Chemical Bonding PDF

CHEMICAL
BONDINGS
4-1 LEWIS THEORY: AN OVERVIEW
Something unique in the electron

configuraGons of noble gas atoms accounts
for their inertness, and atoms of other
elements combine with one another to
acquire electron configura/ons like those
of noble gas atoms.
1. Electrons, especially those of the

outermost (valence) electronic shell, play a
fundamental role in chemical bonding.
2. In some cases, electrons are transferred

from one atom to another. PosiGve and
negaGve ions are formed and aVract each
other through electrostaGc forces called
ionic bonds.
3. In other cases, one or more pairs of

electrons are shared between atoms. A
bond formed by the sharing of electrons
between atoms is called a covalent bond.
4. Electrons are transferred or shared in

such a way that each atom acquires an
especially stable electron configuraGon.
Usually this is a noble gas configuraGon,
one with eight outer-shell electrons, or an
octet.
Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures


Lewis developed a special set of symbols
for his theory. A Lewis symbol consists of a
chemical symbol to represent the nucleus
and core electron of an atom

nsferred or shared in such a way that
ble electron configuration. Usually this
with eight outer-shell electrons, or an o
nd Lewis Structures
special set of symbols for his theory. A
symbol to represent the nucleus and
together with dots placed around the s
ration 3Ne43s 3p , is
ell) electrons. Thus, the Lewis symbol fo
2 2
nsferred or shared in such a way that
ble electron configuration. Usually this
with eight outer-shell electrons, or an o
nd Lewis Structures
special set of symbols for his theory. A
symbol to represent the nucleus and
together with dots placed around the s
ration 3Ne43s 3p , is
ell) electrons. Thus, the Lewis symbol fo
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2 2
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Write Lewis symbols for the following
elements: (a) N, P, As, Sb, Bi; (b) Al, I, Se,
Ar.

Write the Lewis symbols expected for Sn,
Br-, Tl+, and S2-
Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds

For an ionic compound of a main-group
element, (1) the Lewis symbol of the metal
ion has no dots if all the valence electrons
are lost, and (2) the ionic charges of both
caGons and anions are shown.


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again.

Write Lewis structures for the following
compounds: (a) BaO; (b) MgCl2; (c)
aluminum oxide.
cations. These very large numbers of ions are arranged in an orderly network
called an ionic cry stal (Fig. 10-1). Ionic crystal structures and the energy changes
accompanying the formation of ionic crystals are described in Chapter 12.
10-1 CONCEPT ASSESSMENT
How many valence electrons do the Lewis symbols for the elements in group 16
have? Which of the following are correct Lewis symbols for sulfur?
S S S S
4-2 COVALENT BONDING: AN
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The sharing of a single pair of electrons

between bonded atoms produces a single
covalent bond.
INTRODUCTION
while lone pair applies to electron pairs

that are not involved in bonding
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Coordinate Covalent Bonds

INTRODUCTION
A covalent bond in which a single atom

contributes both of the electrons to a
shared pair is called a coordinate covalent
bond.
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Mul/ple Covalent Bonds

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4-3 POLAR COVALENT BONDS AND
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL MAPS
The electrosta/c poten/al is the work

done in moving a unit of posiGve charge at
a constant speed from one region of a
molecule to another.
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M10_PETR4521_10_SE_C10.QXD 1/16/10 3:11 AM Page 403

10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic P
Move probe to surface of electron density FIGURE
*
Determin
electrosta
map for a
* The electro
any point o
Probe at infinite distance
surface of
as the cha
Move probe over molecule occurs whe
to measure potential charge is b
starting fro
is infinitely
the molecu
encompas
molecule i
95% surfac
density for
discussed
electrostat
gives infor
distributio
within this
Transparent Solid
The electronega/vity
ElectronegaGvit (EN) describes an
atom’s ability to compete for electrons
with other atoms to which it is
bonded.
ElectronegaGvity is related to
ioniza/on energy (I) and electron
affinity (EA).
(a) Which bond is more polar, H¬Cl or H¬O?

(b) What is the percent ionic character of
each of these bonds?
a Molecular Structure Using Electronega
ostatic Potential Maps
Two electrostaGc potenGal maps are
shown below. One corresponds to NaF and
s are shown below. One corresponds to NaF and
? the other to NaH. Which map corresponds
to which molecule?
atom is bonded to two or more atoms, and a ter
4-4 WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES
e other atom. As an example, consider ethanol
ure is the same as the following structural fo
Skeletal Structures
ral atoms both C atoms and the O atom are
a. Hydrogen atoms are always terminal
s all six H atoms are printed in blue.
atoms.
H H
H C C O H
H H
ditional facts about central atoms, terminal atom


ure is the sameSkeletal Structures
as the following structural fo
ral atoms both C atoms and the O atom
b. Central atoms are generally those are
with the lowest electronegaGvity
H H
H C C O H
H H


ure is the sameSkeletal Structures
as the following structural fo
ral atoms both C atoms and the O atom
c. Central atoms are always central are
atoms
H H
H C C O H
H H


Skeletal Structures
c. Except for the ver large number of
chain-like organic molecules, molecules
and pol atomic ions generally have
compact, symmetrical structures.
an H atom, but this would make the H atom a central atom an
ctures with a peroxo linkage 1¬ O ¬ O ¬ 2 or a hy droxy g

t possible. 4-4 WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES
The chief cases where O atoms are central atoms

O ¬ H2. Otherwise, expect an O atom to be a terminal atom.
Skeletal Structures
on atoms are alway s central atoms. This is a useful fact to keep in
n writingd. Except for the very large number of
Lewis structures of organic molecules.
chain-like organic molecules, molecules
pt for the very large number of chain-like organic molecules, mo
poly atomic ions generally have compact, sy mmetrical structures. Th
and pol atomic ions generally have
wo skeletal structures below, the more compact structure o
is the compact, symmetrical structures.
one actually observed for phosphoric acid, H3PO4.
H O H
H O O P O O H H O P O H
O
(Incorrect) (Correct)

Skeletal Structures

Write a plausible Lewis structure for
cyanogen, C2N2, a poisonous gas used as
a fumigant and rocket propellant.

Skeletal Structures

Write the Lewis structure for the
nitronium ion, NO2+
21_10_SE_C10.QXD 1/16/10 3:12 AM Page 413

Formal Charge (FC) 10-4 W

FC = (10.16)
1
number valence e - in free atom - number lone-pair e - - number bond-pair e -
2
Now, let us assign formal charges to the atoms in structure (10.15), proceed-
ing from left to right.
O FC 6 valence e in O 2 lone-pair e 1 (6 bond-pair e ) 6 2 3 1

2
1
N FC 5 valence e in N 0 lone-pair e 2
(8 bond-pair e ) 5 0 4 1
2
21_10_SE_C10.QXD 1/16/10 3:12 AM Page 413


O atoms to form multiple bonds to the central N atom.
FC = (10.16)
shell and needs four more to complete an octet. Thus, the
1
ns, which it acquires if we move one lone2 number
number valence e -
in free atom - number lone-pair e -
- pair from each
bond-pair e-
below.
*ing from left to right. *
O N O (10.14)
2
1
N FC 5 valence e in N 0 lone-pair e 2
(8 bond-pair e ) 5 0 4 1
2
on to the next step of a problem or to the next exercise,
-
Lewis structures for the following
21_10_SE_C10.QXD 1/16/10 3:12 AM Page 413 ions: (a) BF 4 ; (b


Charge
O atoms to form multiple bonds to the central N atom.
FC = (10.16)
shell and
f writing needs
Lewis four more
structureto complete
(10.14) an octet.
for the Thus,
nitroniuthe
1
ns, which it acquires if we move one lone2 number
number valence e -
in free atom - number lone-pair e -
- pair from each
bond-pair e-
tbelow.
have written the following structure.
Now, let us assign formal charges to the atoms in structure (10.15),
* proceed-
O N O O N O (10.14)
2
1
N FC 5 valence e in N 0 lone-pair e (8 bond-pair e ) 5 0 4 1
heOfactFC that
6 valencethis
e in O structure satisfies
(2 bond-pair e ) the
6 6 usual r
2
6 lone-pair e 1 1 1
2
ber ofthe
on to valence
next step electrons
of a problem andoran to octet
the next forexercise,
each a
ng from left to right.
21_10_SE_C10.QXD 1/16/10 3:12 AM Page 413
4-4 WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES 1 (6 bond-pair

O FC 6 valence e in O 2 lone-pair e
2
N Formal Charge (FC)
FC 5 valence e in N 0 lone-pair e 1 (8 bond-pair
2 10-4 W
O FC 6 valence e in O 6 lone-pair e 1 (2 bond-pair
O atoms to form multiple bonds to the central
2 N atom.
FC = (10.16)
shell and needs four more to complete an octet. Thus, the
1
Formal
ns, whichcharges
number it acquires
valence e -
in in aifLewis
free atomwe move
- structure
number one lone
lone-pair e -
can
-
2
be
pairshown
number from
bond-pair by
e- u
each
umbers.
below.
1 1 1
O N O O N O (10.14)
2
1
N FC 5 valence e in N 0 lone-pair e (8 bond-pair e ) 5 0 4 1
The following are general rules that can help to determ 2
1
O FC 6 valence e in O 6 lone-pair e (2 bond-pair e ) 6 6 1 1
f on
a Lewis
to thestructure
next stepbased on its formal
of a problem or to the charges.
2
next exercise,

Formal Charge (FC)
The sum of the formal charges in a Lewis
structure must equal zero for a neutral
molecule and must equal the magnitude
of the charge for a polyatomic ion.


Formal Charge (FC)
Where formal charges are required,
they should be as small as possible
NegaGve formal charges usually appear
on the most electronegaGve atoms;
posiGve formal charges, on the least
electronegaGve atoms.


Formal Charge (FC)

NegaGve formal charges usually appear
on the most electronegaGve atoms;
posiGve formal charges, on the least
electronegaGve atoms.


Formal Charge (FC)

Structures having formal charges of the
same sign on adjacent atoms are
unlikely.


Formal Charge (FC)

Write the most plausible Lewis structure
of nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, one of the
oxidizing agents present in aqua regia, a
mixture of concentrated nitric and
hydrochloric acids capable of dissolving
gold.
4-5 RESONANCE
g.
the usual rules for Lewis structures for
4-5 RESONANCE
sibilities.
O O O O O O
ggests that one oxygen-to-oxygen bon

et experimental evidence indicates th
re the same; each has a length of 127.8 p
O ¬ O single-bond length of 147.5 pm
but it is longer than the double-bond le
g.
the
O Husual
, but it isrules
longer for
thanLewis structures
the double-bond
4-5 RESONANCE
lengthfor
of 1
ygen,
sibilities.
O O . The bonds in ozone are intermediate be
ouble bond. The difficulty is resolved if we say that th
O3 is neither of the previously proposed structures bu
d, of the two,Oa factOthat O
we can represent
O Oas O
Lone pair Bond pair
ggests that one oxygen-to-oxygen bon
becomes a becomes a
bond pair. lone pair.
et experimental evidence indicates th
re the same; each has a length of 127.8 p
O ¬ O single-bond
O O O lengthO of
O 147.5
O pm
but it is longer than the double-bond le
tion in which two or more plausible Lewis structure
he margin.
resonance structures in expression (10.18) are equivale
ibute equally to the4-5 RESONANCE
structure of the resonance hybrid
ral contributing resonance structures do not contribute eq
onsider the azide anion, N3 -, for which three resonance
below.
+ + +
N N N N N N N N N
+2 *1 0 +1 *1 +1 0 *1 +2
10-6 CONCEPT ASSESSMENT
Is resonance possible in the acetic acid 1CH3CO2H2 molecule? Explain.

4-5 RESONANCE
10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
The octet rule has been our mainstay in writing Lewis structures, and it will
continue to be one. Yet at times, we must depart from the octet rule, as we will
see in this section.
Write the Lewis structure of the acetate

Odd-Electron Species
The molecule NO has 11 valence electrons, an odd number. If the number of
ion, CH3COO-.
valence electrons in a Lewis structure is odd, there must be an unpaired elec-
tron somewhere in the structure. Lewis theory deals with electron pairs and
does not tell us where to put the unpaired electron; it could be on either the N
or the O atom. To obtain a structure free of formal charges, however, we will
put the unpaired electron on the N atom.
N O
The presence of unpaired electrons causes odd-electron species to be para-

magnetic. NO is paramagnetic. Molecules with an even number of electrons
are expected to have all electrons paired and to be diamagnetic. An important
exception is seen in the case of O2, which is paramagnetic despite having 12
Experimental evidence for
*
valence electrons. Lewis theory does not provide a good electronic structure
the paramagnetism of O2 is for O2, but the molecular orbital theory that we will consider in the next chap-
shown in Figure 10-3. ter is much more successful.
The number of stable odd-electron molecules is quite limited. More common
are free radicals, or simply radicals, highly reactive molecular fragments with
one or more unpaired electrons. The formulas of free radicals are usually writ-
ten with a dot to emphasize the presence of an unpaired electron, such as in the
methyl radical, # CH 3, and the hydroxyl radical, # OH. The Lewis structures of
these two free radicals are
H
H C H O H
Both of these free radicals are commonly encountered as transitory species

in flames. In addition, # OH is formed in the atmosphere in trace amounts as a
result of photochemical reactions.
tructure. Lewis theory deals w
4-6 EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE
put the unpaired
electron; it co
a structure
free of formal char
n on the N atom.
N O
ired electrons causes odd-electr

agnetic. Molecules with an even


The number of stable odd-electron
molecules is quite limited. More
common are free radicals
ecular orbital theory that we will conside
uccessful.
table odd-electron molecules
is quite limit

r simply radicals, highly reactive molecul
red electrons. The formulas of free radical

mphasize the presence of an unpaired elect
H 3, and the hydroxyl radical, #
The number of stable odd-electron
OH.
molecules is quite limited. More
The Le
cals are common are free radicals
H
H C H O H
s
o write the Lewis structure of boron

he B atom has only six electrons in
Incomplete Octets
F B F
F
mplete the octets of central atom
l atoms to form multiple

bonds. O
n-to-fluorine
double bond is show
Incomplete Octets
*1
+1
F B F
upport of structure (10.21) is that

arge is on the most electronegative of all atom
ectronegativity of fluorine (4.0) and the m
ggest an appreciable ionic
character to the
This suggests the possibility of such
re 10-7).
Incomplete Octets
*1 * +
F B F
molecular properties and chemical behavior

ppears to be a resonance hybrid of structure
of its molecular properties and chemical behavior, the bes
BF3 appears to be a resonance hybrid of structures (10.20
ith perhaps the most important contribution made by th

incomplete octet (10.20). Whichever BF3 structure we
ze, an important characteristic of BF3 is its strong tendenc
te covalent bond with a species capable of donating an el
Incomplete Octets
atom. This can be seen in the formation of the BF 4- ion.
+
F F
+
F * B F F B F
F F
the bonds are single bonds and the bond length is 145 pm.
umber of species with incomplete octets is limited to some
nd aluminum compounds. Perhaps the best examples are

Expanded Valence Shells
There are a few Lewis structures that
break this rule by having 10 or even 12
valence electrons around the central
atom, creaGng what is called an
expanded valence shell.

Page 420

: Basic Concepts

F
Cl Cl F F
Cl P Cl P S
Cl Cl F F
Cl Cl F
Octet Expanded valence Expanded valence
shell shell
nded valence shells have also been used in cases where they ap
etter Lewis structure than strict adherence to the octet rule,
y the two Lewis structures for the sulfate ion that follow.
Cl P Cl P S
Cl Cl F F
Cl Cl F
Octet Expanded valence Expanded valence
shell shell

xpanded valence shells have also been used in cases where they
a better Lewis structure than strict adherence to the octet rul
ed by the two Lewis structures for the sulfate ion that follow.

+1 2+ O 2+
O
*2
+1 O S O +1
+1 O S O +1
O
O Expanded valence
+1 shell
Normal octet
argument for including the expanded valence-shell structure

uces formal charges. Also, the experimentally determined sulfur-t
nt for including the expanded valence-shell structure
al charges. Also, the experimentally determined sulfur-t
s in SO 42- and H 2SO 4 are in agreement with this i
for H 2SO4, summarized in structure (10.23), ind
results
nd with O as a central atom and with an attached H atom
O bond with O as a terminal atom.
O
H O S O
154 pm O 143 pm
H
ntal evidence appears to support using an expanded vale
structure of sulfuric acid. The experimentally determin
? Explain
el. for watergives the impression that the consti
4-7 SHAPES OF MOLECULES
traight line.
H O H
uent atoms
rimentally determined
H shape of the molecule
nt, as shown in Figure 10-9. Does it really ma
ent rather than d1 linear? The answer is, decidedly
a
ter 12, the bent shape of water molecules help
ater is a liquid rather
not linear.
O
than a
H gas at room tem
er that the d2
l find that it also accounts for the ability of liq
yes. As we
different substances.
FIGURE 10-9
to account Geometric shape
nerature.
this section
In is a simple model for predicting
of a molecule

Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion
(VSEPR) Theory


(VSEPR) Theory
Electron pairs repel each other, whether
they are in chemical bonds (bond pairs)
or unshared (lone pairs). Electron pairs
assume orientaGons about an atom to
minimize repulsions.

(VSEPR) Theory
Electron pairs repel each other, whether
they are in chemical bonds (bond pairs)
or unshared (lone pairs). Electron pairs
assume orientaGons about an atom to
minimize repulsions.
e O C O4-7 SHAPES OF MOLECULES
molecule, the central C atom ha
nce shell. Each of the double bonds with it

ne electron group.
hane molecule, CH 4, in which the central C ato
(VSEPR) Theory
ration of Ne by forming covalent bonds with f
H
H C H
H
will the four electron groups (bond pairs) ass
ure 10-10 suggests that electron-group repul
dral molecule.
ving established that the molecular shape of methane is tetrah
ing question arises: How can we represent the three-dimension
ule on a sheet of paper? In the diagram in the margin, we have
ne molecule
in a tetrahedron (red lines).
see that the C * H bonds point to the vertices of the tetrahe
the C *Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion
H bonds define a plane, and in the figures below w
* H bonds (shown in(VSEPR) Theory
blue) to lie in the plane of the page.
H
Plane of
the page
C This H atom
H is behind
H the plane.
H
This H atom
is in front of
the plane.
nuclei to the O nucleus with straight lines. For H 2O, the electron-group geom-
etry is tetrahedral and the molecular geometry is V-shaped, or bent. In the dia-
gram below, the Lewis structure for water is drawn in two ways.
O O H
H H H
Inonthethefirst diagram, which is how we usually draw the structure, all the atoms lie
plane of the paper. In the second structure, we use dash and wedge sym-

bols to indicate that one of the bonds points toward us and the other points away.
The geometric shapes of CH , NH , and H O are summarized in Figure
4 3 2
10-11. In the VSEPR notation used in Figure 10-11, A is the central atom, X
(VSEPR) Theory
H
C N O
H H H
H H
H H H
C N H O
H H H
H
H H H
Molecular shape: tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal bent
VSEPR notation: AX4 AX3E AX2E2

prediction for the angle in H 2S, it does provide an i
is bent. 4-7 SHAPES OF MOLECULES

Possibilities for Electron-Group Distributio
The most common situations are those in which cen
(VSEPR) Theory
four, five, or six electron groups distributed around
Electron-group geometries
* two electron groups: linear
* three electron groups: trigonal planar
* four electron groups: tetrahedral
* five electron groups: trigonal bipyramidal
* six electron groups: octahedral
Number Number

of Electron- of Ideal
Electron Group Lone VSEPR Molecular Bond
Groups Geometry Pairs Notation Geometry Angles Example
2 linear 0 AX2 X A X 180° BeCl2

(linear)
X
3 trigonal 0 AX3 X A 120° BF3

planar
X
(trigonal planar)
X
trigonal 1 AX2E A 120° SO 2a

planar
X
(bent)
4 tetrahedral 0 AX4 A X 109.5° CH 4

X
X
(tetrahedral)
X
X
4 tetrahedral 0 AX4 X A 109.5° CH 4
X
(tetrahedral)
tetrahedral 1 AX3E X A X 109.5° NH 3

X
(trigonal
pyramidal)
tetrahedral 2 AX2E 2 A X 109.5° OH 2

X
(bent)
X
X
5 trigonal 0 AX5 X A 90°, 120° PCl5
X
bipyramidal
X
(trigonal
bipyramidal)
(continued)
426 Chapter 10 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
TABLE 10.1
Molecular Geometry as a Function of Electron-Group Geometry (Continued
Number Number
of Electron- of Ideal
Electron Group Lone VSEPR Molecular Bond
Groups Geometry Pairs Notation Geometry Angles Example
X
X
trigonal 1 AX4Eb A 90°, 120° SF4
bipyramidal X
X
(seesaw)
trigonal 2 AX3E 2 X A 90° ClF3

bipyramidal
X
(T-shaped)
X
trigonal 3 AX2E 3 A 180° XeF2

bipyramidal
X
(linear)
trigonal 3 AX2E 3 A 180° XeF2

bipyramidal
X
(linear)
X X
6 octahedral 0 AX6 A X 90° SF6
X
X
(octahedral)
X X
octahedral 1 AX5E A X 90° BrF5
X
(square
pyramidal)
X X
octahedral 2 AX4E 2 A X 90° XeF4
X
(square planar)
aFor a discussion of the structure of SO 2, see page 428.

(VSEPR) Theory
The closer together two groups of
electrons are forced, the stronger the
repulsion between them. The repulsion
between two electron groups is much
stronger at an angle of 90° than at 120°
or 180°.

(VSEPR) Theory
Lone-pair electrons spread out more than do
bond-pair electrons. As a result, the repulsion
of one lone pair of electrons for another lone
pair is greater than, say, between two bond
pairs. The order of repulsive forces, from
strongest to weakest, is
lone pair-lone pair > lone pair- bond pair >
bond pair-bond pair
ron groups are lone
on-group geometry,
ctron-group
Shapes ofgeome-
Molecules 427
o understand all the
(VSEPR) Theory
tronger the repulsion
Consider SF
n groups is much 4, with the VSEPR notaGon
F
AX4E. Two possibiliGes for its structure
S
F
ectrons.are presented in the margin, but only
As a result, F
lone pair is greater F
pulsiveone is correct.
forces, from
F F
F
r bond pair
F
F S
S F
lities for its structure F
rrect structure (top) F

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CHEMICAL

Something unique in the electron

1. Electrons, especially those of the

2. In some cases, electrons are transferred

3. In other cases, one or more pairs of

4. Electrons are transferred or shared in

Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures

Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures

Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures

Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures

Lewis Symbols and Lewis Structures

Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds

Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds

Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds

10-1 CONCEPT ASSESSMENT

The sharing of a single pair of electrons

while lone pair applies to electron pairs

Coordinate Covalent Bonds

A covalent bond in which a single atom

Mul/ple Covalent Bonds

The electrosta/c poten/al is the work

4-3 POLAR COVALENT BONDS AND

Move probe to surface of electron density FIGURE

(a) Which bond is more polar, H¬Cl or H¬O?

ditional facts about central atoms, terminal atom

ditional facts about central atoms, terminal atom

ditional facts about central atoms, terminal atom

ctures with a peroxo linkage 1¬ O ¬ O ¬ 2 or a hy droxy g

4-4 WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES

O FC 6 valence e in O 2 lone-pair e 1 (6 bond-pair e ) 6 2 3 1

4-4 WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES

4-4 WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES 1 (6 bond-pair

ggests that one oxygen-to-oxygen bon

Is resonance possible in the acetic acid 1CH3CO2H2 molecule? Explain.

Write the Lewis structure of the acetate

put the unpaired electron on the N atom.

The presence of unpaired electrons causes odd-electron species to be para-

Both of these free radicals are commonly encountered as transitory species

ired electrons causes odd-electr

upport of structure (10.21) is that

molecular properties and chemical behavior

argument for including the expanded valence-shell structure

Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion

Molecular shape: tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal bent

VSEPR notation: AX4 AX3E AX2E2

4-7 SHAPES OF MOLECULES

2 linear 0 AX2 X A X 180° BeCl2

3 trigonal 0 AX3 X A 120° BF3

trigonal 1 AX2E A 120° SO 2a

4 tetrahedral 0 AX4 A X 109.5° CH 4

tetrahedral 1 AX3E X A X 109.5° NH 3

tetrahedral 2 AX2E 2 A X 109.5° OH 2

trigonal 2 AX3E 2 X A 90° ClF3

trigonal 3 AX2E 3 A 180° XeF2

4-7 SHAPES OF MOLECULES

Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion

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