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SALESIAN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

MEMBERS: Nora Huacho DATE: 03/04/2018


Mariuxi MarquEZ
Valeria Puruncajas
Jimmy Sañaicela
Juan Erazo

TOPIC: Routing

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

- WHAT IS ROUTING?
Routing is the process in which routers find all possible routes, first examine the destination
IP address where packets are sent or packets are discarded if attempts to route them fail.

Figure 1. Process Routing

A. DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS


*
DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL EVOLUTION

- Dynamic routing protocols have been used in networks since the late 1980s.
- Newer versions support the communication based on IPv6.
*DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS COMPONENTS
Routing Protocols are used to facilitate the exchange of routing information between routers.
The purpose of dynamic routing protocols includes:
 Discovery of remote networks
 Maintaining up-to-date routing information
 Choosing the best path to destination networks
 Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available

Figure 2. Router in dynamic form

*DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS COMPONENTS


Main components of dynamic routing protocols include:

 Data structures - Routing protocols typically use tables or databases for its operations.
This information is kept in RAM.

 Routing protocol messages - Routing protocols use various types of messages to


discover neighboring routers, exchange routing information, and other tasks to learn
and maintain accurate information about the network.

 Algorithm - Routing protocols use algorithms for facilitating routing information for
best path determination.

*STATIC ROUTING USES


Networks typically use a combination of both static and dynamic routing.
Static routing has several primary uses:

 Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller networks that are not expected
to grow significantly.

 Routing to and from a stub network. A network with only one default route out and
no knowledge of any remote networks.

 Accessing a single default router. This is used to represent a path to any network that
does not have a match in the routing table.

*STATIC ROUTING ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES


Figure 3. Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages

*ROUTING PROTOCOLS CLASSIFICATION

Figure 4. Routing Protocols Classification

CLASSIFICATION:
1. DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING PROTOCOL
* WHAT IS RIP?
RIP is a standard distance vector protocol, its main limitation is imposed by the maximum
number of jumps. RIP assumes that everything that is more than 15 jumps.
*HOW DOES RIP WORK
The device sends its complete routing table to all connected neighbors every 30 seconds.
There may be updates triggered by events if, for example, an interface falls before the 30-
second timer expires.
* CHARACTERISTICS OF RIPV1
 RIP uses in jump count as the only metric for route selection.
 Does not support subnets.
 It does not support addresses with variable masks.
 Update every 30 seconds.
* ADVANTAGE
 Easy to implement.
 Ideal for companies with a small topology.
*DISADVANTAGES
 It does not use VLSM.
 Constant updates even if there were no changes in the typology.

*CHARACTERISTICS OF RIPV2
 Authentication for the transmission of RIP information between neighbors.
 Use of network masks, with which it is already possible to use VLSM7.
 Use of network masks in the choice of the next jump.
 Sending updates of RIP tables using the multicast address 224.0.0.9.
*ADVANTAGE
 Easier to configure.
 Open protocol, supported for many manufacturers
*DISADVANTAGES
 To determine the best metric, only take into account the number of jumps.
 It does not take into account other important criteria.

*HOW IS RIPV2 CONFIGURED

Router (config) #router rip


Router (config-router) # version 2
Router (config-router) # network 172.16.0.0

*WHAT ARE THE COMMANDS THAT ALLOW RIP MONITORING


show ip route
show ip route rip
show ip protocols
show running-config
show running-config begin router rip

*IGRP (INTERNAL GATEWAY ROUTER PROTOCOL)


IGRP is a protocol patented by Cisco that was developed to replace the RIP protocol. Because
Cisco does not currently support this protocol, only its advanced version, which is the EIGRP
protocol, will be studied.
*EIGRP (ENHANCED INTERNAL GATEWAY ROUTER PROTOCOL)
The EIGRP protocol is a routing protocol with distance vector developed by Cisco Systems.
EIGRP is suitable for many topologies and different media. In a well-designed network,
EIGRP can scale to include several topologies and can provide extremely fast convergence
times with minimal network traffic.
*CHARACTERISTICS OF EIGRP
 Update algorithm by diffusion: the diffusion update algorithm (DUAL, Diffusing
Update Algorithm) constitutes the center of the routing protocol. DUAL guarantees
backup routes without loops throughout the routing domain. By using DUAL, EIGRP
stores all available backup routes to destinations, so that it can quickly adapt to
alternative routes if necessary.

 Establishment of neighbor adjacencies: the EIGRP establishes relationships with


directly connected routers that are also enabled for EIGRP. Neighborhood
adjacencies are used to track the state of those neighbors.

 Reliable transport protocol: the RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol, reliable transport
protocol) is exclusive of EIGRP and is responsible for the delivery of EIGRP packets
to neighbors. RTP and neighbor adjacency tracking establish the framework for
DUAL.

 Balance of load of same cost and with different cost: EIGRP supports load balancing
of same cost and load balance with different cost, which allows administrators to
better distribute the flow of traffic in their networks.

*TYPES OF EIGRP PACKAGES

Figure 5. Image taken from CCNA 3 Network Scaling.


*LINK-STATE PROTOCOL
These are relatively fast routing protocols compared to other protocols, these protocols know
the entire network and are kept updated on the routes more consistently and efficiently than
the distance vector protocols.
*OSPF
OSPF uses the Dijstra algorithm to find the best route to the destination network. Its metric
is the Cost and it uses Bandwidth as a variable. OSPF is a Classless protocol, which means
that it supports VLSM and CIDR.
*IS-IS
In OSPF protocol any of the router’s interfaces can be assigned to a particular area, however
the concept of area in IS-IS is different. Here in general, every single router belongs to an
Area. The idea of this comes from the fact that IS-IS was initially created to route
Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP) where the address belongs to a device (Router),
whereas in Internet Protocol (IP) the address belongs to the particular interface.
Characteristics:
2. The routers that are running this protocol together form a relationship with each other,
that is, they know and transmit information about the routes that each one knows.
3. To determine that a neighboring router is active the routers use the hello protocol, this
consists of sending a signal periodically to the adjacent routers to determine that these
routers are active, these signals are very small packets that do not affect the operation
of the network.
4. The routers only send updates when important changes happen and on those changes,
unlike the distance vector protocols, they send the entire routing table every certain
predetermined time.
2. EXTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOL
EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) is a protocol used for the exchange of routing information
between external gateways (not belonging to the same AS Autonomous System). The EGP
gateways can only relay accessibility information for their AS networks. The gateway must
collect this information, usually by means of an IGP (Internal Gateways Protocol), used to
exchange information between gateways of the same AS.
The EGP protocol uses external neighbors to disseminate accessibility information to other
autonomous systems (AS). An external routing protocol is designed for use between two
networks under the control of two different organizations.
An autonomous system is defined as a collection of networks that are under the
administrative control of a single organization and that share a common routing strategy.
Figure 6. EGP
*ROUTING VECTOR ROUTE PROTOCOL
 BGP
The BGP protocol is an external gateway, that is, it is outside the autonomous systems,
usually between what are called border routers between ISP's, or between a company and an
ISP, or between networks that interconnect countries. (Auben, 2014)
In telecommunications, the Border Gateway Protocol is a protocol through which routing
information is exchanged between autonomous systems.
BGP is the most widely used EGP routing protocol on the Internet. Version 1 of this protocol
appeared in 1989 to replace EGP. Subsequently, new versions came out, such as version 2 in
1990 and version 3 in 1991. Finally, version 4 appeared that provides support for CIDR.
(Auben, 2014)
Between the autonomous systems of the ISPs, their route tables are exchanged through the
BGP protocol. This exchange of routing information is done between the external routers of
each autonomous system, which must be compatible with BGP. It is the most used protocol
for networks with the intention of configuring an Exterior Gateway Protocol
The way to configure and delimit the information that it contains and exchanges the BGP
protocol is creating what is known as autonomous system or AS. Each will have connections
or internal sessions (iBGP), as well as external sessions (eBGP). (Auben, 2014)
Characteristics of BGP

Figure 7. Characteristics of BGP


These characteristics show why this protocol is the best for external routing.
• It is a routing path vector protocol.
• BGP supports VLSM, CIDR and summarization.
• In the beginning of the session send complete updates; the firing updates will be sent
later. (Collado, 2014)
• Connections are created and maintained using port 179 / TCP.
• Any change in the network results in an update per shot.
• The metrics used by BGP allow great granularity in the selection of the road.
• The use of hierarchical addressing and the ability to manipulate the flow of traffic are
some of the characteristics that allow the design of the network to grow.
• BGP has its own routing table, however, it is capable of sharing and asking about the
internal IP routing table. (Collado, 2014)
• It is possible to manipulate the flow of traffic using attributes. This means that a route
can’t send traffic if the next hop does not want to.
*RELATIONS BETWEEN AS
The relationships that exist between different autonomous systems are mainly of voluntary
interconnection (peering) and transit. Basically, a transit relationship is that between a
provider and a customer, so that the customer pays for the Internet resources that can be
provided by their provider. Peering relationships are not usually paid and consist of a link to
communicate two autonomous systems to reduce costs, latency, packet loss and obtain
redundant paths. Peering is usually done with autonomous systems potentially similar in size.
Therefore, peering with a potential client is not done since one of the two autonomous
systems would benefit. (Fundamentos de BGP, 2016)
*BGP SESSIONS
Only two routers (peers) participate in a BGP session. At any time, a network can have many
concurrent BGP sessions and the same gateway can participate in many BGP sessions. In the
BGP session, the peering process is carried out, which consists of an AS informing another
about the networks it can reach from it. (Fundamentos de BGP, 2016)
In addition to the inter-AS sessions, the edge routers of the same AS must also exchange
BGP information to know the same external and internal routes. For this, the I-BGP protocol,
defined in BGP version 4, is used, which uses the same type of messages as E-BGP, which
is the protocol used in BGP sessions between two gateways of two different Ass.
(Fundamentos de BGP, 2016)

B. STATIC ROUTING
Static routing consists in the manual introduction, by the network administrator, of new
routes in the routing table that the packets that arrive at the router must follow.
*THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF STATIC ROUTING ARE THE
FOLLOWING:
• It is easy to configure in small networks.
• Routers do not have to discover new routes in the network, so network traffic
decreases.
• To arrive at a destination, the packages always follow the same route.
• It consumes less router and network resources; therefore, it saves bandwidth for the
communication of the devices.
• Networks are more secure because the packages are completely directed, which
facilitates the tasks of monitoring and general administration of the network.
• Each time the topology of the network changes, the administrator must introduce the
changes in the route tables, which, in large networks, can be quite tedious.

*COMMAND
Router(config-if)# ip address ip-address mask

router> enable
router# configure t
Enter configuration commands. One per line. End with CNTR/Z
router (config)# interface fa0/0
router(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
router# no shutdown
CONCLUSION
- Each dynamic routing protocol has a unique administrative value, along with static
routes and directly connected networks. The lower the administrative value, the more
preferred the route source.
- BGP is the most widely used EGP routing protocol on the Internet, since it is used to
exchange routing information between the external routers of each autonomous
system, which must be compatible with this protocol. It is the most used for networks
with the intention of configuring an Exterior Gateway Protocol
- Each of these classes of protocols has its particular characteristics, which makes it
more appropriate to obtain an adequate result for the Red Sea, a decision of the
network administrator taking into account the needs and characteristics of it.
- One of the most used protocols is RIP, despite its limitation in the control of large
networks it can be configured in a simple way and is used in small local networks.
- The DUAL diffusion update algorithm is the center of the routing protocol that
guarantees backup routes without loops in the entire routing domain.
- An external gateway protocol runs on routers that are on the edge of an autonomous
system and exchange routes with other autonomous systems.
- Static routing ensures that packets circulate through good design routes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cisco Networking Academy Program, Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0, Chapter 3:
Dynamic Routing
Auben. (2014). Auben networking for people. Obtenido de
http://www.auben.net/index.php/tecnologias/routing/protocolos-de-ruteo
Collado, E. (2014). Eduangi. Obtenido de https://www.eduangi.org/node372.html
Fundamentos de BGP. (2016). Obtenido de
http://bibing.us.es/proyectos/abreproy/11359/fichero/BGP%252F5.+Fundamentos+
de+BGP.pdf
Castaño, Ribes, Rafael Jesús, and Fernández, Jesús López. Redes locales, Macmillan Iberia,
S.A., 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bibliotecaupssp/detail.action?docID=3217345.
EcuRed. (s.f.). Recuperado el 01 de 04 de 2018, de
https://www.ecured.cu/Exterior_Gateway_Protocol_(EGP)
https://supportforums.cisco.com/t5/routing-y-switching-documentos/enrutamiento-
conceptos-fundamentales/ta-p/3166553
http://inforedunefa.blogspot.com/2015/04/encaminamiento-de-datagramas.html
http://theosnews.com/2014/05/tipos-de-protocolos-de-enrutamiento-dinamico-vector-
distancia-distance-vector-estado-de-enlace-link-state-e-hibrido-hybrid/#estado

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