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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TELUGU AND SANSKRIT LANGUAGES

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KIJSET/ APR-JUN 2014/ VOL-1/ISS-2/A13
KAAV INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TELUGU AND SANSKRIT
LANGUAGES
T. KAMESWARA RAO
Reseasrch Scholar,
Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula, U.P., India.
Dr. T. V. PRASAD
Professor, Dept. of Computer Sc. and Engineering,
Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula, U.P., India
Abstract – This paper gives clear and understandable
major elements of the Telugu grammar with
examples and important comparisons on many
occasions with its mother-like language Sanskrit.
Telugu is the language which adapted huge number
of Sanskrit terminology which are known as tatsamas
in such a way that they illuminate that they are the
original Telugu words. Now a days it is almost
impossible to accurately identify whether the word is
adapted from Sanskrit or it is a Telugu word. Ex.
lakshmi (the goddess of wealth in Hindu mythology),
kuMDa (pot), maMcamu (cot) are originally Sanskrit
words. But they seemed to be Telugu words. This
paper also conveys the importance in identifying the
Parts of Speech (PoS) of the Source Language (SL)
and differences in sentence formation of Sanskrit and
Telugu languages from the gender’s perspective.
Keywords: Telugu, Sanskrit, morphological analyses,
Indian languages, Ancient Languages.
INTRODUCTION
Telugu is a rich Indian language spoken by more than 85 million
people belongs to the ‘triliMga’ territory of India. ‘triliMga’ is the
area which has the three ‘liMgas’ (the emblem of lord Siva) as its
boundary. The three lingas are ‘kALeSvaraM, bhImeSvaraM and
SrISYlaM’ of Andhra Pradesh. Once it was called the country
‘triliMga’. The word ‘Telugu’ is a corrupted form of ‘trilinga’ or
‘telinga’. Even though many Sanskrit words are used in Telugu, it
has not its origin in Sanskrit. Telugu has its roots and connections
with the roots of other south Indian languages like Tamil, Kannada
etc., which form a family named ‘Dravidian languages’ [1]. Later,
Telugu is enriched with many Sanskrit words. In pure Telugu, no
word start with the letter ‘ya’ combinations i.e ‘ya, yA, yi, yI, yu,
yU, ye, yE, yY, yo, yO, yW’ and ‘vu, vU, vo, vO’ [2]. Telugu
language can be viewed as of three types viz., language used in
common conversation, prose and poetry. These three types
considerably differ in words as well as grammar’s perspective.
Much part of the Telugu grammar is adapted from Sanskrit
and is modified according to the requirements and grammar rules of
Telugu. Like many Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Telugu
also follow the subject – object – verb format traditionally. Ex.
‘rAmuDu rAvaNuni caMpenu (rAma killed rAvaNa)’. This is called
‘kartari prayOgamu’. Telugu also supports object – subject – verb
format. Ex. ‘rAvaNuDu rAmunicEta caMpabaDenu (rAvaNa killed
by rAma)’. This is known as ‘karmaNi prayOgamu’. In Telugu,
Copyright © 2014 Published by kaav publications. All rights reserved
171
ISSN:2348-5477
inflections are attached at the rear end of the word (i.e inflections
are the post – fixes in Telugu unlike English where they are pre-
fixed) to the subject. That’s why meaning remains unchanged
though the word order is changed. This is the reason why these two
languages are word order free.
As in Sanskrit, there are ‘sandhis’ (conjunctions), ‘alaMkAras’
(adorning terminology, especially in the case of comparisons),
‘samAsas’ (the meaning of the word from originating words) etc, in
Telugu also. These can play a crucial role in presentation of the
context very beautiful, making literature very rich and to deliver
exactly whatever one thinks. On many occasions, separators are
very helpful in delivering exact meaning of the context. Misusage of
these separators leads to terrible meanings (Table 1)
Table 1: Misinterpretation with punctuations
Case Text Meaning
Original rAmuDitOkapirAju King of monkeys said to
text iTlanenu rAma
Case 1 rAmuDitO kapirAju king of monkeys said to
iTlanenu rAma
Case 2 rAmuDitOka pirAju pirAju said to rAma’s tail
iTlanenu
Separators must be placed exactly after ‘rAmuDitO’. If the comma
is placed after ‘rAmuDitOka’, it becomes absurd. But in Sanskrit,
punctuation importance is very less.
Sanskrit is one of the ancient languages on the earth. It is
Vedic language. Vedas, araNyakas, purANas, itihAsas (Ramayana,
Mahabharata) and many ancient Indian scriptures were written in
Sanskrit. Sanskrit has a strong grammatical structure and has more
than 4000 rules formed by the great ancient grammarian Panini in
300 BCE [3] [4]. Sanskrit is considered to be mother language of
many languages as many languages adapted words from Sanskrit,
e.g. English word ‘brow’ can be compared with the Sanskrit word
‘bhrU’ as well as ‘three’ can be compared with ‘tri’ etc.
Sanskrit has uniqueness in its vacanam. In general, all the
languages have singular and plural forms. But in Sanskrit along
with singular (Eka vacanam) and plural (bahu vacanam) forms,
there is one more form, i.e. dual form (dvi vacanam) to represent
two objects specifically (Example is given in Table 2). With this
nature, the size of the language is considerably increased with the
increased number words and their structure of formations or
declensions.
Table 2: Cases or ‘vachanams’ in Sanskrit and Telugu
Case or Sanskrit Telugu
vacanam
Singular (Eka) vRkshaH ceTTu
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Case or Sanskrit Telugu Group Description Example

vacanam provincial terms of cEstAdu (will do)
Plural (bahu) vRkshAH ceTlu colloquial forms which
Dual (dvi) vRkshW reMDu ceTlu (two trees - same as are used by all classes
plural but number must be of people, but are not
mentioned) authorized by
grammarians
The gender of the word remains unchanged in many occasions anya- Words from other AfIsu (an office), rOju ( a
when the word is introduced into Telugu from Sanskrit. But in some dESyamu language are introduced day), bassu (a bus)
cases, the gender is changed [6]. For example, ‘viSvakarma’ in to Telugu
(literally means all creating god, a masculine god) is the word from
Sanskrit. But, the word ‘viSvakarma’ is feminine gender in Sanskrit In addition to these five categories, one more category is there
and masculine gender in Telugu. Here, Telugu grammar rules of i.e. ‘anindya grAmyamulu’. All the words belongs to this category
‘prathama vibhakti’ are not to be applied on ‘viSvakarma’ to make do not follow the grammar rules of Telugu, but some respectable
it ‘viSvakarmuDu’, ‘viSvakarmamu’ or ‘viSvakarmuvu’. The word people use them and they should be agreed as it is, but they are not
‘viSvakarma’ is to be used as it is. supposed to be used by others for grammatical comparisons. Ex:
karakaMThuDu, jIvagarra, kapilakannulu, kapilajaDalu etc. [2]
In another case, siMhaH’ is masculine gender in Sanskrit, but
‘siMhamu’ (the lion) is feminine gender in Telugu as it considers According to the grammar rules of Telugu, the Parts of Speech
only gents as the masculine gender. In Sanskrit, gender is dependent are of five types.
on the word’s structure and is object dependant in Telugu. A. nAmavAcAkamu (Noun)
B. sarvanAmamu (Pro - Noun)
Like many languages, in both the languages Sanskrit and C. viSEshaNamu (Adjective)
Telugu, there are two types of literature, namely prose and poetry. D. kriya (Verb)
Especially in the case of poetry, lots of grammatical rules are to be E. avyayamu
followed. In case of conjunctions and disjunctions, lot of attention is
to be applied. One should have a great command on the words and A. nAmavAcakamu (Noun): The words which describe the
their usage; otherwise, there is imminent chance of producing ‘names’. Ex: rAmudu, malli, India, etc. This nAmavAcakamu
incorrect meanings [7]. Especially in the case of Sanskrit, which is a is again classified into five types (Table 5).
typical language that has meanings to each and every letter in the
language, lot of awareness is to be held when the compound words Table 5: Classification of ‘nAmavAcakamu’
are going to be split. Otherwise it may produce wrong meanings. Classificatio Description Example
n
Table 3: distorted meanings with wrongly splitting
jATi These words are similar manishi (human),
Case Text Meaning nAmavAcak type of entities’ group name Enugu (elephant),
Original anEkadaMtaM Among many pilgrims of amu kukka (dog), etc
text bhaktAnAM yours saMjnA These words are the gODAvari, hari,
Case 1 anEka, daMtaM, many teeth among nAmavAcak symbols in general they are HyderAbAd, etc
bhaktAnAM pilgrims amu names.
Case 2 anEkadaM, taM, many yours among guNa These words are the names maMchi (good),
bhaktAnAM pilgrims nAmavAcak of nature. cheDu (bad), nalupu
amu (black)
In past, numerous Sanskrit words are modified according to the sAmuDAyak These words are the names saMghamu(society),
grammar rules of Telugu and adapted because of many poets, a of the group of people, tanDaa (tribe) etc
authors, translators and linguists who are fond of Sanskrit. They nAmavAcak animal or objects
used them as they are for centuries on many occasions like writing amu
new literature either prose or poetry and translating Sanskrit kriyA These word are the names naDuchu (walk),
literature into Telugu. As a part of this, most of the Telugu language nAmavAcak of the “kriya” (work) vaMDu (cook), aaDu
is Sanskritized. As a consequence, Telugu is with full of the flavors amu (play) etc
of the Sanskrit, it became a deed to adapt great part of the Sanskrit
grammar rules into Telugu grammar. But still there is pure Telugu B. sarvanAmamu (pro-noun): The word which is used as a
literature available in the form of ‘yayAti caritramu’ by
replacement to the nAmavAchakamu (noun) is called
‘ponnagaMTi telaganna’ written in 16 th century [8]. sarvanAmamu. Ex: atadu (he), Ame (she), idi (this), mEmu
ANALYSIS OF E XISTING WORKS ON TELUGU (we), adi (it) etc.

The grammarians classified the words of Telugu language into five Again this sarvanAmamu is classified into eight types (Table 6).
types [1] (Table 4).
Table 6: Classification of ‘sarva nAmamu’
Table 4: Classification of Telugu words Classificati Description Example
Group Description Example on
saMbaMdha These pronouns nEramu evaDu chEstE vADE
dESyamu Words of pure Telugu gEde (buffalo), Avu (cow),
(relational) describe the nErastuDu (Whoever does the
language without any perugu (curd)
relationship crime, he is the criminal). Here
adaptations or between words ‘who’ and ‘he’ describes the
corruptions relationship between the work
tatsamamu Words are Sanskrit rAmaH (Sanskrit) – and its consequence.
derivatives introduced rAmudu (Telugu), viSEshaNa These are the aMdarU aMdaru kAru (all cont
into Telugu from staMbhaH (Sans.) – (adjectival) adjectives in the be all). Here ‘aMdarU’ is the
Sanskrit with required stambhamu (Tel.) form of pronouns viSEshaNa sarvanAmamu
modifications as per the saMkhyA- These pronouns oka niyamamu (a rule).
rules vAcaka describe numerical Here ‘one’ is the
tadbhavam Words are corrupted yamaH (Sanskrit) – (numerical) values saMkhyAvAchaka sarvanAmamu
u forms of Sanskrit words jamuDu (Telugu), saMkhyEya These pronouns vAru muggurU veerE (these are
in Telugu sTaMbhaH (Sans.) - vAcaka are described as a the three). Here it is not clear
kambhamu (Tel.). (ambiguous number by a that the three are whether men or
grAmyamu Words are Village/ vastADu (will come), numerical) number. But can’t women, etc.

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Classificati Description Example Classification Description Example

on based) about the word chUstunnADu
give precise work (watching)’ is vartamAna kAla
information presently kriya. Because of this verb, the
purusha These are of three nEnu(I), manamu (we) going on sentence is in present tense.
saMbaMdha kinds (persons). neevu(you), mIru (you) bhootakAla This nEnu ataNNi chooSAnu (I
(person uttama (first) ataDu (he), vAru (they) (past tense describes saw him).Here the word
related) madhyama based) about the ‘chooSAnu (saw)’ is
(second)
work already bhootakAla kriya. Because of
prathama (third)
done this verb only the sentence is in
nirdESAtma These pronouns idi oka kalamu (this is a pen),
past tense
ka describes precisely adi (that), avi (they), ivi (these)
(précising) etc are nirdESAtmaka bhavishyatkAla This nEnu ataNNi chooStAnu (I
sarvanAmas (future tense describes will see him). Here the word
anirdishT- These pronouns konni panulu poorti kAvu (some based) about the ‘chooStAnu (will see)’ is
Arthaka cannot give works cannot be completed). work to be bhavishyatkAla kriya. Because
(non precise enni (how many), cAla (many), done of this verb only the sentence
precise) information inni (these many) etc. are is in future tense.
anirdESAtmaka sarvanAmas taddharmaka These verbs sooryuDu udayiMchunu (sun
praSnArthak These pronouns evaru (who), EmiTi (what), elA (natural describe the rises). Here the verb
a used for (how) etc. happenings subject’s ‘udayiMchunu (rises)’ is a
(interrogativ questioning based) natural natural happening or a duty
e) behavior or like behavior. This is the Tat
their duties Dharmaka kriya.
C. viSEshaNamulu (adjectives): These describes the features of ASeerArThaka These verbs dEvudu ninnu dIviMchugAka
the nouns or pro-nouns. This is again classified into six types (blessings based) describe the (may god bless you). Here the
(Table 7). blessings verb ‘dIviMchugAka (may
bless)’ is the ASeerArthaka
Table 7: Classification of ‘viSEshaNamu’ kriya. Expecting blessings
Classification Description Example from god
jAti prayukta This ataDu brAhmaNuDu (he is saMprArthanArt These verbs dayachEsi nannu
(race based) describes brahmin). ‘brahmNatva’is a haka (requesting describe the rakshiMchaMDi (please save
the race of race. Here the term based) requesting me). Here the verb
the noun or ‘brahmaNuDu’ is jAti prayukta ‘rakshiMchaMDi (save)’ is
pro-noun viSEshaNamu. ‘saMprArthanArthaka kriya’,
kriyA prayukta These veLLEvADu rAju (The person a request
(verb based) adjectives who is going is king). Here SApArthaka These verbs nuvvu nASanam agugAka
are ‘going’ is the verb and the (cursing based) describe the (May you become destroyed).
combined person doing the work is pro- cursing Here the verb ‘agugAka
with the noun. Here that person is related (become)’ is SApArthaka
verbs with work. So here veLLEvADu kriya, cursing
is the kriyA prayukta vyatirEka These verbs ataDu chaduvaDu (he never
viSEshaNamu. (negativity based describe the read). Here the verb
guNa prayukta These adi tellani Avu(It is whitish negative ‘chaduvaDu (never read)’
(character based) adjectives cow). The word ‘whitish’ meaning gives the negative meaning.
are describes adjective or character
character of that cow. ‘White’ is the These verbs, also forms into two types based on their completeness.
related feature. Here the word ‘tellani
(whitish)’ is guNa prayukta  samApaka kriya (completed verb): These verbs gives the
viSEshaNamu. complete meaning to the sentence. Ex: ‘atadu tana telivini
dravya prayukta These ataDu Asti paruDu (he is rich). vupayOgiMchi, pOTIlO gelichADu (he won the competition
(substance based) adjectives Here he is related with by using his intelligence)’. Here the word ‘gelichADu’ is
are nouns or substance (asset/property). ‘samApaka kriya’. It gives meaningful sentences.
pronouns That’s why he is rich. Here the  asamApaka kriya (in-completed verb): These verbs cannot
are related word ‘ataDu (he)’ is dravya give complete meaning to the sentences. Ex: ‘atadu tana
with prayukta viSEshaNamu telivini vupayOgiMchi’, (by using his intelligence). Here the
substance term ‘vupayOgiMchi’ is ‘asamApaka kriya’. It cannot give
saMkhyAprayukta The vAriddaru kavalalu (both of complete meaning to the sentence. By using his intelligence, it
( number based) adjective them are twins). Here the term is not clear that what happened next.
which is ‘iddaru (both)’ is saMkhyA
understood prayukta viSEshaNamu. E. avyayamu: The terms does not have gender, declension, or
by a expectation and these are neither singular nor plural. These
number remain unchanged e.g. akkaDa (there), mariyu (and), EmiTi
saMGna prayukta These Ex: Ame vishnupatni (she is (what) etc.
(symbol based) adjectives wife of vishNu). Here, she is
describes described as the wife of vishNu. ANALYSIS OF E XISTING WORKS ON SANSKRIT
symbols So here ‘Ame (she)’ is saMGnA
prayukta viSEshaNam. Though there is vast vocabulary in Sanskrit, it is classified in to
three main categories by ancient grammarians of Sanskrit [9] [10]
D. kriya (verb): These words describe about the work. In addition to as in Table 9.
this, differences of kriya are classified according to the nature into
eight types (Table 8). Table 9: Categories of Sanskrit vocabulary
S.N Category Description Example
Table 8: Classification of ‘kriya’ subanta Names rAmH, lakshmI, gyAnaM
Classification Description Example 1
etc
vartamAnakAla This ataDu Amenu choostunnADu 2 tijanta Verbs rundati, kurvantE,
(present tense describes (He is watching her). Here the
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vahati etc vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural

3 avyayAs Indeclinable words yadA, tadA, adya etc Ablative harEH haribhyAM haribhyaH
Genitive harEH haryOH harINAM
1. subanta (also known as nAmapadam): The vocabulary under Locative harau haryOH harishu
this category is again categorized into four types as in Table 10 Nominative of hE hariH hE harI hE
[11] [12]. vocative harayaH

Table 10: Categories of subantas Table 13: Noun Declensions of ukArAntaH pumlinga guru
S.N Category Description Example SabdaH
1 viSEshya SabdAH Nouns vishNuH, ghRtam, ikshu etc vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
2 viSEshaNa Adjectives SwEtaH, kaTuH, SuciH etc Nominative guruH Guru guravaH
SabdAH Accusative guruM Guru gurUn
3 sarvanAma Pronouns ahaM, tvaM, sA etc Instrumental guruNA gurubhyAM gurubhiH
SabdAH Dative guravE gurubhyAM gurubhyaH
4 saMkhyA SabdAH Numerals EkaM, SataM, sahasraM etc Ablative gurOH gurubhyAM gurubhyaH
Genitive gurOH gurvOH guruNAM
Above four groups are declined to show Locative gurau gurvOH gurushu
a) Gender Nominative of hE guruH hE guru hE
b) Number vocative guravaH
c) Case
Table 14: Noun Declensions of AkArAntaH strI linga ramA
a) Gender is unpredictable and has little semantic SabdaH
significance in Sanskrit [13]. Gender is of three types in vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
Sanskrit, viz., masculine, feminine, and neuter. Though it Nominative ramA ramE ramAH
is unclear how the gender of a term is decided, it can be Accusative ramAM ramE ramAH
understood that based on the structure or formation
Instrumental ramayA ramAbhyAM ramAbhiH
(especially endings of the terms) of the term up to some
Dative ramAyai ramAbhyAM ramAbhyaH
extent. For instance, majority of the masculine gender
words ends in “aH, uH, iH”, E.g. rAmaH, guruH, hariH Ablative ramAyAH ramAbhyAM ramAbhyaH
etc., majority of feminine genders ends in “A, I, U”, E.g. Genitive ramAyAH ramayOH ramANAM
sItA, lakshmI,vadhU, etc. majority of the neuter gender Locative ramAyAM ramayOH ramAsu
words ends in “aM”, E.g. rathaM, pushpaM, gyAnaM etc. Nominative of hE ramA hE ramE hE ramAH
vocative
But there are numerous other types of words and
endings in all the three categories. Table 15: Noun Declensions of IkArAntaH strI linga nadI
SabdaH
b) Number is of three types in Sanskrit viz. singular, dual, vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
plural. Unlike any other language, Sanskrit employs an Nominative nadI nadyau nadyaH
exclusive number type, i.e., dual number along with Accusative nadIM nadyau nadIH
singular and plural. Dual number represents two objects Instrumental nadyA nadIbhyAM nadIbhiH
exclusively [14]. Plurality starts from three entities in Dative nadyai nadIbhyAM nadIbhyaH
Sanskrit [15]. Ablative nadyAH nadIbhyAM nadIbhyaH
Genitive nadyAH nadyOH nadInAM
c) Cases are of eight types in Sanskrit viz nominative, Locative nadyAM nadyOH nadIshu
accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative Nominative of hE nadI hE nadyau hE nadyaH
and nominative of vocative. vocative

Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are called nominals [16]. Table 16: Noun Declensions of UkArAntaH strI linga vadhU
Adjectives can also be declined as same as nouns and take the same SabdaH
case, number and gender as the noun they modify. Pronouns also vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
can be declined as same as nouns. But the terminations of the Nominative vadhUH vadhvau vadhvaH
pronouns are different. Every noun can be declined into twenty four Accusative vadhUM vadhvau vadhUH
types i.e. three numbers and eight cases as follows in Table 11 to Instrumental vadhvA vadhUbhyAM vadhUbhiH
Table 17. Dative vadhvai vadhUbhyAM vadhUbhyaH
Ablative vadhvAH vadhUbhyAM vadhUbhyaH
Table 11 : Noun Declensions of akArAntaH pumlinga rAma
Genitive vadhvAH vadhvOH vadhUnAM
SabdaH
Locative vadhvAM vadhvOH vadhUshu
vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
Nominative of hE vadhUH hE vadhvau hE vadhvaH
Nominative rAmaH rAmau rAmAH
vocative
Accusative rAmaM rAmau rAmAn
Instrumental rAmENa rAmAbhyAM rAmaiH Table 17: Noun Declensions of akArAntaH napuMsaka linga
Dative rAmAya rAmAbhyAM rAmEbhyaH phala SabdaH
Ablative rAmAT rAmAbhyAM rAmEbhyaH vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
Genitive rAmasya rAmayOH rAmANAM Nominative phalaM phalE phalAni
Locative rAmE rAmayOH rAmEshu Accusative phalaM phalE phalAni
Nominative of hE rAmaH hE rAmau hE rAmAH Instrumental phalENa phalAbhyAM phalaiH
vocative Dative phalAya phalAbhyAM phalEbhyaH
Ablative phalAt phalAbhyAM phalEbhyaH
Table 12: Noun Declensions of ikArAntaH pumlinga hari
Genitive phalasya phalayOH phalANAM
SabdaH
Locative phalE phalayOH phalEshu
vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
Nominative of hE phalaM hE phalE hE phalAni
Nominative hariH harI harayaH
vocative
Accusative hariM harI harIn
Instrumental hariNA haribhyAM haribhiH
Dative harayE haribhyAM haribhyaH
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 There are other words of masculine gender that end in ‘R’ vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
like ‘dAtR, kartR, pitR’ etc., end in ‘E’ like ‘rai’, end in Ablative sarvasyAH sarvAbhyAm sarvAbhyaH
‘O’ like ‘gO’, end in ‘au’ like ‘gau’ etc. Genitive sarvasyAH sarvayOH sarvAsAM
Locative sarvasyAM sarvayOH sarvAsu
 There are other words of feminine gender that end in ‘i’ Nominative of hE sarvA hE sarvE hE sarvAH
like ‘mati, ruci, buddhi’ etc. end in ‘u’ like ‘dhEnu, ishu, vocative
rajju’ etc., end in ‘R’ like ‘svasR, mAtR, duhitR’ end in ‘E’
like ‘rai’, end in ‘O’ like ‘gO.dyO’, end in ‘au’ like ‘glau, Table 20: Pronoun Declensions of akArAntaH napumsaka
nau’ etc. linga sarva SabdaH
vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
 There are other words of neuter gender that end in ‘i’ like Nominative sarvaM sarvE sarvANi
‘vAri, dadhi, asthi’ etc. end in ‘u’ like ‘madhu, aMbu, Accusative sarvaM sarvE sarvANi
vastu’ etc., end in ‘R’ like ‘dAtR, gantR, vaktR’ end in ‘E’ Instrumental sarvENa sarvAbhyAM sarvaiH
like ‘rai’, end in ‘O’ like ‘gO.dyO’, end in ‘au’ like ‘glau, Dative sarvasmai sarvAbhyAM sarvEbhyaH
nau’ etc. Ablative sarvasmAt sarvAbhyAm sarvEbhyaH
Genitive sarvasya sarvayOH sarvEshAM
In Sanskrit, the words will end not only in vowels but also in Locative sarvasmin sarvayOH sarvEshu
consonants [17]. There are words for all the three genders that end
Nominative of hE sarvaH hE sarvau hE sarvE
in consonants also.
vocative
 For masculine gender, ‘jalamuch, payOmuch, suvAch’ etc
Table 21: Directional Pronoun Declensions of akArAntaH
ends in ‘ch’, ‘vaNij, bhishaj, Rtvij, rAj’ etc ends in ‘j’, napumsaka linga pUrva SabdaH
‘marut, indrajit, sOmasut, dhImat’ etc in ‘t’, ‘suhRd,
vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural
divishad, SAstravid’ etc in ‘d’, ‘yuvan, pathin, karin,
Nominative pUrvaM pUrvE pUrvANi
mathin’ etc. ends in ‘n’ ‘viS, tAdRS, bhavAdRS’ etc in ‘S’,
‘dvish, ratnamush, sitAtvisH’ ends in ‘sh’, ‘vEdhas, Accusative pUrvaM pUrvE pUrvANi
sumanas, purOdhas, SrEyas’ etc. in ‘s’, ‘lih, bhUruh, Instrumental pUrvENa pUrvAbhyAM pUrvaiH
mahIruh’ etc in ‘h’. Dative pUrvasmai pUrvAbhyAM pUrvEbhyaH
Ablative pUrvasmAt pUrvAbhyAm pUrvEbhyaH
 For feminine gender, ‘vAc, tvac, rUc’ etc. ends in ‘c’, Genitive pUrvasya pUrvayOH pUrvEshAM
‘straj, vaNij’ etc. ends in ‘j’, ‘sarit, harit, taTit’ etc. ends Locative pUrvasmin pUrvayOH pUrvEshu
in ‘t’, ‘suhRd, saMpad, Apad’ etc. ends in ‘d’, ‘kshudh, Nominative of hE pUrvaH hE pUrvau hE pUrvE
yudh, vIrudh’ etc. ends in ‘dh’, ‘sIman, rAjan, dAman’ etc. vocative
ends in ‘n’, ‘ap’ ends in ‘p’, ‘dhur, pur, gir’ etc. ends in
‘r’, ‘div’ ends in ‘v’, ‘niS, viS, tAdRS’ etc. ends in ‘S’, Table 22: Pronoun Numerical Declensions of akArAntaH ubha
‘prAvRsh, tvish’ etc. ends in ‘sh’, ‘bhAs, ASis’ etc. ends in SabdaH (this is always dual)
‘s’, ‘upAnah’ ends in ‘h’ vibhakti (case) Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative ubhau ubhE ubhE
 For neuter gender, ‘suvAc, jalamuc’ etc. ends in ‘c’, ‘asRj’ Accusative ubhau ubhE ubhE
ends in ‘j’, ‘jagat, bhAsvat, bRhat’ ends in ‘t’, ‘hRd’ ends Instrumental ubhAbhyAM ubhAbhyAM ubhAbhyAM
in ‘d’, ‘nAman, dhAman, vyOman’ etc ends in ‘n’, ‘vAr’ Dative ubhAbhyAM ubhAbhyAM ubhAbhyAM
ends in ‘r’, ‘tAdRS, IdRS, kIdRS’ etc ends in ‘S’, ‘sutvish, Ablative ubhAbhyAM ubhAbhyAM ubhAbhyAM
ratnamush’ etc ends in ‘sh’, ‘manas, tapas, yaSas’ etc. Genitive ubhayOH ubhayO ubhayOH
ends in ‘s’, ‘ambhOru’ ends in ‘h’ Locative ubhayOH ubhayOH ubhayOH
Nominative of hE ubhau hE ubhE hE ubhE
Though the words end in similar letter, of similar gender, i.e. for vocative
instance, masculine gender, ends in ‘j’, their declensions are not
same. For Instance, the declensions of ‘rAj’ and ‘vaNij’ are not 2. tijanta (also known as kriyapadam): As per Panini’s, the
same. ancient great Sanskrit grammarian, dhAtupATha-the oldest
catalogue of dhAtus, there are 1967 verbs (tijantas or kriyas) in
Pronouns are classified into six types in Sanskrit, viz. personal, Sanskrit [18]. They are classified into ten classes (ganas) as per
relative, interrogative, demonstrative, numeral and directional. their characteristics as in the table 23.
Pronouns can also be declined as same as nouns as in Table 18 to
Table 22. Table 23: Categories of verbs in Sanskrit
S. Category First Characteristic Number of
Table 18: Pronoun Declensions of akArAntaH pumlinga sarva 1. bhavAdigaNa bhU A 1035
SabdaH 2. adAdigaNa Ad - 71
vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural 3. juhOtyAdigaNa Hu U 24
Nominative sarvaH sarvau sarvE 4. divAdigaNa Div A 141
Accusative sarvaM sarvau sarvAn 5. svAdigaNa Su nu 34
Instrumental sarvENa sarvAbhyAM sarvaiH 6. tudAdigaNa Tud A 155
Dative sarvasmai sarvAbhyAM sarvEbhyaH 7. rudhAdigaNa Rudh na 25
8. tanAdigaNa Tan U 10
Ablative sarvasmAt sarvAbhyAm sarvEbhyaH 9. kryAdigaNa Kri na 62
Genitive sarvasya sarvayOH sarvEshAM 10. curAdigaNa Cur ya 410
Locative sarvasmin sarvayOH sarvEshu
Nominative of hE sarvaH hE sarvau hE sarvE These verbs will be declined into ten lakAras i.e. six kAlAs
vocative (tenses) and four arthAs (moods) as in Table 24. Each lakAra
will have 3 forms i.e. singular, dual and plural forms in
Table 19: Pronoun Declensions of AkArAntaH strI linga sarvA number.
SabdaH
vibhakti (case) Singular Dual Plural Table 24: Categories of Tenses and Moods of Sanskrit
Nominative sarvA sarvE sarvAH S. lakAra Sanskrit Name Tense/Mood Usage
Accusative sarvAM sarvE sarvAH 1. laT vartamAnaH Present (T) Commonly used
Instrumental sarvayA sarvAbhyAM sarvAbhiH 2. lang anadyatanabhUta Past Imperfect Commonly used
Dative sarvasyai sarvAbhyAM sarvAbhyaH 3. liT prOkshabhUta Past Perfect Commonly used

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KIJSET/ APR-JUN 2014/ VOL-1/ISS-2/A13 ISSN:2348-5477

4. lung bhUtaH Past Aorist (T) Commonly not can be modulated according to the psychological status of the
5. luT anadyatanabhavis First future (T) Commonly used person and the context of the issue. Sometimes feelings are also to
6. lRT bhavishyat Second future Commonly used be reflected in translation and not to be mere mechanical translation
7. lOT Agnaa Imperative Commonly used using dictionary meanings of the words. If MT try to translate those
8. vidhilin vidhiH Potential (M) Commonly used feelings mechanically, the resultant may seem to be in-appropriate.
9. ASIrlin ASIH Benedictive Commonly not
10. lRng kriyAtipattiHsank Conditional Commonly not For example, if somebody is excited on watching a beautiful
flower, one may express his / her feeling as ‘abba! I puvvu eMta
Verbs are can be inflected into three types based on their personal aMdaMgA unnadi!’(literally means “wow! What a beautiful flower
representations viz. prathama purusha (third person), madhyama this is”). According to the dictionary based approach, ‘abba’ equals
purusha (second person) and uttama purusha (first person). Again with the word father. Mere mechanical translation with dictionary
each of three personal representations can be inflected according to based approach results in ‘father! How much beautiful this flower
singular, dual and plural representations as in Table 25. is’. But, it is well known that the word “abba” denotes a state of
excitement, (or a feeling) here. Even if the dictionary lookup
As a result, every verb can be formed into nine formations for wrongly picks up the word ‘father’, it is worth notable that only the
one tense. Finally, one verb can be inflected into ninety types since word is translated but not the supporting feeling/expression, and
there are ten tenses and moods as described in Table 1A in appendix hence it is not a correct translation process since maintenance of
[19]. context is also equally important. That’s why, employing of
different kinds of morphological analyses gives better translation.
177030 verb formations can be generated since there are 1967
verbs in Sanskrit. However based on the morphological analysis, the system has
to find out the words / tokens in the given text and their respective
Table 25: Singular, dual and plural forms of verb for first, second categories / classes along with the word type i.e., whether the token
and third persons is a noun or verb or adjective etc., with high grade of perfection.
Person Singular Dual Plural
First vadAmi (I vadAvaH (we two vadAmaH (we DIFFERENCES IN SENTENCE FORMATION
speak) speak) speak)
Second vadasi (you vadathaH (you two vadatha (you Though both Sanskrit and Telugu have similarities in many issues
speak) speak) speak) like word order free, inflections are post positions etc. there are also
Third vadati (he vadataH (they two vadanti (they some differences especially in sentence formation. In Telugu,
speaks) speak) speak) considerable information can be gathered from the verb of a
sentence. For instance, ‘hari caduvucunnADu’ (literally means, hari
Verbs are categorized into two type based on its result of action is reading) where ‘hari’ is subject and ‘caduvucunnADu’ is verb.
1. AtmanEpadi From this verb, it is possible to know that hari is gent (verb is
2. pasmaipadi terminated with ‘Du’ which is used to refer masculine gender), it is
 AtmanE padi (result of the work is for self): These verbs in present continuous tense (from cunnADu), and hari is a singular
describe the work done for own purpose. AtmanEpadi is used (Du refers singular form of the subject). Another instance, ‘lakshmi
to credit the result of the work to self. Ex: ataDu peLLi veLLinadi’ (literally means lakshmi went), where lakshmi is subject
chEsukovAlanukuMTunnADu (He wants to marry). Here the and veLLinadi is verb. From verb, it is clear that lakshmi is
verb ‘chEsukovAlanukuMTunnADu (to marry)’ describes, the feminine (the termination of the verb di represents feminine
marriage is for him. gender), the work is completed (inadi represents past tense) and the
 parasmai padi (result of the work is for others): These verbs subject is in singular form (di refers singular form of the subject).
describe the work done for others’ purpose. parasmaipadi is All these are affecting verb.
used to credit the result of the work to others. Ex: ataDu peLLi
cheyyAlanukuMTunnADu (He wants to do marriage). Here Equivalent statements for the above statements in Sanskrit are
the verb ‘cheyyAlanukuMTunnAdu (to do marriage)’ ‘hari paThati’ and ‘lakshmi agacchat’ respectively. From these
describes, the marriage is done for others purpose. sentences, it is possible to know their tense and number
(singular/plural) of the subject. But it is not possible to know the
gender of the subject as ‘paThati’ etc can be used commonly for all
IMPORTANCE the genders. But gender plays an important role in sentence
formation. Sometimes, as it is discussed above, gender of the
Importance of the problem is to identify the parts of speech (POS) subject is different in Sanskrit from Telugu.
of the tokens of source language that gives improved accuracy in
Machine Translation (MT). Improper identification of POS of the CONCLUSION
tokens leads to incorrect translation. There is a chance of ambiguity
in finding POS for many words of Telugu as they are coming under Though Sanskrit can be considered mother of many languages,
more than one category. For instance the word ‘pADu’ have two majority of vocabulary, alphabets, grammar rules are adapted from
meanings, one is ‘to sing’ - a ‘verb’ and another one is ‘ugly’ - an Sanskrit to Telugu. Though the word order is changed, the meaning
adjective. To select the suitable meaning from these two in MT, it is will not be changed since both the languages are word order free.
necessary to check the continuation of the word ‘pADu’. For
It can be considered a great research if a Machine Translation
instance, the word is ‘pADucunnadi’, then ‘cunnadi’ represents
system is implemented from Sanskrit to Telugu or vice versa. The
‘vartamAna kAla kriya’ (verb is in present tense). There are also
accuracy of the translation also will be very high since majority of
chances of having ‘pADenu’ (sang), ‘pADunu’ (will sing)’etc.
the vocabulary, characteristics, structure, grammar rules and
When parts of speech of the tokens are properly identified, then the
nativity of both the languages are very similar.
MT becomes more easy and accurate.
Machine Translation of Sanskrit to Telugu or vice versa will be
Ambiguity arises in root words also. For example, the word
the ever first research in the field of Computational Linguistics if
‘kUDu’ has two meanings food – a noun and add – a verb. In case,
the research is taken up since no such research work is done ever
the sentence is ‘idi kUDu’, the sentence can be translated as either
before on the face of the earth.
‘this is food’ or ‘add this’. Suitable word is to be selected based on
the context.
REFERENCES
Though the Machine Translation is done using dictionary based
[1] Malladi Krishna Prasad, Telugu Vyakaranamu, Victory
approach with high perfection, sometimes it may not be possible to
Publishers, 2002.
translate exact meaning and feelings in the sentence. Most of the
[2] Arthur. A. McDonell, “Sanskrit Grammar for Students”, 3rd
perfection can be obtained with voice modulation, because voice
Edition, Oxford University Press, 1926.
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 KIJSET/ APR-JUN 2014/ VOL-1/ISS-2/A13 ISSN:2348-5477

[3] S. Varakhedi, V. Jaddipal and V.Sheeba, “An Effort To
Develop A Tagged Lexical Resource For Sanskrit”, FISSCL
Paris, Oct 2007.
[4] Dr. K. Mallareddy, “Problems in Machine Translation in the
Globalized Context – An Example of Plural Formation in
Telugu Comparison with English”, Int. Seminar on
Globalization Telugu Language Literature and Culture, 25 &
26 February 2014.
[5] Dr. Samudrala Venkata Ranga Ramanujacharya, “Samskruta
Vani”, Rohini Publications, 1997.
[6] Kambhampati Ramagopala Krishnamurti, “Telugu
Vyaakaranamu”, Sri Sailaja Publications, 1991.
[7] Divakarla Venkata Avadhani, “Telugu in Thirty Days”, Andhra
Pradesh Sahithya Academy, 1976.
[8] A.H. Arden, “A Progressive Grammar of the Telugu
Language”, 2nd Edition, Society for promoting Christian
Knowledge, Madras, 1905.
[9] Jasti Suryanarayana, “Sanskrit for Telugu Students”, Sri Balaji
Printers, 1993.
[10] Madhav M. Deshpande, “A Sanskrit Primer”, University of
Michigan, 2007.
[11] K. L. V. Sastry and Pt. L. Ananta Rama Sastri, “Sabda
Manjari”, R. S. Vadhyar publishers, 2002.
[12] Rev. Robert Caldwell, “A Comparative Grammar of the
Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages”, 2ed, Trubner
& Co., Ludgate Hill, London, 1875
[13] K. Srinivasacharyulu, “Sanskrit in 30 days”, Andhra Pradesh
Sahithya Academy, 1972
[14] Charles Wikner, “A Practical Sanskrit Introductory”, June,
1996
[15] Moreshwar Ramachandra Kale, “A Higher Sanskrit Grammar”,
Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Varanasi, 1960
[16] Max Muller, “A Sanskrit Grammar for Beginners”, Longmans,
Green & Co, London, 1866

Appendix A

Table 1A: Ten lakArAs of dhAtu (root verb) – ‘bhU’ – parasmaipadi

prathama purusha (third person) madhyama purusha (second person) uttama purusha (first person)
lakAra
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
laT bhavati bhavataH bhavanti bhavasi bhavathaH bhavatha bhavAmi bhavAvaH bhavAmaH
liT babhUva babhUvatuH babhUvuH babhUvitha babhUvathuH babhUva babhUva babhUviva babhUvima
luT bhavitA bhavitArau bhavitAraH bhavitAsi bhavitAsthaH bhavitAstha bhavitAsmi bhavitAsvaH bhavitAsmaH
lRT bhavishyat bhavishyataH bhavishyant bhavishyasi bhavishyatha bhavishyath bhavishyAm bhavishyAda bhavishyAma
i i H a i H H
lOT bhavatu bhavatAM bhavantu bhava bhavataM bhavata bhavAni bhavAva bhavAma
laG abhavat abhavatAM abhavan abhavaH abhavataM abhavata abhavaM abhavAva abhavAma
vidhi bhavEt bhavEtAM bhavEyuH bhavEH bhavEtaM bhavEta bhavEyaM bhavEva bhavEma
liG
ASIrli bhUyAt bhUyAstAM bhUyAsuH bhUyAH bhUyAstaM bhUyAsta bhUyAsaM bhUyAsva bhUyAsma
G
luG abhUt abhUtAM abhUvan abhUH abhUtaM abhUta abhUvaM abhUva abhUma
lRG abhavishya abhavishyatA Abhavishya abhavishya abhavishyata abhavishyat abhavishya abhavishyAv abhavishyAm
t M n H M a M a a

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