See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/237732382

Manufacturing and Processing of PVC

Article · January 1982

CITATIONS READS

13 549

4 authors, including:

Andre Itman Filho L.C. Casteletti

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo (IFES) University of São Paulo
26 PUBLICATIONS   57 CITATIONS    100 PUBLICATIONS   777 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Production of the hard coatings on tool steels by thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion (TRD) process in molten borax. View project

Development of Correlations between Solidification Microstructures and Wear and Corrosion Resistances. View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Andre Itman Filho on 26 August 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 VOLUME 24
ISSUE 1
of Achievements in Materials September
and Manufacturing Engineering 2007

Residual stresses modelling in hard

turning and its correlation with the
cutting forces
G.F. Batalha c,*
co-operating with
S. Delijaicov a,b, J.B. Aguiar c, E.C. Bordinassi b, M. Stipkovic Filho b,c
a Department of Mechanical Engineering – Faculdade de Engenharia Industrial
do Centro Universitário da FEI, Av. Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco,
3972–09580.901, S. Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
b Department of Mechanical Engineering – Escola de Engenharia Mauá – Instituto
Mauá de Tecnologia, Praça Mauá, 01–09580.900, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil
c Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering - Escola Politécnica da
Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2231–05508.970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
* Corresponding author: E-mail address: gilmar.batalha@poli.usp.br
Received 15.04.2007; published in revised form 01.09.2007

Manufacturing and processing

Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to study the cutting parameters influence (cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth and
tool radius nose) on the cutting forces (cutting force, feed rate cutting force and penetration cutting force) as
well as on the residual stresses, in conical bearings made of steel DIN 100 CrMn6 hardened (62 HRc), searching
correlations between the residual stresses and the cutting forces.
Design/methodology/approach: A complete factorial planning was used to establish the correlations. At the
same time, the cutting parameters influence in the microstructure of the material and it’s correlation with the
residual stress was studied. A turning center machine and CBN inserts was employed for the tests. To the cutting
force measurements was carried out using a piezoelectric dynamometer. The residual stresses measurements
were carried out by X-ray diffractometry.
Findings: The penetration cutting force was the most important factor in the residual stress generation, and it
was influenced by the feed rate and the cutting depth. A correlation between the cutting depth and the residual
stresses was established. The results do not showed any changes in the microstructure of the material, even when
the greater cutting parameters were used.
Research limitations/implications: The residual stress is one of the major causes of failures in bearings by
contact fatigue, keeping this on mind, this work helps the developer to select correct cutting parameters in order
to increase the machined workpiece life in service.
Originality/value: This work were based on the real components (conical bearings), real cutting conditions and
with these results were possible to make greater improvements in the manufacturing and in the quality of the
studied parts.
Keywords: Machining; Turning; Hard turning; Residual stress

350 Occasional paper © Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved. 2007
 Manufacturing and processing

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Unlike the conventional process, the hard steel turning
introduces compressive residual stresses in surface and in the
subsurface of the work piece, increasing with this its fatigue
resistance [1], what is particularly beneficial to the applications in
rotational elements under external loads, as the bearings. The
reference [2] affirms that the high temperatures and the fast
cooling in the cutting area can introduce a temper treatment in
surface material, generating a fine layer of tempered martensite
well-known as white layer [3-6]. As a consequence of this
transformation, below this layer, another one can be formed, the
black layer, of lower hardness and under tension stress state.
According to references [6-8], one of the main factors of this
structure generation in the surface and in the sub-surface of the
machined steel, is the tool wear, which is a critical factor in the
increase of the temperature in the cutting area. Regarding the
influence on the components of the cutting forces, in agreement
with reference [10-12] the high-speed turning process of
hardened materials differs of the conventional process, once in the
first, the cutting force penetration is the bigger one, while in the
second, it’s the cutting force.
The machining also introduces residual stresses on the
material surfaces, and it’s an important factor to be analyzed
specially on the recurrent solicitations where it has greater
importance. Depending of its value, the life of a bearing can be
increased in more than 30 % [12]. So many studies have been
conducted in this area, some of then recent [13-24].
This work, tried to investigate the existence of a relationship
between the cutting forces, particularly by penetration force, with
the residual stresses introduced in the surface of one machined
piece (internal ring of a conical bearing), of steel DIN 100CrMn6
and with hardness between 60 and 64 HRc.
The tests were planned by a statistical analysis according to
the DOE (Design of experiments) methodology, reducing with
that, the costs and the expended execution time of the tests [29].
The analysis was made being taken in consideration the influence
of the cutting parameters effects (cutting speed, feed rate, cutting
depth and tool nose radius), on the introduced residual stresses
and the cutting force.
x Insert with VNMA 160404(08)–BCN 200 geometry, with 4
cutting faces, covered with ceramic and TiAlN base,
Sumitomo;
x Machine turning center: CNC–OKUMA LB300;
x Piezoelectric dynamometer PCB-206A1, with maximum scale
measurements of 4.45 kN for the feed rate cutting force and
cutting force, and 5.87 kN for penetration cutting force;
x Acquisition signal system data, HBM Spider 8 operating with
the Catman 4 data acquisition software, under a frequency of
200 Hz;
The tests were conducted without cutting fluid utilization and
the used cutting parameters were: cutting speed: 150 and 210
m/mim; feed rate: 0.05 and 0.15 mm/rev; cutting depth: 0.05 and
0.20 mm and tool nose radius: 0.4 and 0.8 mm.
The internal ring of the conical bearing used on the tests is
illustrated in the Fig. 1.
For the residual stresses measurements, the X - ray diffraction
technique was used, with the sin2\ method with the variation of
the measurement angle from - 60° to + 60°, being irradiated CrK
in the cristalografics planes (2 1 1). The used equipment was the
DMAX model from RIGAKU–I. The obtained residual stresses
values were circunferentials, that is, in the tangential direction to
the bearing ring cone, and sixteen bodies of machined tests were
measured (complete factorial planning without replicate) and
another one body in the precedent state to the machining [25-28].
Some metallographic analyses were conducted in some pieces
before machining and the microstructure was typically formed by
martensite with high carbon content and dispersed primary
carbonetes in all the mass, with of 5 to 10% of retained austenite.

2. Experimental
2. 
Experimental Procedure
procedure
The experimental planning was elaborated to be accomplished
through a complete factorial analysis with one replicate in two
levels and four factors (cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth, tool
nose radius), with the objective of evaluating which were the most
significant factors and its respective interactions in the answers:
cutting forces (cutting force, feed rate cutting force and
penetration force), residual stress and microstructure of the
material.
The used items in the experiments were [25]:
x 32 bodies test of DIN 100 CrMn6 steel, temper and quenched
with 60 to 64 HRc hardness. The chemical composition of the
material was: 0.93 C, 0.49 Si, 1.02 Mn, 1.48 Cr, 0.018 P,
0.012 S, 0.12 Ni, and 0.15 Cu. Fig. 1. Internal conical bearing ring used on the tests

READING DIRECT: www.journalamme.org 351

 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Volume 24 Issue 1 September 2007

Table 1.
Cutting force measurements
Test cs [m/min] f [mm/r] p [mm] radius [mm] Ff [N] Fc [N] Fp [N] Resultant [N]
1 150 0,05 0,05 0,4 26,3 33,9 59,9 73,68
2 210 0,05 0,05 0,4 17,9 17,3 28,5 37,84
3 150 0,15 0,05 0,4 50,3 71,2 91,8 126,6
4 210 0,15 0,05 0,4 50,3 75,4 91,9 129,08
5 150 0,05 0,2 0,4 37,3 65,1 137,1 156,29
6 210 0,05 0,2 0,4 38,1 64,1 134,3 153,61
7 150 0,15 0,2 0,4 74,7 146,7 222,6 276,86
8 210 0,15 0,2 0,4 63,3 142.1 203,2 255,91
9 150 0,05 0,05 0,8 30,8 33P4 51,4 68,6
10 210 0,05 0,05 0,8 31,3 31,3 52,2 68,44
11 150 0,15 0,05 0,8 62.1 75,9 93,3 135,36
12 210 0,15 0,05 0,8 58,7 76,3 90,5 132.13
13 150 0,05 0,2 0,8 47,7 60,1 104,3 129,48
14 210 0,05 0,2 0,8 52,2 62,9 114,9 141,01
15 150 0,15 0,2 0,8 103,6 162,6 228,9 299,28
16 210 0,15 0,2 0,8 86,8 127,7 163,5 224,89
17 150 0,05 0,05 0,4 23,6 32,3 53,6 66,88
18 210 0,05 0,05 0,4 19,1 21,6 33,4 44,12
19 150 0,15 0,05 0,4 53,3 75,9 98,8 135,51
20 210 0,15 0,05 0,4 50,3 74,4 91,2 128
21 150 0,05 0,2 0,4 37,7 63,3 132,8 151,87
22 210 0,05 0,2 0,4 40 67,9 144,1 164,24
23 150 0,15 0,2 0,4 76,5 147 219,9 275,35
24 210 0,15 0,2 0,4 68,2 131,6 195,2 245,1
25 150 0,05 0,05 0,8 30,3 33,8 57,5 73,26
26 210 0,05 0,05 0,8 31,2 27,7 46,7 62,62
27 150 0,15 0,05 0,8 56,7 76,3 86,3 128,39
28 210 0,15 0,05 0,8 59,8 70,1 93,9 131,56
29 150 0,05 0,2 0,8 44,2 62,9 104,4 129,65
30 210 0,05 0,2 0,8 49,2 62,9 111,3 136,98
31 150 0,15 0,2 0,8 102,9 160,4 243,9 309,52
32 210 0,15 0,2 0,8 92,9 143,2 176,8 245,75

3. Experimental
3. 
Experimental results
results

The Table 1 indicates the obtained values for the cutting

forces measurements.
It was adopted, for the experiment analysis, a complete
factorial planning of four factors and two levels without
replication, in a total of 32 measurements for the penetration
cutting force and for the resulting cutting force, for the fact of
being the first, the portion that more contributes to the
development of the residual stresses in the piece during the
machining, and for the second as a form to involve the three
cutting force measurements, since it could have some influence
from the other cutting forces in the residual stresses generation.
It can be observed at the Fig. 2 and 3 (the effects on the
penetration cutting forces and resultant cutting forces), that the
significant effects are the same ones, that is, the feed rate and the
cutting depth, what allowed continuing with the research only
using the cutting penetration force. Fig. 2. Main effects plot for the penetration cutting force

352 Occasional paper G.F. Batalha, S. Delijaicov, J.B. Aguiar, E.C. Bordinassi, M. Stipkovic Filho
 Manufacturing and processing

Fig. 4. Main effects plot for the residual stresses

Fig. 3. Main effects plot for the resultant cutting force
The Table 2 shows residual stresses values at a
circumferential direction on the machined parts, tested according
to the methodology early described [25]. It is observed that in all
of the measurements, the residual stresses are compressive. The
measurements before machining has resulted in tensile residual
stresses levels of: +76, +95 and +50 MPa.
The metallographic analysis made on the 32 work pieces, with
objective of detecting the presence of the white layer at machine
surface, showed that for these machined conditions the superheat
and consequent re-quenched didn't happen here under these
conditions. The microstructure of the metal practically didn't lose
hardness, staying as tempered martensite with primary carbides
dispersed into the whole metal. The Fig. 5 shows an example.

Table 2.
Residual stresses measurements

cs f P radius Fz Residual
Test
[m/min] [mm/v] [mm] [mm] [N] stresses [MPa]

1 150 0,05 0.05 0,4 57 -947

2 210 0.05 0.05 0.4 31 -586 (a) 200 X (b) 400 X
3 150 0,15 0.05 0.4 95 -862
Fig. 5. Machined surface: transversal section microstructure
4 210 0.15 0.05 0.4 92 -990
5 150 0.05 0,2 0.4 135 -479
6 210 0.05 0,2 0.4 139 -295 4. Analysis
4. 
Analysis of the
of results
the results
7 150 0,15 0.2 0.4 221 -811
The factorial analyses relatively to the cutting forces, showed
8 210 0.15 0.2 0.4 199 -977 similarity results for the penetration force (Fz) and to resultant of
9 150 0.05 0.05 0.8 54 -631 the cutting forces (Res), with the variances, and in relation to the
10 210 0.05 0.05 0.8 49 -443 most significant factors of influence in the process.
As the non significant effects are zero or aleatory distributed
11 150 0.15 0.05 0.8 90 -875 around the zero, the respective normal pareto graph indicate that,
12 210 0,15 0.05 0.8 92 -901 for an confidenc level of 95% (± 1.96 . V), the feed rate, cutting
13 150 0.05 0.2 0.8 104 -421 depth and it’s interaction are the most significant factors, for the
penetration cutting and for the resultant force.
14 210 0.05 0.2 0.8 113 -363 The penetration force (Fz) can be adopted as the cutting force
15 150 0.15 0.2 0.8 235 -718 component that is possibly correlated with the residual stresses.
The cutting speed and the tool nose radius do not have influence
16 210 0,15 0.2 0.8 170 -529
on the penetration force. By other side, an increase in the feed rate
and in the penetration force, increase the mean values of the
The Fig. 4 shows the main effects plot for residual stresses. penetration forces.
The main effects are the same as the showed on the cutting force The increase on the feed rate induces a larger volume of the
analysis that means: the feed rate and the cutting depth. So, it is cut material in a same unit of time, besides establishing a dynamic
possible to correlate the residual stresses with these parameters. effect on the cutting forces. In the same way the increase on the

Residual stresses modelling in hard turning and its correlation with the cutting forces 353
 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Volume 24 Issue 1 September 2007

cutting depth make a larger volume of the removed material.
These facts explain the most significance of these factors under
the penetration force.
The factorial analysis also indicates that the cutting speed do
not affect the other factors with relationship to the influence on
the penetration force. In the same way it happens with the tool
nose radius. On the other hand, it is noticed that the interaction
between feed rate and cutting depth has some influence in the
penetration force.
Based on the experimental values and the respective factorial
analysis, an empirical model was proposed to describe the
dependence of the penetration force (Fz) with the feed rate (f), and
the cutting depth (p), at a confidence level of 90 % on the
identification of the significant factors of the process.
Being considered the estimate coefficients for the penetration
force (Fz) obtained in the factorial planning, a multiple regression
of this force can be predicted through Eq. 1:
confidence level of 90 % in the identification of the significant
factors of the process.
V = - 630.54 – 2172.50 . a + 2128.33 . p + 7600 . a . p (4)
Another model that it can be proposed, in agreement with the
tendency of the current researches, is the potential model
according with Eq. 5.
V = 2156.5 . a 0.7 + 47.4 . p – 0.7 (5)
Using the Eq. 1 and 4 for the feed rate and cutting depth
factors and calculating the relation the residual stresses and the
penetration cutting, is possible to obtain the graphs illustrated on
the Fig. 7.

Fz = 6.96 + 317.35 . f + 375.73 . p + 2515.42 . f . p (1)

Another model that can be proposed, in agreement with the

trend line of current researches, could be a power law, such as the
pattern of Eq. 2.

Fz = x. a y + z. p w (2)

Where x, y, z and w are constants.

Through mathematical software the previous equations can
bee optimized increasing this reliability. The Eq. 3 shows the one
that presents smaller deviation in relation to the experimental
values, between the all analyzed equations:
Fz = - 12.37 . f - 0,75 + 434 . p - 0,35 (3)
The Fig. 6 shows the graphs of the Eq. 3.
Fig. 7. Relation between the residual stresses and the penetration
force as function of the feed rate and cutting depth
Applying the ratio (Residual Stress/Penetration Force) to the
factorial analysis for two factors (feed rate (mm/rev) and cutting
depth (mm) under two levels of the experiment, it’s possible to
identify a linear empirical model for this relationship; Applying
the estimated coefficients, resulted in the Eq. 6:

Vres = 20.56 – 57.77 . f - 87.77 . p + 31.33 . f . p (6)

The Fig. 8 shows the graph for the Eq. 6.

Fig. 6. Penetration force as function of feed rate and cutting depth

The factorial analysis for the residual stresses revealed that,

the most significant factors of the experiment are the feed rate (f)
and the cutting depth (p), as can be observe in the Fig. 4, and that
to have high compression residual stresses is demanded to
machining with low values of cutting depths, high feed rate values Fig. 8. Relationship between the residual stresses and the
and low values for the tool nose radius. penetration force
Based on the experimental values and in the respective
factorial analysis, the Eq. (4) shows the dependence of the The Eq. 3 and 5 were treated in terms of level curves and
residual stresses with the feed rate (f) and the cutting depth (p), a represented by the Fig. 9, 10 and 11.

354 Occasional paper G.F. Batalha, S. Delijaicov, J.B. Aguiar, E.C. Bordinassi, M. Stipkovic Filho

Fig. 9. Level curve for the variation of the penetration force with
the feed rate and the cutting depth.
Fig. 10. Level curve for the variation of the residual stresses with
the feed rate and the cutting depth.
Fig. 11. Level curve for the correlation between the residual
tensions and the penetration forces.
5. Conclusions
5. Conclusions
The measured values of the penetration force were always the
largest between the cutting forces, and the feed rate and cutting
depth were the most significant factors under the penetration force.
Residual stresses modelling in hard turning and its correlation with the cutting forces
Manufacturing and processing
The penetration force grows with the increase of the feed rate
and the cutting depth.
To resultant cutting forces behaves in the same way that by
penetration force, with relationship to the feed rate and cutting
depth parameters.
It was not possible to find structural transformations on the
current phases and consequent “white layers” formation in the
domain of the experiments of this work.
The relationship between the feed rate and cutting depth with
the penetration force could be described through linear and potential
equations.
The feed rate and cutting depth were the most significant
factors on the circunferentials residual stresses introduced in the
surface of the bodies tests.
The residual stresses were of compression in all the bodies test
measurements, in the domain of the experiments of this work.
The residual stresses are so much more compressive as larger
the feed rate and the and smaller the cutting depths parameters.
The obtained experimental results allowed the proposition of
equations of the linear and potential type.
A correlation between the residual stress and the penetration
force was established.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thanks the FAG Bearings-Brazil.
References
References
[1] Y. Matsumoto, M. M. Barash, C. R. Liu, Effect of hardness on
the surface integrity of AISI 4340 steel. Transactions of the
ASME - Journal of Engineering for Industry 108 (1986) 169-175.
[2] J.D. Thiele, S.N. Melkote, R.A. Pascoe, T.R. Walkins,
Effect of cutting-edge geometry and workpiece hardness on
surface residual stresses in finish hard turning of AISI 52100
steel. Transactions of the ASME – Journal of Manufacturing
Science and Engineering 122/4 (2000) 642-649.
[3] B.J. Grifiths, Manufacturing Surface Technology – Surface
Integrity & Functional Performance, Prenton Press – Kogan
Page Ltd., London, UK, 2001, 152-89.
[4] B.J. Grifiths, Mechanisms of white layer generation with
reference to machining Processes and Deformation Processes,
Trans. ASME - Journal Tribology 109/3, (1987) 525-39.
[5] C.R. Liu, M.M. Barash, The mechanical state of the sublayer or a
surface generated by chip-removal process. Trans. of the ASME –
Journal of Engineering for Industry 98/4 (1976) 1202-8.
[6] W. Konig, R. Komanduri, H.K. Tönshoff, G. Ackershott,
Machining of hard materials, Ann. CIRP 33/2 (1984) 417-27.
[7] H.K. Tönshoff, C. Arendt, R. Ben Amor, Cutting of
hardened steel, Ann. CIRP 49/2 (2000) 547-566.
[8] H. K. Tönshoff, H.G. Wobker, D. Brandt, Hard turning -
influence on the workpiece properties, Transactions of the
NAMRI/SME 23 (1995) 215–20.
[9] M.A. Fleming, C. Sweeney, T.J. Valentine, R. Simpkin.
PCBN hard turning and workpiece surface integrity,
Industrial Diamond Review 4/98 (1998) 128–33.
355
 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
[10] A.M. Abrao, D.K. Aspinwall, M.L. Wise, Tool Life and
Workpiece Surface Integrity Evaluations when Machining
Hardened AISI H13 and AISI E52100 Steels with
Conventional Ceramic and PCBN Tool Materials,
Proceedings of NAMRC XXIII Conference, Houghton,
Michingan, USA, 1995, SME Technical Paper MR95-159.
[11] A.M. Abrao, et al., The tool wear, the cutting forces and
temperature in the machining of roaling hardened steel,
Máquinas e Metais 364 (1996) 84-97 (In Portuguese).
[12] A.M. Abrao, D. Aspinwall, The surface integrity of turned
and ground hardened bearing steel, Wear 196 (1996) 279-84.
[13] Y.K. Chou, Ch.J. Evans, M.M. Barash, Experimental
investigation on CBN turning of hardened AISI 52100 steel,
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 124 (2002) 274-83.
[14] F. Klocke, E. Brinksmeier, K. Weinert, Capability profile of hard
cutting and grinding processes, Ann. CIRP 54/2 (2005) 557-80.
[15] G. S. Galoppi, M. Stipkovic Filho, G. F. Batalha, Hard
turning of tempered DIN 100Cr6 steel with coated and no
coated CBN inserts, Journal of Materials Processing
Technology 179/1-3(2006) 146-53.
[16] T. Özel, Modeling of hard part preparation for CBN effect
of inserts edge preparation for CBN cutting tools, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology 141/2 (2003) 284–93.
[17] D. Ulutan, B.E. Alaca, I. Lazoglu, Analytical modelling of
residual stresses in machining, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology183 (2007) 77-87.
[18] J. Hua, D. Umbrello, R. Shivpuri, Investigation of cutting
conditions and cutting edge preparations for enhanced
compressive subsurface residual stress in the hard turning of
bearing steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology
171 (2006) 180-187.
[19] S. Dolinsek, S. Ekinovic, J. Kopac, A contribution to the
understanding of chip formation mechanism in high speed
cutting of hardened steel, Journal of Materials Processing
Technology 157-158 (2004) 485-490.
356 Occasional paper
View publication stats
Volume 24 Issue 1 September 2007
[20] W. Grzesik, J. Rech, T. Wanat, Surface integrity of hardened
steel parts in hybrid machining operations, Journal of
Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
18 (2006) 367-70.
[21] J. Kopac, A. Stoic, M. Lucic, Dynamic instability of the
hard turning process, Journal of Achievements in Materials
and Manufacturing Engineering 18 (2006) 373-76.
[22] F. Gunnberg, M. Escursell, M. Jacobson, The influence of
cutting parameters on residual stresses and surface
topography during hard turning of 18MnCr5 case carburized
steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 174
(2006) 82-90.
[23] W.J. Zong, T. Sun, D. Li, K. Cheng, Y.C. Liang, FEM
optimization of tool geometry based on the machined near
surface’s residual stresses generated in diamond turning, Journal
of Materials Processing Technology 180 (2006) 271-78.
[24] H.K. Tönshoff, W. König, Machining of holes, developments
in drilling technology, Ann. CIRP 43 (1994) 551-561.
[25] S. Delijaicov, Experimental modeling of residual stress in the
turning process of the DIN 100Cr6 hardened steel and it’s
correlations with the cutting forces, PhD Thesis, Escola
Politecnica - USP, S. Paulo, Brazil, 176, 2004 (in Portuguese).
[26] E.C. Bordinassi, Superficial integrity analysis in a super
duplex stainless steel after turning, PhD Thesis, Escola
Politecnica - USP, S. Paulo, Brazil, 155, 2006 (in Portuguese).
[27] E.C. Bordinassi, M. Stipkovic Filho, G.F. Batalha, S.
Delijaicov, N.B. de Lima, Superficial integrity analysis in a
super duplex stainless steel after turning, Journal of
Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
18 (2006) 335-38.
[28] I. C. Noyan, J. B. Cohen, Residual Stress, measurement by
diffraction and interpretation, Springer Verlag. New York,
USA, 1987.
[29] G. E. Box, W. G. Hunter, J. S. Hunter, Statistics of
experiments “an introduction to designs, data analysis and
model building”, Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 1978.
G.F. Batalha, S. Delijaicov, J.B. Aguiar, E.C. Bordinassi, M. Stipkovic Filho