Introduction To HVACSystems PDF

Introduction to HVAC Systems
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic
© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

period one
Dissecting HVAC Systems

Comfort Requirements
 Temperature
 Humidity
 Air movement
 Fresh air
 Clean air
 Noise levels
 Lighting
 Furniture and work surfaces

The Five System Loops
Airside Heat rejection
Chilled water Controls
Refrigeration

Airside Loop
supply air
return air
sensible
heat
moisture conditioned
(latent heat) space

Cooling Load Components
roof
lights partition
people wall
glass infiltration equipment
solar
glass
conduction
exterior
wall
floor
Supply Fan and Filter
OA 95°F
EA (35°C)
MA
filter 80°F
(26.7°C)
RA
supply
fan
75°F
(23.9°C)
SA
conditioned
space
Cooling Coil
OA 95°F
EA (35°C)
MA
80°F
(26.7°C) tubes
cooling
coil
RA
fins
75°F
(23.9°C) header
SA
55°F
(12.8°C)

Chilled-Water Cooling Coil
warm, cool,
humid air dry air
drain pan
condensate drain line

part-load operation
Constant-Volume System
OA 95°F
EA (35°C)
constant supply-air quantity
MA variable supply-air temperature
filter 80°F
(26.7°C)
RA
75°F
(23.9°C)
SA
65°F
(18.3°C)

part-load operation
Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) System
OA 95°F
EA (35°C)
variable supply-air quantity
MA constant supply-air temperature
80°F
(26.7°C)
RA
75°F airflow
(23.9°C) modulation
SA device
55°F
VAV (12.8°C)
terminal VAV
unit terminal unit
Fan-Coil Unit
supply-air outlet
cooling coil
supply fan
filter
return-air inlet
Central Air Handler
cooling
coil supply-air
outlet
return-air
dampers
supply
fan outdoor-air
filters dampers

Supply-Air Distribution System
outdoor-air inlet
sheet-metal supply duct flexible

duct diffuser
VAV
terminal
return-air central
inlet air handler

Ceiling Plenum Return
roof
plenum supply air return air
diffuser
ceiling

Chilled-Water Loop
80°F
(26.7°C) 57°F
(13.9°C)
cooling
coil
55°F 42°F
(12.8°C) (5.6°C)

Evaporator
80°F
(26.7°C) 57°F
(13.9°C)
evaporator
cooling
coil
55°F 42°F
(12.8°C) (5.6°C)

Shell-and-Tube Evaporator
chilled-water
supply
chilled-water
return
refrigerant
vapor
liquid and vapor

tubes refrigerant
Pump and Control Valve
control
80°F valve
(26.7°C) 57°F
(13.9°C)
evaporator
cooling
coil
55°F 42°F
(12.8°C) (5.6°C)
pump

Two-Way Versus Three-Way Valves
coil with two-way coil with three-way

control valve control valve

Small Chilled-Water System
water chiller
pump cooling coil
control
valve

Refrigeration Loop
80°F
(26.7°C) 57°F 50°F
(13.9°C) (10°C)
evaporator
55°F 42°F 38°F

(12.8°C) (5.6°C) (3.3°C)

Compressor
compressor
 Reciprocating
80°F
(26.7°C) 57°F 50°F 120°F  Scroll
(13.9°C) (10°C) (48.9°C)
 Helical-rotary
evaporator
(screw)
 Centrifugal
55°F 42°F 38°F
(12.8°C) (5.6°C) (3.3°C)

Condenser
compressor
80°F
(26.7°C) 57°F 50°F 120°F
(13.9°C) (10°C) (48.9°C)
evaporator
condenser
55°F 42°F 38°F 110°F
(12.8°C) (5.6°C) (3.3°C) (43.3°C)

Types of Condensers
fan
propeller fan
refrigerant vapor
finned-tube coil
outdoor air
liquid refrigerant sump pump

air-cooled
evaporative
refrigerant vapor
condenser
water water-cooled
liquid refrigerant tubes

Expansion Device
compressor
80°F
(26.7°C) 57°F 50°F 120°F
(13.9°C) (10°C) (48.9°C)
evaporator
condenser
55°F 42°F 38°F 110°F
(12.8°C) (5.6°C) (3.3°C) (43.3°C)
expansion
device

Helical-Rotary Water Chiller
compressor
condenser
condenser
water
evaporator
chilled
water
Finned-Tube Evaporator (Coil)
liquid
airflow refrigerant
refrigerant
vapor
No Chilled-Water Loop
compressor
cooling coil air-cooled

(evaporator) condenser
expansion
device

Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioner
filters supply fan propeller-type

condenser fans
exhaust fan
cooling coil
(evaporator)
air-cooled condenser compressors

Heat-Rejection Loop
80°F
(26.7°C) 57°F 50°F 120°F 100°F
(13.9°C) (10°C) (48.9°C) (37.8°C)
condenser
42°F 38°F 110°F 85°F cooling

55°F tower
(12.8°C) (5.6°C) (3.3°C) (43.3°C) (29.4°C)

Cooling Tower
propeller fan
sprays
fill
outdoor air
sump
© American Standard Inc. 2004

to condenser from condenser
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN
Pump and Control Valve
control
valve
80°F
(26.7°C) 57°F 50°F 120°F 100°F
(13.9°C) (10°C) (48.9°C) (37.8°C)
condenser
42°F 38°F 110°F 85°F cooling

55°F tower
(12.8°C) (5.6°C) (3.3°C) (43.3°C) (29.4°C)
pump

Water Chiller and Cooling Tower
cooling tower
pump
control
valve bypass pipe
water-cooled condenser

Packaged Air-Cooled Chiller
propeller-type
evaporator condenser fans
air-cooled
compressor condenser

Packaged Air-Cooled Chiller
compressor
evaporator air-cooled
condenser
expansion
device

Controls Loop
building automation system

system-level controller
Rooftop VAV System
packaged rooftop
air conditioner
VAV terminals
system-level
controller

Air-Cooled Chiller, Fan-Coil System
dedicated outdoor-air unit
fan-coil units
exhaust fan
air-cooled chiller
system-level controller
hot-water boiler pumps

period two
Direct Expansion (DX) Versus
Chilled-Water Systems

Direct Expansion (DX)
expansion
airflow valve
evaporator
liquid
refrigerant
refrigerant
vapor
Air-Cooled DX System
compressor
air-cooled
condenser propeller
fans
cooling coil
(evaporator)
outdoor
air
condenser coils
expansion
device

Packaged DX Air Conditioner
filters supply fan propeller-type

condenser fans
exhaust fan
cooling coil
(evaporator)
air-cooled condenser compressors

Split DX System
cooling coil
(evaporator)
supply fan
air-cooled condenser
compressors
refrigerant piping

Chilled-Water Loop
control
valve
cooling
coil
evaporator
pump

Packaged Water Chillers
water-cooled
air-cooled

Split Chilled-Water System
air-cooled condensing unit
remote
evaporator
refrigerant
piping

DX versus chilled water
Factors Affecting the Decision
 Installed cost
 Energy consumption
 Space requirements
 Freeze prevention
 Building height, size,
shape
 System capacity
 Centralized maintenance
 Stability of control
 Individual tenant billing

Installed Cost
air-cooled DX system
air-cooled,
chilled-water system

Energy Consumption
chilled
DX water
Compressor(s)  
Supply and exhaust  

(or return) fans
Condenser (or  
cooling tower) fans
Pumps 

Space Requirements
rooftop installation
indoor equipment room

Freeze Prevention
70
60 freeze protection
ethylene glycol concentration,
50
% by weight
40
30
burst protection
20
10
0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
(-46) (-40) (-34) (-29) (-23) (-18) (-12) (-7) (-1)

temperature, °F (°C) Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN
Building Height, Size, Shape

System Capacity
equipment type
packaged water chillers
DX equipment
0 200 400 4,000

(0) (700) (1,400) (14,000)
cooling capacity, tons (kW)

Centralized Maintenance

Stability of Control
DX
setpoint
chilled
water

period three
Common HVAC System Types

System Categories
zones served by supply fan
single zone single zone

constant volume variable volume
multiple zone multiple zone

air volume delivered by supply fan

Single Zone, Constant Volume
EA RA
supply SA
OA cooling fan
coil
thermostat
zone

single-zone systems
Single Thermostat

single zone, constant volume
Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner
condenser fan compressor

air-cooled
supply fan condenser
filter
front grille
cooling coil wall sleeve
(evaporator) Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN
Packaged DX Rooftop System
sheet-metal
supply duct
packaged rooftop
air conditioner
diffuser

Split DX System
cooling coil
(evaporator)
supply fan
air-cooled condenser
compressors
refrigerant piping

Four-Pipe Versus Two-Pipe System
4-pipe 2-pipe
Coils per terminal unit 2 1
Water distribution piping 2 sets 1 set
Heating and cooling either or both mutually

simultaneously exclusive
Temperature control direct direct
Humidity control direct indirect

(if heating coil
downstream
of cooling coil)
Dedicated Outdoor-Air System
OA ducted OA ducted to
directly to terminal units
spaces
OA ducted to
plenum near
terminal units

Single Zone, Variable Volume
EA RA
supply SA
OA cooling fan
coil
variable-speed
drive thermostat
zone

System Categories
zones served by supply fan
single zone single zone

multiple zone multiple zone

air volume delivered by supply fan

Multiple Zones, Constant Volume
EA RA
supply SA
OA cooling fan
coil
reheat coil
thermostat
zone zone

multiple zones, constant volume
Multizone Air Handler
RA
EA
SA
OA
multizone air handler
thermostat
zone zone

Changeover–Bypass System
EA RA
bypass damper
supply SA
OA fan
damper
constant-volume supply fan,
variable-volume airflow to spaces
thermostat
zone zone

Changeover–Bypass System
packaged rooftop
air conditioner
diffuser
modulating
damper
system-level
controller
bypass
damper
Multiple Zones, Variable Volume
EA RA
supply SA
OA cooling fan
coil
VAV box
thermostat
zone zone

period four
Factors That Affect Selection of
the HVAC System

Preference of Building Owner
 Owner
 Occupies building
 Developer
 Leases to tenants
 May sell building soon
after construction

Available Construction Budget
interior
other
foundation mechanical
exterior,
roof
electrical
structure

Size and Shape of Building

Function of Building
 Comfort requirements
 Temperature
 Humidity
 Air movement
 Fresh air
 Clean air
 Noise levels
 Number of tenants
 After-hours usage
Architectural Limitations

Life-Cycle Cost
 Installation
 Energy (operation)
 Maintenance
 Replacement

Ease of Operation and Maintenance

Time Available for Construction


Introduction To HVACSystems PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Introduction To HVACSystems PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Introduction to HVAC Systems

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

Airside Heat rejection

Chilled water Controls

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

condensate drain line

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

sheet-metal supply duct flexible

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

liquid and vapor

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

coil with two-way coil with three-way

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

pump cooling coil

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

55°F 42°F 38°F

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

liquid refrigerant sump pump

liquid refrigerant tubes

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

cooling coil air-cooled

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

filters supply fan propeller-type

air-cooled condenser compressors

42°F 38°F 110°F 85°F cooling

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004

42°F 38°F 110°F 85°F cooling

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

building automation system

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

hot-water boiler pumps

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

filters supply fan propeller-type

air-cooled condenser compressors

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

air-cooled condensing unit

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

Supply and exhaust  

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

indoor equipment room

© American Standard Inc. 2004

© American Standard Inc. 2004 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN

packaged water chillers