Distribution Line Performance and Reliability Improvement Through Feeder Reconfiguration in Dessie Town

Distribution Line Performance And Reliability Improvement 2017
Through Feeder Reconfiguration in Dessie Town
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to thank God, for His provision of strength that helped us to overcome
any difficulties during the entire work. Without His help we couldn’t be able to finish it.
Secondly, we would like to express our gratitude to our advisor Mr.Wubante as well as Mr.
Abraha, for their valuable comment, timely response and great commitment. We are also grateful to
their motivation and dynamic suggestions for solutions to any of the challenges faced during the
thesis work.
Thirdly, we would like to thanks and appreciate Mr. Tlahun and His friend that works in Dessie
town substation staffs for their hospitality and willingness in provision of necessary data.
Finally, we went to thank our family for their continuous and tireless support until to finish
learning from lower grade to higher education level without boredom and also thank our friends
Abebawu Addis and Amanule who gives their personal computer for editingdocument and analyses
simulation output.
Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page I

ABSTRACT
Distribution system provides a final link between the high voltage transmission system and
the Consumers. To improve the overall efficiency of power system, the performance and
reliability of distribution system must be improved. Feeder reconfiguration and capacitor
placement are the two methods to improve the performance and reliability of distribution system.
The main objective in feeder reconfiguration is to restore as much load as possible by
transferring essential load of the out-of-service to the nearby healthy feeder. A minimal number
of switch operations is required because of switch life expectancy concerns. Under normal
operating conditions, distribution engineers periodically reconfigure distribution feeders by
opening and closing of switches in order to increase network reliability and reduce line losses
An important method of controlling bus voltage is by shunt capacitor banks at the buses at both
transmission and distribution levels along lines or substation and loads. The function of capacitor
allocation in electric distribution systems involves maximizing “energy and peak power
(demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor installations. As a result power factor of
distribution system improves
Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page II

Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................. I
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. II
List of figure ................................................................................................................................................ V
list of table: ................................................................................................................................................. VI
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1Background .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Significance of the Project ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of the Project; ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 4
1.5.1 General objective ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.5.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 5
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Distribution Systems ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Radial Distribution System .............................................................................................................. 5
2.1.2 Loop/ring Distribution System......................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Distribution Devices ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Distribution System Element ................................................................................................................ 10
2.4 Distribution System Power Loss ........................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Electric Distribution Reliability and Reliability Indexes ...................................................................... 13
2.5.1 Reliability....................................................................................................................................... 13
Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page III

2.5.2 Reliability Indexes ......................................................................................................................... 14
2.6 Losses Reduction Techniques to Improve Reliability .......................................................................... 15
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 20
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 20
3.1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2 Basic Data of Dessie Substation ........................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Conductor Data ..................................................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Major Interruption Causes of Dessie Substation................................................................................... 23
3.5 Analysis of Power Lossand Calculation in Each Feeder ................................................................ 24
3.4 Method of Capacitor Placement for Loss Reduction ............................................................................ 30
3.5 Feeder Reconfiguration ......................................................................................................................... 32
3.6 Line Data Analysis Method in Per unit System .................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 37
SIMULATION, RESULTS, AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 37
4.1 Exciting Feeder Configuration .............................................................................................................. 37
4.2 Feeder Reconfiguration ......................................................................................................................... 39
4.3 Improvement of voltage profile using capacitor ................................................................................... 41
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 44
5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 44
5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 45
Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page IV

List of figure
FIG1 SIMPLE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DIAGRAM ................................................................................. 7
FIG2DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ELEMENT ............................................................................................ 11
FIG3 SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .................. 12
FIG4 EXISTING ONE LINE DIAGRAM OF DESSIE TOWN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ................................. 21
FIG5 DELTA AND STAR CONNECTION OF CAPACITORS ..................................................................... 30
FIG6 EXISTING CONFIGURATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF DESSIE TOWN ..................................... 37
FIG7 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM AFTER FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ..................................................... 39
FIG8 AFTER FEEDER RECONFIGURATION AND CAPACITOR PLACEMENT. .......................................... 42
Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page V

List of table:
TABLE 1 COLLECTED DATA OF EXISTING FEEDERS ....................................................................... 22

TABLE 2 POWER DISTRIBUTION OF EXISTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ............................................ 35
TABLE 3 INTERCONNECTION LINE DATA ....................................................................................... 36
TABLE 4 CASE SUMMARY BEFORE FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ..................................................... 38
TABLE 5 BUS RECORDS BEFORE FEEDER RECONFIGURATION......................................................... 38
TABLE 6 CASE SUMMARY AFTER FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ....................................................... 40
TABLE 7 BUS RECORDS AFTER FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ........................................................... 40
TABLE 8 CASE SUMMARY AFTER CAPACITOR PLACEMENT ............................................................ 42
TABLE 9 BUS RECORDS AFTER CAPACITOR PLACEMENT ................................................................ 43
Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page VI

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The goal of any power system is to deliver electricity to its customers in an economical and
reliable manner. Unless this power is planned and maintained reliable, it causes adverse
economic effect due to interruption costs and power outages on both the utility and its customers.
This thesis presents the study of current power system reliability assessment of Dessie
substation, analyses its causes and improvements by feeder reconfiguration.
1.1Background
An electric power system is a network of electric components used to supply, transmit and
use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the network that supplies a
region's homes and industry with power - for sizable regions, this power system is known as the
grid and can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission
system that carries the power from the generating centers to the load centers and the distribution
system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries.
Electrical power distribution system consists of groups of interconnected radial circuits. They
have switches to configure the networks via switching operations to transfer loads among the
feeders. There are two types of switches used in the distribution system, sectionalizing switches
(normally closed switches) and tie switches (normally open switches), whose states determine
the configuration of network. The configuration of the distribution system is changed by opening
sectionalizing switches and closing tie switches so that the radial structure of the network is
maintained and all of the loads are supported and reduced power losses, improve power
interruption, increase system security, relieve overload in the network.
The purpose of the Distribution system is to deliver power to the customers after the voltage
has been stepped-down to a distribution voltage. As the power gets closer to the customers, it is
generally more economical to move the Power at these lower voltages.
Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page 1

Optimal distribution planning involves network reconfiguration for distribution loss

minimization, load balancing under normal operating conditions and fast service restoration,
minimizing the zones without power under failure conditions. Network Reconfiguration is the
process of operating switches to change the circuit topology so that operating costs are reduced
while satisfying the specified constraints
Primary distribution of Dessie town originates at the old substation which is located around
Dessie stadium. This substation receives 66kv from kombolcha substation and step down in to
15kv.This15kvsupplies to customers including residential, commercial and industrial customers.
There are 4 outgoing feeders in the substation namely, Robit one (R1), Robit two (R2), Dessie
one (D1) and Dessie two(D2).
The power distribution of Dessie town is frequently interrupted and leads to high loss and
unbalanced phases. That is why we are initiated to do our final project on distribution line
performance and reliability improvement through feeder reconfiguration in Dessie town.
Reliability measures the power system’s ability to supply electricity to its customers within
accepted standards and in the magnitude desired, for the period of time intended, under the
operating conditions required. There are two aspects of reliability:
Adequacy: refers to the existence of adequate generating, transmitting and distributing facilities
within the system to satisfy the consumer load demand at all times; considering planned/
unplanned outages. It is assessed using the power flow (AC/DC) solutions.

Security: refers to the ability of the electric systems to react against to sudden disturbances
arising within that system, such as earth fault and short circuit. It is assessed using dynamic
calculation.
As a consequence, adequacy is particularly related with the planning of the grid and security is
linked with the operation of the grid.
A power system consists of three hierarchies levels. These are generation, transmission and a
distribution system. Reliability analysis and its evaluation technique is mainly developed at
generation and transmission level than at distribution level since distribution outages are more
localized and less costly than generation or transmission level outages. However, analysis of
customer outage data of utilities has shown that the largest individual contribution for
unavailability of supply is due to distribution system failure
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Power is interrupted from time to time frequently due to different reasons such as system
fault, operator error, planned interruption and different natural conditions. But in Dessie town,
power is interrupted many times due to use of one directional power flow feeder configuration,
poor design of distribution lines and all feeder are covers large area by this cases many problems
are occurred. So in our project we have solved this interruption in different techniques.
1.3 Significance of the Project

 Any commercial, industry, residential customers can work efficiently without
interruption of electrical power.
 The learning and teaching process in universities and colleges is not affected by power
interruption.
 Individual customers (society) found in the town do not faced power interruption
problem.
 The power loss of distribution line can be reduced.

1.4 Scope of the Project;
 To design and simulate the distribution line feeder reconfiguration in dessie town with
good performance and reliability.
 To done good project by collecting data from dessie town power distribution line and
analysis and also simulate using software application like mat lab, power world, ETAP
1.5 OBJECTIVE
1.5.1 General objective
Electric power interruption is affecting many sectors in Ethiopia. So the main objective of this
thesis is to study the power system reliability and performance problems and their improvement
using feeder reconfiguration.
 Identify the main causes that made the distribution system
 Reconfigure the primary distribution of the town for loss reduction and load balancing.
1.5.2 Specific objectives
 To perform the correct direction of power flow in the distribution lines.

 To identify a specific feeder that becomes over loaded in the existing distribution
system.
 To limit the extent and duration of interruption.
 To minimize the power loss in distribution line.
 To improve voltage regulation and efficiency of power distribution line.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Distribution Systems
Distribution systems are typically radial configuration or LOOP configurations
2.1.1 Radial Distribution System
The Radial distribution system is the cheapest to build, and is widely used in sparsely populated
areas. A radial system has unidirectional energy flows from the supply point to the customer load
points through distribution lines, cables and bus bars are connected in series.
We should note that the independent feeders branch out to several distribution centers without
intermediate connections between feeders. The most frequently used system is the radial
distribution system because it is the simplest and least expensive system to build. Operation and
expansion are simple. It is not as reliable as most systems unless quality components are used.
The fault or loss of a cable, primary supply, or transformer will result in an outage on all loads
served by the feeder. Furthermore, electrical service is interrupted when any piece of service
equipment must be de-energized to perform routine maintenance and service. Service on this
type of feeder can be improved by installing automatic circuit breakers that will reclose the
service at predetermined intervals. If the fault continues after a predetermined number of
closures, the breaker will lock out until the fault is cleared and service is restored by hand reset.
Radial distribution system is the most commonly used configuration both in primary and
secondary distribution circuits because it has the following advantages.
 Easier fault current protection
 Lower fault currents over most of the circuit
 Easier voltage control
 Easier prediction and control of power flows
 Lower cost

2.1.2 Loop/ring Distribution System
A loop system, as the name implies, loops through the service area and returns to the original
point. The loop is usually tied into an alternate power source. By placing switches in strategic
locations, the utility can supply power to the customer from either direction. If one source of
power fails, switches are thrown (automatically or manually), and power can be fed to customers
from the other source.
The loop system is more expensive to build than the radial type, but it is more reliable. It may be
justified in an area where continuity of service is of considerable importance, for example, a
medical center. In the loop system, circuit breakers sectionalize the loop on both sides of each
distribution transformer connected to the loop. The two primary feeder breakers and the
sectionalizing breakers associated with the loop feeder are ordinarily controlled by pilot wire
relaying or directional over current relays. Pilot wire relaying is used when there are too many
secondary substations to obtain selective timing with directional over current relays. The loop
system is more expensive than the radial because more switches and conductors are required, but
the resultant improved system reliability is often worth the price.

fig1 simple distribution system diagram
Generating Station
The place where electric power produced by parallel connected three phase
alternators/generators is called Generating Station .The Ordinary generating voltage may be 11
kV,11 .5kV 12 kV or 13 kV .But economically ,it is good to step up the produced voltage to
132kV,220kV or 500kV or greater by Step up transformer (power Transformer)
Primary Transmission:
The electric supply (in 132 kV, 220kV, 500 kV or greater) is transmit to load center by
overhead transmission system.
Secondary transmission:
Area far from city which has connected with receiving station by line is called Secondary
transmission. At receiving station, the level of voltage reduced by step down transformers up to

132 kV,66 or 33 kV, and Electric power is transmit by three phase three wire overhead system to
different substation.
Primary Distribution:
At substation, the level of secondary transmission voltage(132 kV,66 or 33 kV reduced to 11

kV by step down transforms Generally electric supply is given to those heavy consumer whose
demand is 11 kV, from these lines whichcarries11 kV and a separate substation exists to control
and utilize this power .For heavier consumer(at large scale) their demand is about 132kV or 33
kV ,they take electric supply from secondary transmission or primary distribution (in 132 kV66
kV or 33 kV)and then step down the level of voltage by step-down transformers in their own
substation for utilization (i.e. for electric traction etc.)
Secondary Distribution:
Electric power given by (from Primary distribution line i.e. 11 kV) to distribution sub substation.
This substation located nearby consumers areas where the level of voltage reduced by step down
transformers 440 V by Step down transformers. These transformers called Distribution
transformers, three phase four wire system) .So there is 400 Volts (Three Phase System) between
any two phases and 230 Volts (Single Phase Supply) between neutral and phase (live) wires
Residential load (i .e. Fans, Lights, and TV etc.) may be connected between any one phase
neutral wires, while three phase load may be connected directly to the three phase lines.
2.2 Distribution Devices

There are several distribution devices used to improve the safety, reliability, and power
quality of the system. This section will review a few of those types of devices.
1. Voltage transformation: One or more transformers will always be located within the
substation to step down the voltage to the primary distribution voltage level. These transformers
will always be three-phase banks, or they will be three single-phase banks connected in a three-
phase configuration.
2. Switching and protection: Different kinds of switchgear will be located at the substation,
including the following:

- Switches: Distribution switches are used to disconnect various parts of the system from
the feeder. These switches are manually, remotely, or automatically operated. Typically,
switches are designed to break load current but not fault current and are used in
underground circuits or tie switches.
- Breakers: Like switches, distribution breakers are used to disconnect portions of the
feeder. However, breakers have the ability to interrupt fault current. Typically, these are
tied to a protective relay, which detects the fault conditions and issues the open command
to the breaker.
- Reclosers: These are a special type of breaker typically deployed only on over head and
are designed to reduce the outage times caused by momentary faults. These types of
faults are caused by vegetation or temporary short circuits. During their close operation,
the relay detects the fault, opens the switch, waits a few seconds, and issues a close.
Many overhead distribution faults are successfully cleared and service is restored with
this technique, significantly reducing outage times.
- Capacitors: These are three-phase capacitors designed to inject volt amp reactive
(VARs) into the distribution circuit, typically to help improve power factor or support
system voltage. They are operated in parallel with the feeder circuit and are controlled by
a capacitor controller. These controllers are often connected to remote communications
allowing for automatic or coordinated operation.
- Fuses: These are standard devices used to protect portions of the circuit when a breaker
is too expensive or too large. Fuses can be used to protect single-phase laterals off the
feeder or to protect three-phase underground circuits.
- Lightning arresters: These devices are designed to reduce the surge on the line when
lightning strikes the circuit
3. Voltage regulation: Voltage regulators are devices that maintain distribution voltage within a
specified range of values. They are used by power companies to minimize voltage drop and to
ensure that the proper voltage is supplied to customers. Because current I flows from source to
load along the length of the feeder, and because the feeder has some amount of impedance per
unit length Z, the feeder will cause a voltage drop IZ volts per unit length. Thus, loads connected

along the length of the feeder will see different voltage levels with the load at the far-end of the
feeder seeing the lowest voltage of all.
4. Metering: Most substations do have some sort of metering device that records, the minimum,
average, and maximum values of current, voltage, power, power and factor over a specified time
range at a minimum, existing current and current max and min that have occurred in the last time
period (e.g., 1 hour). Digital recording is also heavily used and capable of recording a large
amount of substation operational information
2.3 Distribution System Element
Distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission
system and the customer meters. In general consist of feeders, distributers, and the service mains
Feeder
A feeder is a conductor, which connects the sub-station (or localized generating station) to the
area where power is to be distributed. Generally, no tapping are taken from the feeder so that the
current in it remains the same throughout. The main consideration in the design of a feeder is the
current carrying capacity.
Distributor/laterals
A distributor is a conductor from which tapping are taken for supply to the consumers. In Figure
below, AB, BC, CD, and DA are the distributors.
The current through a distributor is not constant because tapping are taken at various places
along its length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main
consideration since the statutory limit of voltage variations is 10% of rated value at the
consumer’s terminals.
Service mains
A service main is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the Consumer’s
terminals.

fig2distribution system element
2.4 Distribution System Power Loss
The delivery of power from sources to the consumer points is always accompanied with power
losses. It occurs at each stage of the power distribution process, beginning with the step-up
transformers that connect power plants to the transmission system, and ending with the customer
wiring beyond the retail meter. The system consists of several key components: step-up
transformers, transmission lines, substations, primary voltage distribution lines, line or step-
down transformers, and secondary lines that connect to individual homes and businesses. Figure
below shows a diagram of these system components. These electricity losses are often referred to
generically as “line losses,” even though the losses associated with the conductor lines
themselves represent only one type of electricity loss that occurs during the process of
transmitting and distributing electricity. System average line losses are in the range of six to ten
percent on most US utility grids, but they increase exponentially as power lines become heavily
loaded. Avoiding a small amount of electricity demand in the highest peak hours can reduce line
losses by as much as 20 percent. At such levels of losses, disproportionately more generation
resources need to be operated to deliver the same amount of electricity to end-users.

Each of the stages identified in Figure below is subject to losses, and therefore provides
opportunity for efficiency improvements. The cumulative benefits can be very significant. This is
because a one-kilowatt (kW) load reduction at the customer’s end translates into more than a
one-kW load reduction – sometimes very much more – moving “upstream” to the distribution,
transmission, and generation levels because of losses compounding along the way.
Each component of the distribution system can be optimized to reduce line losses. This chapter
discusses each component, and how equipment choices can affect efficiency.
fig3 Simple Diagram of an Electric Transmission and Distribution System
Losses occur in both transmission and distribution lines and in transformers, the fundamental
components of the electricity distribution system or “the grid.” Some losses, called “core” or
“no-load” losses, are incurred to energize transformers in substations and on the distribution
system. A larger share is labeled “resistive” or “copper” losses; these losses reflect the resistance
of the materials themselves to the flow of electricity.
Core losses are typically 25 to 30 percent of total distribution losses, and do not increase (or
decrease) with changes in load. They are largely influenced by the characteristics of the steel
laminations used to manufacture the core of transformers.
Resistive losses are analogous to friction losses in the lines and transformers. As loads increase,
the wires (including those in the transformers) get hotter, the material becomes more resistive,
and line losses increase. For this reason, resistive losses increase exponentially with the current
on a line.
At low-load periods, system losses are almost entirely core losses, and may be as low as
three percent during peak electrical demand periods, however, resistive losses become dominant.
At the highest load hours, average line losses increase into the 10- to 15-percent range, but

marginal line losses (those that are avoided if load is reduced) may increase to 20 percent or
more. This concept is analogous to a freeway at rush hour – even a small reduction in traffic
volumes can produce very large reductions in “friction” and improve traffic flow. At peak
extremes, it can take five power plants operating to provide the end-use electricity normally
provided by four.
Power losses occur in distribution networks due to Joule’s effect which can account for as much
as 13% of the Generated energy. Such non-negligible amount of losses has a direct impact on the
financial issues and the overall efficiency of distribution utilities. Therefore, methods for losses
reductions, that optimally allocate scarce financial resources and maximize firm value, are
essential for achieving the financial goals of distribution companies.
Generally Distribution power losses can be divided into two categories technical and non-
technical losses. The technical losses area related to the material properties and its resistance to
the flow of the electrical current that is dissipated as heat. The most obvious examples are the
power dissipated in distribution lines and transformers due to their internal electrical resistance.
In addition, technical losses are easy to be simulated and calculated. On the other hand, non-
technical losses are caused by clandestine connections, frauds in energy meters, diversity of
readings and deficiencies (or losses) in the processes of energy measurement.
High rate of technical and non-technical losses might cause
· Poor quality of service offered to customers.
· High cost due to useless or premature investments.
· Reduction in revenue resulting in cash difficulties with all ensuing economic consequences.
2.5 Electric Distribution Reliability and Reliability Indexes
2.5.1 Reliability
Power reliability can be defined as the ability of a power system to deliver electricity to its
consumers within accepted standards, and in the amount desired and in the time needed. The
degree of reliability may be measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse
effects on the electric supply.

The reliability of electric distribution systems is critically important for both utilities and
Customers. Electric reliability affects public health and safety, economic growth and
development, and societal wellbeing. Many utilities estimate the value of electric services to
consumers to assess the benefits of investments to improve reliability.
Most power outages are caused by weather‐related damage to overhead power lines. High
winds, ice, and snow can cause trees to touch power lines, and sometimes can cause lines and
poles to break. Animal contact, vehicle accidents, equipment failure, and human error also
contribute to power outages.
Power outages in electric distribution systems are documented and classified by the number of
customers affected and the length of time that power is out.
Power system reliability is concerned with total electric power interruptions which results in a
total loss of voltage, but not just deformations of the electric sine wave. So, reliability does not
cover sags, swells, impulses or harmonics.
2.5.2 Reliability Indexes
Reliability indices are commonly used to assess outages and evaluate the performance of
electric system and a means of measuring the reliability of the individual as well as the overall
system. Reliability indices typically consider such aspects as:
 The number of customers;
 The connected load;
 The duration of the interruption measured in seconds, minutes, hours, or days;
 The amount of power (kVA) interrupted; and
 The frequency of interruptions.
A. Customer-Oriented Indices
The following are reliability indexes used distribution system.
SAIFI – System Average Interruption Frequency Index
This index is designed to give information about the average frequency of sustained interruptions
per customer over a predefined area.

𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳𝑵𝑼𝑴𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑶𝑭𝑪𝑼𝑺𝑻𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑹𝑼𝑷𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑺
SAIFI = 𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳𝑵𝑼𝑴𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑶𝑭𝑪𝑼𝑺𝑻𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑹𝑺𝑬𝑹𝑽𝑬𝑫
SAIDI – System Average Interruption Duration Index
 This index is commonly referred to as customer minutes of interruption and is designed

to provide information about the average time the customers are interrupted.
𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳𝑵𝑼𝑴𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑶𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑹𝑼𝑷𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑺𝑫𝑼𝑹𝑬𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
SAIDI = 𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳𝑵𝑼𝑴𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑶𝑭𝑪𝑼𝑺𝑻𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑹𝑺𝑬𝑹𝑽𝑬𝑫
CAIDI – Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
 Represents the average time required to restore service to the average customer per
sustained interruption.
𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳𝑪𝑼𝑺𝑻𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑹𝑶𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑹𝑼𝑷𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑺𝑫𝑼𝑹𝑬𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
CAIDI = 𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳𝑵𝑼𝑴𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑶𝑭𝑪𝑼𝑺𝑻𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑹𝑼𝑷𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
2.6 Losses Reduction Techniques to Improve Reliability
The most efficient losses reduction techniques in distribution systems are:

a. Feeder reconfiguration and Phase Load Balance.
b. Network Reconductoring
c. Distribution Transformers Locating and Sizing.
d. Reactive Power Compensation
e. High Voltage Distribution System
f. Building New Distributed Generation
a) Feeder Reconfiguration and Phase Load Balance

System reconfiguration means restructuring the power lines which connect various buses in a power
system. Restructuring of specific lines leads to alternate system configurations. System
reconfiguration can be accomplished by placing line interconnection switches into network
Minimization of power losses and maximization of the load balance are the two most
common criteria that used to reconfigure networks. Feeder reconfiguration is a very
important function of automated distribution systems to reduce distribution feeder losses,

load balancing and improve system security. Loads can be transferred from feeder to feeder
by changing the open and close status of the feeder high-speed switches. The optimal
reconfiguration model responds to changes in the network topology by switching the
automatic breakers installed in the network.
It is important for:
 Restoring power to any outage partitions of a feeder,
 Reducing overloads on feeders by shifting the load in real time to nearby feeders, and
 Resistive line losses will be reducing.
b) Network Reconductoring
Network Reconductoring is the technique in existing conductor on the feeder is replaced by
conductor of optimal size for optimal length of feeder. This technique is used when existing
conductor is no more optimal because of rapid growth of load. This technique is good for the
developing countries where annual growth rates are high and the conductors are chosen to
minimize the initial capital investment.
It is important for:
 Increases the feeder’s capacity to handle load growth.
 Extremely fruitful to minimize the losses.
 Improves voltage profile.
But this technique leads to additional investment which increases the initial investment of
feeders.
c) Distribution Transformers Locating and Sizing
Usually, DTs are not located centrally with respect to consumers. Due to which the farthest
consumers obtain an extremely low voltage even though a reasonably good voltage level is
maintained at secondaries of transformer. This leads to higher losses in distribution system.
In this technique, distribution transformers should be located nearer to the load center as possible
and replace large transformers by the transformers of small rating such that it serves small
number of consumers so that optimum voltage level is maintained.

It is important to:
 Supports further reconfiguration.
 Requires less investment.
 Help reduction of peak load and energy losses in the distribution system.
 Improves voltage to the tail end consumers.
 Overloading of conductors and overheating of joints avoided.
But, the extent of improvement of voltage is limited
d) Reactive Power Compensation

Inductors and capacitors are used to increase line load ability and to maintain voltages near rated
values. To do so, feeder reconfiguration achieves this goal by optimizing active power flow in
the system, while capacitor control achieves this goal by reducing reactive power flow in the
system. Establishing an online system for continuous assessment of the non-technical losses in
distribution systems is not only imperative but also a strategic necessity for distribution
companies. Sometimes used to deliver reactive power and increase transmission voltages during
heavy load conditions.
It is defined as the management of reactive power to improve the performance of ac power
system. This technique clasp adverse and wide area of both system and customer problems,
particularly related with power quality issues, as most of power quality problems can be resolved
with requisite control of reactive power. As the load is mostly inductive on the distribution
system and requires large reactive power’s, shunt capacitor provides reactive power
compensation at its location, independent of the load and Series capacitor introduces negative
reactance. It means series compensation modifies the transmission or distribution system
parameters, while shunt compensation changes the equivalent impedance of the load. In both
cases, the reactive power that flows through the system can be effectively controlled improving
the performance of the overall ac power system.
It is important to:
 Improves the voltage profile.
 Reduces losses to very much extent.
 Increases the security of system.

 Reduces number of outages.

But, it is difficult technique as compared to others as there is problem in determining the number
and size of capacitors to install and where to installed and lengthy process and also the voltage
improvement due to shunt compensation is marginal except in case of heavily loaded feeders.
Shunt compensation alone cannot correct voltage drop.
e) High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS)
This technique is most effective and efficient in reducing the technical losses and improving the
power quality in distribution system. In this technique, conversion of existing Low Voltage
Distribution System to High Voltage Distribution System is done. This technique aims at
extending high voltage lines as nearer to the load as possible and replacing large transformers
with various small rating transformers. By using high this method, we can reduce the losses as
current is low in high voltage systems.
It is important to:
 Reduces losses, increases energy saving and improves voltage profile.
 Reduces the theft of electricity and decreases illegal connections as the LT lines are
reduced and required will be insulated cables.
 Helps in avoiding unnecessary iron losses in overrated DTs and hence reduces technical
losses.
 Reduces the number of outages.
 Make distribution system more reliable.
 Bring the commercial viability in the power system.
But, it requires additional investment and needs regular maintenance.
f) Building New Distributed Generation
Applying small amounts of distributed generation results in decreasing the power losses until
they reach a minimum level. Once this minimum level is reached, if DG penetration level still
increases, then losses begin to increase marginally. If DG penetration levels increase further,

then losses can be even higher than those without DG connected (more than 5 times in extreme
cases).
It is important to:
 More reliable.
 Improves voltage profile and reduces losses.
But, it increases capital cost as it requires additional investment for building new
substation.

CHAPTER THREE
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Data Collection
We are collect data by the following method

By Observation
 Understand the layout of distribution system in the town
 loaded areas in the town
 Number of feeders and direction of their outgoing lines.
 Components of overhead line like sectionalizes
Document analysis
By reading written documents that are available in the substation we collect the following dates’
- Ratings of existing transformers in the substation
- Voltage level of the existing distribution lines
- Number of phases available
- Distance of the substation to load areas(helps for calculating loses)
- Existing conductor size for the main feeders and laterals
- Maximum and minimum loads in the feeders
Focused Group Discussion

In the distribution system three are many complexities, such as:
 Difficulty to calculating loses due to lack of enough conductor data
 Difficulty in calculating total load in the town because the feeders include other areas to
supply power that means there is no power data for the town only.
 Unavailability of correct data in feeders such as power factors and ratings
 Incorrect reading of meters
So, to solve those difficulties we put the following methods or assumptions as a means by
discussing in group.
 Setting a power factor for the feeders by matching the reading and calculated values

 Grouping load areas and assume their loads as equal for simplicity
 Giving new peak load values for feeders which supply power for other additional areas
using customer data transformer data (number and maximum capacity)
3.2 Basic Data of Dessie Substation
Dessie substation has been supplied from main grid that is interconnected system (ICS).
Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation is a service provider of electric power in the country. A
66kV distribution line is stretched from Kombolcha substation then, the distribution system in
the DessieTown by stepped down has a primary voltage of15 kV. And also, this voltage value is
stepped down to 380V/220 in three phase and single phase distributed to the customer
respectively. The following one line diagram shows the overall existing Dessie Town system of
the Distribution substation.
fig4 existing one line diagram of Dessie town distribution system

The number of Feeders in the substation
There are four feeders originate in the substation and supply power to Dessie and around Dessie
town
Dessie one………….for arada, weraylu and albko
Dessie two…………..for piasa, segno gebia and gerado
Robit one……………for university, boro and kutaber
Robit two……………for hayke, bestima
Table 1 Collected data of existing feeders
No feeder Peak Minimum Average Voltage(KV) Power

load(MW) load(MW) load(MW) factor
1 Robit 1 5.12 0.599 3.30 15 0.8

2 Robit 2 5.51 1.14 3.86 15 0.8
3 Dessie 1 5.24 0.56 2.24 15 0.8
4 Dessie 2 4.97 0.92 3.16 15 0.8
3.3 Conductor Data

Aluminum Conductors Steel Reinforced (ACSR), have been widely used for overhead
Primer lines as the most cost-effective and dependable product. As the name implies, ACSR is a
concentrically stranded conductor composed of one or more layers of hard-drawn EC grade
aluminum wires over a high strength coated steel core. The core may be single wire or stranded,
depending on the size. Because of the numerous stranding combinations of aluminum and steel
wires that may be used, it is possible to vary the portions of aluminum and steel so as to obtain
the most suitable relation between current carrying capacity and mechanical strength for each
application. For instance, a conductor having a small proportion of steel may be most economical
for a wood pole line to transmit a large block of power whereas a conductor with a very large

proportion of steel would be required for along span crossing over water. Between these two
extremes are the conductors with normal proportions of aluminum and steel generally used for
the more conventional transmission and distribution line.
AAC and AAAC conductors are most applicable for distribution of power carry out mostly the
high voltage transmission.
For transmission and distribution of electric power the conductor material used must have the
following characteristics:
 High conducting i.e. low specific resistance
 High tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stress
 Low specific gravity in order to give low weight per unit volume
 Low cost in order to be used over long distance
 Should not be brittle
The conductor used for the primary distribution is aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR)
and its resistance and reactance per length are given as
 Resistance =0.5222ohm/km
 Reactance = 0.4506ohm/km
3.4 Major Interruption Causes of Dessie Substation
In Dessie substation, Interruption occurring frequently in Causes of short circuit, earth fault,
blackout, overload, under frequency and there are planned outages for operational and
maintenance purpose. Permanent or Sustained interruptions are long-duration interruptions
which last longer than 5 minutes whereas interruptions with duration of less than 5 minutes are
termed momentary interruptions. Many of the distribution problems are temporary and mainly
caused by tree, animal contact, and whether condition. They can easily be solved with little or no
intervention from the system. Then by simply reclosing, the system will be re-energized. But
permanent interruption can’t be restored by simple re-energizing. Permanent interruption can be
caused by Equipment malfunction, cable failure, down line or persistent tree contact.

3.5 Analysis of Power Loss and Calculation in Each Feeder

Power losses occur in transmission and distribution lines, the fundamental components of the electricity
distribution system some losses, called resistive (copper) losses and Core losses
 Causes of power loss

 Extremely long distribution lines
 Poor power factor on the distribution feeder
 Conductor sizing and arrangement
 Load unbalance between feeders
 load unbalance between phase
 Requirements of loss study
 To reduce Cost of energy
 For better understanding of customer behavior
 More defensible load forecasting
 System planning
Loss Calculation on the Feeders
Feeder one (R1)
This feeder delivers power to several areas in the town and For simplicity we divide those areas
into four sections with equally load in 2.5km and the last section load in 15km.
Peak power sent out = 5.12MW
Line Current = P/(√3*V*pf)=5.12MW/(√3*15KV*0.8)=246.336A
The impedance values in 2.5km
Resistance = 0.522ohm/km *2.5km=1.305Ω
Reactance = 0.4506 ohm / km*2.5km=1.1265Ω
The impedance value in 15km
R=0.522*15=7.833Ω
X=0.4506*15=6.759Ω

Load current in each load
IL1 = 0.896/(√3*15*0.8) = 43.11A
I12 = IL – IL1 = 252.11- 43.11 = 209.00A
I23 = I12- IL2 = 209.00 -43.11 = 165.89A
I34= I23 –IL3 = 165.89 – 43.11 = 122.78A
I45 = I34 – IL4 = 122.78 -43.11 = 79.67A
Power loss in each load
PL1= 3(IL)2R=3(252.11)21.305 = 248.835KW
PL2 = 3(I12)2R = 3(209.00)21.305 =171.011KW
PL3 = 3(I23)2R = 3(165.89)21.305 = 107.739KW
PL4 = 3(I34)2R = 3(122.78)21.305 = 59.018KW

PL5 = 3(I45)2R = 3(79.67)210.444 = 198.798KW
Total power loss in the feeder three (D1)
PLtotal = PL1+ PL2 +PL3+ PL4+ PL5

= 785.401kw
Power delivered to the load
Pdel = Psent out – PLtotal

= 5.24MW – 0.7854 MW = 4.4546 MW
Efficiency of transmission = (Pdel/ Psent out) 100%

= (4.4546 MW / 5.24MW)100%
= 85.01%
Feeder two (R2)
This feeder delivers power to several areas in the town and For simplicity we divide those areas
Line Current = P/(√3*V*pf)=5.51MW/(√3 *15KV*0.8)=0.2651KA
R=0.522*20 = 10.444Ω
X= 0.4506*20 = 9.012Ω

IL1 = 0.964/(√3 *15*0.8) = 0.04639KA
I12 = IL- IL1= 265.1- 46.39=218.70A
I23 = I12- IL2 = 218.70- 46.39 = 172.319A
I34 = I23 – IL3 = 172.319 – 46.39 = 125.92A
I45 = I34 – IL4 = 125.92 – 46.39 = 79.54A
PL1 = 3(IL)2R = 3(265.1)21.305 = 275.245KW

PL2 = 3(I12)2R = 3(218.70)21.305 = 187.325KW
PL3 = 3(I23)2R = 3(172.319)21.305 = 116.296KW

PL4 = 3(I34)2R = 3(125.92)21.305 = 62.099KW

PL5 = 3(I45)2R = 3(79.54)210.444 = 198.225KW
Total loss in the feeder two(R2)
PLtotal= PL1+PL2+PL3+PL4+PL5
= 0.8391MW
Pdel= Psent out – PLtotal
= 5.51MW – 0.8391 MW = 4.671MW
= (4.671MW/5.51MW) 100%
= 84.77%
Feeder three (d1)
This feeder delivers power to several areas in the town and for simplicity we divide those areas
Line Current = P/ (√3*V*pf)=5.24MW/(√3 *15KV*0.8)=252.1096A
R=0.522*20 = 10.444Ω
X= 0.4506*20 = 9.012Ω
Load current calculation

IL1=0.905/(√3*15*0.8)=43.542A

I12= IL- IL1 = 246.336-43.542=202.794A

I23= I12- IL2= 202.794-43.542=159.252A
I34=I23- IL3 = 159.252-43.542=115.71A
I45= I34- IL4 = 115.71-43.542=72.168A
Power loss in each load area

PL1=3(IL)2R=3(246.336)21.305=237.568KW
PL2=3(I12)2R=3(202.794)21.305=161.006KW
PL3=3(I23)2R=3(159.252)21.305=99.289KW
PL4=3(I34)2R=3(115.71)21.305=52.417KW
PL5=3(I45)2R=3(72.168)27.833=122.388KW
Total loss in the feeder one
PLTotal=PL1+PL2+PL3+PL4+PL5
= 672.668KW
= 5.12MW – 0.672668MW = 4.447332MW
= (4.447332MW/ 5.12MW) 100%
= 86.86%
Feeder four(d2)
This feeder delivers power to several areas in the town and for simplicity we divide those areas
into three sections with equally load in 2km and the last section load in 14km.
Line Current = P/(√3*V*pf)=4.97MW/(√3 *15KV*0.8)=239.119A
The impedance values in 2km
Resistance = 0.522ohm/km *2km=1.0444Ω
Reactance = 0.4506 ohm / km*2km=0.9012Ω
The impedance values in 14km

Resistance = 0.522ohm/km *14km=7.310Ω
Reactance = 0.4506 ohm / km*14km=6.3084Ω
IL1 = 1.1597/(√3*15*0.8) = 55.7941A

I12 = IL – IL1 = 239.119 - 55.7941A = 183.325A
I23 = I12- IL2 = 183.325A -55.7941A = 127.531A
I34= I23 –IL3 = 127.531– 55.7941A = 71.737A
PL1= 3(IL) 2R=3(239.119)21.0444 = 179.150KW

PL2 = 3(I12)2R = 3(183.325)21.0444 = 105.301KW
PL3 = 3(I23)2R = 3(127.531)21.0444 = 50.959KW
PL4 = 3(I34)2R = 3(71.737)27.310 = 112.855KW
Total power loss in the feeder four (D2)
PLtotal = PL1+ PL2 +PL3+ PL4
= 448.264kw
= 4.97MW – 0.448264 MW = 4.5217MW
Powe deliverd
Efficiency of transmission = (Power sent out) 100%
= (4.5217MW / 4.97MW)100%
= 90.98%

3.4 Method of Capacitor Placement for Loss Reduction
The loss minimization in distribution systems has assumed greater significance recently since the
trend towards distribution automation will require the most efficient operating scenario for
economic viability variations. To reduce these losses, shunt capacitor banks are installed on
distribution primary feeders. The capacitor draws a leading current and partly or completely
neutralizes the lagging reactive component of load current. This raises the power factor of the
load.
For three-phase loads, the capacitors can be connected in delta or star as shown in Fig
fig5 delta and star connection of capacitors
From the feeders listed above have high power loss when the system is operated with 0.8 power
factor. In this project the power factor is improved using star connected capacitors bank from 0.8

to 0.95 to reduce the reactive component of the current and intern reduce power loss and also
improve voltage drop in each feeder. The performance and reliability of distribution line is
increase.
φ1=original phase angle

φ2 = phase angle after using power factor corrector
Qc =Q1 – Q2 = p* tan φ1 – p*tan φ2 = p (tan φ1 - tan φ2)
Where φ1= 36.87 degree
φ2 =18.19degree
That is cos φ1=0.80 and cos φ2=0.95
Power factor correction in Feeder one
Active power near the load area of kutaber= 1.536MW

Therefore the reactive power generated by the capacitor bank QC is given by
QC= 1.536MW (tan36.87- tan18.19) = 0.6472MVAR
Reactive power per phase = 0.6472MVAR/3 = 0.2157MVAR.
Active power near the load area of Boro = 0.986MW
QC = 0.986MW (tan36.87- tan18.19) = 0.3772MVAR
Reactive power per phase = 0.3772MVAR/3 = 0.1257MVAR.

Power factor correction in Feeder Two
Active power near the load Hayk =1.653MW

QC= 1.653MW (tan36.87- tan18.19) =0.6959MVAR
Reactive power per phase = 0.6959VAR/3 = 0.2319MVAR
Power factor correction in Feeder Three
Active power near the load Albko = 1.572MW

QC= 1.572MW (tan36.87- tan 18.19) = 0.6618MVAR
Active power near the load weraylu m and arada = 0.917MW
QC= 0.917MW (tan36.87- tan 18.19) = 0.386MVAR
Power factor correction in Feeder Four
Active power near the load Gerado = 1.491MW

QC= 1.491MW (tan36.87- tan 18.19) = 0.6277MVAR
3.5 Feeder Reconfiguration
System reconfiguration means restructuring the power lines which connect various buses in a
power system. Restructuring of specific lines leads to alternate system configurations. System
reconfiguration can be accomplished by placing line interconnection switches into network.
Opening and closing a switch connects or disconnect a line to the existing network. If there are N
switches in a network, there are 2N possible switching combinations. Improving transmission
efficiency by network reconfiguration involve study of switching options which enhances

voltage stability under a given loading and generation condition .The improvement of efficiency
is achieved only by altering topological structure of the power lines and does not involve any
additional hardware like installation of SVC, capacitor bank, tap-changing transformers etc. The
challenge in the proposed method however lies with the task of finding the optimum switching
pattern that would maximize the overall voltage stability of the system and minimize the losses.
The major benefits of network reconfiguration are-
 Efficient Electric Transmission.
 Network reconfiguration improves the voltage stability of the system.
 Network reconfiguration also smoothens out the peak demands, improving the voltage
profile in the feeders and increases network reliability.
 Enhancement of voltage stability can be achieved without any additional cost involved
for installation of capacitors, tap changing transformers and the related switching
equipment
Distribution networks are conventionally designed by planning transformer and distribution line
for minimizing;
 Line loses
 Maximizing the system reliability and
 Improving the voltage profile
Capacitor, VRs and the load tap changer of the transformer are three elements which can help the
conventional planning to improve the line loss and voltage profile more. However, these devices
can’t influence the system reliability. On the other hand, switches and cross connections
significantly improve the system reliability
Allocation and sizing of distribution transformers and feeders
The location of transformers directly specifies the length and rout of feeders. Therefore, location
and ratings of transformers should be determined along with the size and length of feeders. For
this purpose an optimization procedure is required to minimize the investment cost of
transformer and feeders, while the loss cost is minimized and system reliability is maximized. the
voltage drop and the feeder current as constraints need to be maintained within their standard
range.

Allocation and sizing of capacitor and voltage regulators
Capacitors are commonly used in distribution system to minimize the reactive component of the
line current. This compensation reduces the distribution line loss and improves the feeder voltage
profile .similar to capacitors, LTC and VRs keep the bus voltage with in standard level and can
reduce the line loss. Particularly in the peak load reduction of line loss by these elements can
prevent additional investment for using high rating equipment. However the investment cost is
an issue which limits the wide use of these devices and highlights the importance of finding their
location and rating.
Allocation of switches
Since almost 80% of faults occur in the distribution networks, they are considered as one of the
most critical parts in an electrical system. This high lights the need for protection devices such as
fuses, breakers, sectionalizes, CCs and recloses. Among these devices, sectionalizes and CCs
have attracted more attention. Using these devices is studied in two aspects, investment cost and
system reliability. In order to increase system reliability, more investment is required and vice
versa. To satisfy these two aspects simultaneously, an optimization procedure is needed to lump
them in to one objective function. This shows the importance of the allocation of switches
problem. The CCs are devices connecting feeders so that the loads located in one feeder can be
supplied by another feeder when a fault occurs in the corresponding feeder.
3.6 Line Data Analysis Method in per unit System
For electrical power distribution analysis the line data should be in per unit.
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Per unit value = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Ibase =Sbase/√3Vbase
In our case Vbase is15kv
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
per unit of the resistance = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 2
Base impedance ( Zbase) =𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Base apparent power ( Sb) used as 100 MVA which is commonly used.
(15𝐾𝑉)2
Zb= 100𝑀𝑉𝐴=2.25Ω
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Per unit resistance = 2.25
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Per unit reactance = 2.25
Table 2 power distribution of existing distribution system
Feeder Load Load LOAD Resistance Reactan Power Line power Length
area (MW) (MVAR) (Pu) ce Loss(kW) voltage(KV) factor (km)
(Pu)
1 0.905 0.679 0.58022 0.5007 237.568 15 0.8 2.5
2 0.905 0.679 0.58022 0.5007 161.006 15 0.8 2.5
Feeder 1 (R1)
3 0.905 0.679 0.58022 0.5007 99.289 15 0.8 2.5

4 0.905 0.679 0.58022 0.5007 52.417 15 0.8 2.5
5 1.556 1.167 3.4813 3.004 122.388 15 0.8 15
1 0.964 0.723 0.58022 0.5007 275.244 15 0.8 2.5
2 0.964 0.723 0.58022 0.5007 187.325 15 0.8 2.5
Feeder 2 (R2)
3 0.964 0.723 0.58022 0.5007 116.296 15 0.8 2.5

4 0.964 0.723 0.58022 0.5007 62.099 15 0.8 2.5
5 1.654 1.2405 4.64177 4.0053 198.225 15 0.8 20
1 0.896 0.672 0.58022 0.5007 248.835 15 0.8 2.5
2 0.896 0.672 0.58022 0.5007 171.011 15 0.8 2.5
Feeder 3 (D1)
3 0.896 0.672 0.58022 0.5007 107.739 15 0.8 2.5

4 0.896 0.672 0.58022 0.5007 59.018 15 0.8 2.5
5 1.536 1.152 4.64177 4.0053 198.798 15 0.8 20
1 1.160 0.870 0.464177 0.4005 179.150 15 0.8 2
4
Feede
(D2)
2 1.160 0.870 0.464177 0.4005 105.301 15 0.8 2

r

3 1.160 0.870 0.464177 0.4005 50.959 15 0.8 2

4 1.491 1.118 3.2492 2.8037 112.855 15 0.8 14
To reconfigure the distribution line interconnection system is done using the line data’s stated in
the table below
Table 3 interconnection line data
Inter connected load Distance in between Resistance (pu) Reactance (pu)
areas (km)
Papsi to Gerado 15 3.481333 3.004
Substation to Kutaber 20 4.64177 4.00533
Substation to hayk 20 4.64177 4.00533
Substation to albko 20 4.64177 4.00533
Robit to tita 10 2.32088 2.0026

CHAPTER FOUR
SIMULATION, RESULTS, AND DISCUSSION
Assumptions and constraints:

1. Power flow calculation is performed using S base = 100MVA and V base =15KV.
2. The limits of feeder capacity are assumed to be 5 MW.
3. Voltage at the primary bus of a substation is 1.0 p.u.
4. The upper and lower limits of voltage for each bus are 1.05p.u. and 0.9 p.u respectively.
4.1 Exciting Feeder Configuration
The proposed method has been implemented by using power world simulator and run on a
personal computer.
fig6 Existing configuration distribution system of Dessie town
 Simulation out puts for existing distribution configurations are summarized in the
following tables.

1. Case summary
Table 4 case summary before feeder reconfiguration
Number of No. Case totals

devices in
case
Bus 20 MW MVAR
Generator 1 Load 20.72 15.12
Loads 19 Generation 25.05 18.89
Lines 19 Shunt 0 0
Shunts 0 Losses 4.30 3.73
2. Bus Records
Table 5 bus records before feeder reconfiguration
The Existing simulation as we see the above there is high power loss around 4.30MW ,have low
reliability and also high voltage drop at each buses, specially hyeqe, kutaber,tita,gerado.When
the voltage drop is increase at the feeder it occurs high power loss because of power loss is
directly proportional to voltage drop
P = VDI = I2R
The efficiency of existing configuration as we see from the output simulation Power record is
calculated as follows in table value below
The overall Efficiency = (Pdel/ Psent out) 100%

20.72
= 25.06*100% = 82.68%
So we can reduce voltage drop and power loss by using feeder reconfiguration to improve
reliability and performance.
4.2 Feeder Reconfiguration
fig7 single line diagram after feeder reconfiguration

1. Case summary
Table 6 case summary after feeder reconfiguration

devices in
case
Bus 19 MW MVAR
Lines 24 Shunt 0 0
2.Bus Records
Table 7 bus records after feeder reconfiguration
After feeder reconfiguration as we see from power world simulation there Reliability of the
system is improved due to restructuring the power lines which connect various buses in a power system
have leads to alternate system configurations to power flow and also from the output power loss and
voltage drop are reduced due to the load balance in each feeder. Even though voltage drop is not
perfectly improved at the last load bus.
The efficiency after feeder configuration system as we see from output simulation Power record
is calculated as follows from table values.

20.84
= *100% = 92.35%
22.57
As we compare the efficiency of existing configuration and after feeder reconfiguration that have
increasing. So the performance of the system is good. But voltage drop is not perfectly improved
at the last load bus. So to improve these voltage drop use other method capacitor placement in
each last load bus.
4.3 Improvement of voltage profile using capacitor

From the above table of bus records the voltage magnitude of some buses reduces to lower
values. This reduction in voltage is not acceptable and leads to system instability. To improve
voltage profile using shunt capacitor is one way.

fig8 after feeder reconfiguration and capacitor placement.
1. Case summary
Table 8 case summary after capacitor placement

devices in
case
Bus 19 MW MVAR
Lines 24 Shunt 0 3.78
2. Bus Records

Table 9 bus records after capacitor placement
After capacitor placement as we see from power world simulation output the power loss and
voltage drop are improved.
The efficiency after capacitor placement from the necessary load bus voltage as we see from
output simulation System data record

20.84
= 22.31*100% = 93.41%
The overall efficiency after capacitor placement to reduce the voltage drop the efficiency of
reconfiguration is also increase ,in case of these the performance and reliability improvement is
more. Know the Dessie town distribution system if it uses these project it can be profitable and
all customers of Dessie town and remote area around Dessie Town use more effectively. The
performance and reliability of power distribution system is excellent with the use of best feeder
reconfiguration and capacitor placement methods.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations
connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage with
the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to
distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again
lower the voltage to the utilization voltage of household appliances and typically feed several
customers through secondary distribution lines at this voltage. Commercial and residential
customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops. Customers
demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary distribution
level or the sub transmission level.
Different network configurations are possible in order to meet the required supply reliability. It is
divided into two types, radial or loop. A radial system is arranged like a tree where each
customer has one source of supply and Loop system has multiple sources of supply operating in
parallel.
The delivery of power from sources to the consumer points is always accompanied with power
losses. Distribution power losses can be divided into two categories technical and non-technical
losses. The technical losses area related to the material properties and its resistance to the flow of
the electrical current that is dissipated as heat. The most obvious examples are the power
dissipated in distribution lines and transformers due to their internal electrical resistance. In
addition, technical losses are easy to be simulated and calculated. On the other hand, non-
technical losses are caused by clandestine connections, frauds in energy meters, diversity of
readings and deficiencies (or losses) in the processes of energy measurement.
High rate of technical and non-technical losses might cause

 Poor quality of service offered to customers.

 High cost due to useless or premature investments.
 Reduction in revenue resulting in cash difficulties with all ensuing economic
consequences.
Reconfiguration, by exchanging the functional links between the elements of the system,
represents one of the most important measures which can improve the operational performance
of a distribution system. The problem of optimization through the reconfiguration of a power
distribution system, in terms of its definition, is a historical single objective problem with
constraints. Since 1975, when Merlin and Back introduced the idea of distribution system
reconfiguration for active power loss reduction, until nowadays, a lot of researchers have
proposed diverse methods and algorithms to solve the reconfiguration problem as a single
objective problem.
5.2 Recommendations
The Study of Power distribution in Dessie town is very challenging due to lack of enough data,
uncertainty and improper function of metering equipment in the substations.
So, to limit those challenges for the future we recommend to Dessie town power distribution
office and substation as follows:
 The meters that are not performing their function properly must be replaced.
 The layout of existing power distribution system of the town should be represented in
single line diagram.
 All the feeders in the town should be interconnected to transfer loads from heavily loaded
feeder to a lightly loaded feeder.
 The conductor data should be properly documented (cross sectional area, current carrying
capacity etc.)
 Capacitors and other compensators should be placed in standardized location to improve
the power factor and voltage profile.
 The capacity of transformers and feeders should be up graded to include future loads.

The current existing Dessie Town distribution system as we see from power world simulation or
numerical calculation of power loss that have unexpected loss due to these loss there is higher
voltage drop in each feeder. In case of these the performance and reliability of distribution line
less in Dessie Town and around the Dessie remote areas that supplied from these substation. In
order to reduce this big problem we use loss reduction method. There have different method
among that in our project uses feeder reconfiguration and capacitor placement. Other members
that went to do this project use other methods like Network Reconductoring, Distribution
Transformers Locating and Sizing, High Voltage Distribution System and Building New
Distributed Generation etc.

Reference
1. Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering free pdf
2. Thomas Allen, Electrical Power Distribution Equipment and System,

3. Thomas Allen Short, "Electric Power Distribution Handbook, Second Edition" 2014
4. S. Civanlar, J. Grainger, H. Yin, and S. Lee, Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss
reduction, Power delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1217–1223, 1988.
5. M. Baran and F. Wu, Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and
load balancing, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401–1407, Apr 1989.
6. William H. Keri sting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis
7. Ashfaq Husain, 5th Edition electrical power systems

8. Electric Power Distribution Reliability, 2nd Edition free pdf.
www. Wikipedia .org.distribution line

www.google.com
http://www.springer.com/978-1-4614-5829-6

Distribution Line Performance and Reliability Improvement Through Feeder Reconfiguration in Dessie Town

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Distribution Line Performance and Reliability Improvement Through Feeder Reconfiguration in Dessie Town

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Distribution Line Performance And Reliability Improvement 2017

Through Feeder Reconfiguration in Dessie Town

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page I

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page II

List of figure ................................................................................................................................................ V

list of table: ................................................................................................................................................. VI

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................................ 3

1.3 Significance of the Project ...................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Scope of the Project; ............................................................................................................................... 4

1.5 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 4

1.5.1 General objective ............................................................................................................................. 4

1.5.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 5

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 5

2.1 Distribution Systems ............................................................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Radial Distribution System .............................................................................................................. 5

2.1.2 Loop/ring Distribution System......................................................................................................... 6

2.2 Distribution Devices ............................................................................................................................... 8

2.3 Distribution System Element ................................................................................................................ 10

2.4 Distribution System Power Loss ........................................................................................................... 11

2.5 Electric Distribution Reliability and Reliability Indexes ...................................................................... 13

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page III

2.5.2 Reliability Indexes ......................................................................................................................... 14

2.6 Losses Reduction Techniques to Improve Reliability .......................................................................... 15

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 20

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 20

3.1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 20

3.2 Basic Data of Dessie Substation ........................................................................................................... 21

3.3 Conductor Data ..................................................................................................................................... 22

3.4 Major Interruption Causes of Dessie Substation................................................................................... 23

3.5 Analysis of Power Lossand Calculation in Each Feeder ................................................................ 24

3.4 Method of Capacitor Placement for Loss Reduction ............................................................................ 30

3.5 Feeder Reconfiguration ......................................................................................................................... 32

3.6 Line Data Analysis Method in Per unit System .................................................................................... 34

SIMULATION, RESULTS, AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 37

4.1 Exciting Feeder Configuration .............................................................................................................. 37

4.2 Feeder Reconfiguration ......................................................................................................................... 39

4.3 Improvement of voltage profile using capacitor ................................................................................... 41

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 44

5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 44

5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 45

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page IV

FIG1 SIMPLE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DIAGRAM ................................................................................. 7

FIG2DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ELEMENT ............................................................................................ 11

FIG3 SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .................. 12

FIG5 DELTA AND STAR CONNECTION OF CAPACITORS ..................................................................... 30

FIG6 EXISTING CONFIGURATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF DESSIE TOWN ..................................... 37

FIG7 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM AFTER FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ..................................................... 39

FIG8 AFTER FEEDER RECONFIGURATION AND CAPACITOR PLACEMENT. .......................................... 42

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page V

TABLE 1 COLLECTED DATA OF EXISTING FEEDERS ....................................................................... 22

TABLE 3 INTERCONNECTION LINE DATA ....................................................................................... 36

TABLE 4 CASE SUMMARY BEFORE FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ..................................................... 38

TABLE 5 BUS RECORDS BEFORE FEEDER RECONFIGURATION......................................................... 38

TABLE 6 CASE SUMMARY AFTER FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ....................................................... 40

TABLE 7 BUS RECORDS AFTER FEEDER RECONFIGURATION ........................................................... 40

TABLE 8 CASE SUMMARY AFTER CAPACITOR PLACEMENT ............................................................ 42

TABLE 9 BUS RECORDS AFTER CAPACITOR PLACEMENT ................................................................ 43

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page VI

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page 1

Optimal distribution planning involves network reconfiguration for distribution loss

Department Of Electrical & Computer Engineering (Power stream) Page 2