A JKL #
$

, 4A ./ %" "

, 4A ./ %" ' 9

, , ( 6
; 1 ( 5 7; ! O
, $ ! $ # , ;
6 1 (5
$ L ! O &ka $ , 5 #

' , 1 ( 1

ADSL – Assymetric Digital Subscriber Line

• , 5 46 & $ @& 8 ,> #

• , L! O ! #
• , !" 8 4 9 1 $# !" , ,
, $ ! , ,>#
• 4 , ,1, , L O , I ) , $ #
$ 3

6 # ,
46 ! O
,
@&
46 1 (
! O 0>
,

! O _ 1 $ 0&

46 1 (
&'
,>

• L 46 1 (5 ,> ,
, JKL # , $ , < #

46 1 ( 7& ,1, & 46 , ,


9 & ( ' !" # , 7
4
, ,1 $ 46 & $ , L ,>#

, , asymmetric , ,># ADSL , , ,


Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line , ,>#

ADSL 1 ( 1 $ @& 1 , ! O 1 ( 7copper wire , #

a) L! O 1 ( , 6 # 1 (

+
b) , 1 (

B ( , 6A 1, #

x = 128 Kb/s , y = 512 Kb/s

L x = 512 Kb/s , y = 2048 Kb/s

c)

,
• , L! O ; @& , 5 O $ #
• 5 _ $ "* _ * 5 ! , ,>#
• 46 1 ( , # $ 'L , ,>#
• L !" 1 ( ,> #
• '? -' ,> #

26) IP Address

- 1 , JKL .- #

)j E +< .< <

< ,0< ,<:

, JKL .. C, > #

27) TCP/IP

TCP/IP internet , > , G> , Q #


6
; (Internet or Intranet) g 7 ,
# , ,1# , ', #

I NO '1 (Voice) TV JW IP packet 1


; 6
; # Voice over IP (VOIP) IP TV
,1#0 2 JW IP Packet 1 ; , 6
;
$ #, #
0 L H L O VOIP H L
,>#

Anda mungkin juga menyukai