Hypothesis of the Universe
System
 Peter Jakobsen
He investigated the nature of the
gaseous matter that fills the vast volume
of intergalactic space.
 Galileo Galilei
was the first to discover physical
details about the individual bodies of the
Solar System.
 Edwin P. Hubble
Revolutionized cosmology by
proving that the clouds of light
astronomers saw in the night
sky were actually other galaxies beyond
our Milky Way he used the
Hubble space telescope
Working at the Mount Wilson
Observatory in California, announced
that all of the galaxies he had observed
were receding from us, and from each
other, at speeds of up to several
thousand miles per second.
The Big Bang Theory
Explains how universe began as a
very hot, small, and dense superforce with no
stars, atoms, form, or structure (called a
"singularity"). Then about 13.7 billion years
ago, space expanded very quickly (thus the
name "Big Bang"). This started the formation of
atoms, which eventually led to the formation of
stars and galaxies.
Steady state theory
The Steady State Theory states that the
Universe doesn’t evolve or change over time. A
steady state universe has no beginning or
end. The Steady State theorists admit that the
universe is expanding, but predict that new
matter continually comes to life in the spaces
between the receding galaxies.
Hypothesis of the Origin of the Solar
Nebular Hypothesis:
According to this theory, the Sun and all the
planets of our Solar System began as a giant cloud
of molecular gas and dust called a nebula. Then,
about 4.6 billion years ago, something happened
that caused the cloud to collapse. This could have
been the result of the shock waves from a
supernova. This cloud started rotating, and the dust
particles combined to form planets. As the cloud
rotated faster, it flattened, and the planets
combined to form, first of all, the Sun at the center,
and secondly, the planets in orbit around the Sun.
Fission Theory
The "fission theory" says that our sun
burst one day, and all our planets came from it.
Then the moons shot out from each planet,
stopped, turned sideways and began circling the
planets they came out of. Our moon is said to have
emerged from an explosion in the Pacific Ocean.
Capture Theory
The "capture theory" says that our planets
and moons were wandering around in space and
the planets were captured by the gravity of our
sun, and the moons were captured by the
planets.
Planetary Collision Theory
The "collision theory" of the origin our moon
theorizes that our world is said to have collided
with a small planet. The resulting explosion threw
off rocks which formed our orbiting moon.
Water plumes on Jupiter's moon
Europa?
Scientists re-examining data from an old
mission bring new insights to the tantalizing
question of whether Jupiter's moon Europa has the
ingredients to support life. The data provide
independent evidence that the moon's subsurface
liquid water reservoir may be venting plumes of
water vapor above its icy shell.
Properties of Earth that Supports Life
Atmosphere
Earth has a breathable atmosphere. Oxygen is the
gas that is required for the life of most creatures.
This is present in Earth's atmosphere and also in
water.
Climate
Earth has a suitable climate. This is caused by the
moderate amount of carbon dioxide in the planet's
atmosphere, which is constantly refreshed
whenever there is a volcanic eruption.
Water
Earth has water! Water is considered to be the
most important chemical necessary for life. It
contains the oxygen needed for life.
Light
All planets receive light from the Sun, but no planet
uses it as usefully as Earth.
The Ozone Layer
The Ozone Layer is able to absorb most
ultraviolet radiation. It prevents it from reaching the
surface of the earth
Earth’s Subsystem
Atmosphere
It is a layer or a set of layers of gases that
surrounds the Earth. It also protects the Earth from
incoming solar rays, it circulates the gases that
plants and animals need to survive and it is
responsible for our weather.
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Troposphere
This is the layer of the atmosphere closest
to the Earth's surface, extending up to about 10-15
km above the Earth's surface. It contains 75% of
the atmosphere's mass. The troposphere is equator
than at the poles.
Stratosphere
The stratosphere starts just above the
troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31
miles) high. The ozone layer, which absorbs and
scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation, is in this
layer.
Mesosphere
The mesosphere starts just above the
stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers (53
miles) high. Meteors burn up in this layer
Thermosphere
The thermosphere starts just above the
mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers (372
miles) high. Aurora and satellites occur in this layer.
Exosphere
This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It
extends from the top of the thermosphere up to
10,000 km (6,200 mi).
Biosphere
The biosphere is the “life zone” of the Earth,
and includes all organism (including humans) and
all organic matter that has not yet decomposed
Geosphere
The geosphere includes the Earth's crust
and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is the solid
part of the Earth, from the core to the surface. It
includes the volcanoes, rocks, minerals, oil etc.
Mineral resources are mined in the geosphere.
Hydrosphere
About 71% of Earth's surface is covered
with water, mostly by oceans. The remaining 29%
is land consisting of continents and islands that
together have many lakes, rivers and other sources
of water that contribute to the hydrosphere
The hydrosphere contains all the water found in
our planet.
Mantle
Is the widest section of the Earth. It has a
thickness of approximately 2,900 km. The mantle is
made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the
upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower
down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.
Core

o Surface Water Is in the center and is the hottest part of the

o Frozen Water Earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with
o Ground Water temperatures of up to 5,500°C. With its immense
o Atmosphere heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room
of the Earth.

How do the four subsystems affect and interact Physical Layers

with each other?
Lithosphere
1. Volcanic Eruption The solid top layer of the Earth. Includes the crust
and the upper part of the mantle.
Volcanoes (geosphere) erupted, sending
ash and gases into the air (atmosphere) and
sending lava and ash down onto surrounding Asthenosphere
forests and human habitations (biosphere). Thin layer of mantle under the lithosphere.
More liquid than rest of the mantle-“low viscosity”
2. Hurricane
Mesosphere
Hurricanes (atmosphere) sweep across the
The rest of the mantle Hotter, but higher
ocean (hydrosphere) and onto the land
pressures keep this layer more rigid. “high
(geosphere), damaging the dwellings of the people
viscosity”
who live among the coast (biosphere).
Outer Core
3. Earthquake
The outer core is liquid. The circulation of
Earthquake (geosphere) can damage its molten iron is thought to be the source of earth's
buildings which may kill people (biosphere), as well magnetic field.
as cause fires which release gases into the air
Inner Core
(atmosphere). Earthquake in the ocean may cause
There is very high pressure in the inner core
a Tsunami (hydrosphere) which can eventually hit As a result the inner core is solid.
land and kill both animals and people (biosphere).

The Layers of the Earth

Compositional Layers
Crust

Is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin

layer between 0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid
rock layer upon which we live.