IN OUT
Link 1 Link 1
Link 2 Link 2
Link N Link N
The familiar single ended S-parameters for line x-z are shown as (Sxx, Sxz, Szx,
Szz) and for line y-w, (Syy, Syw, Swy, Sww). Since the two lines are coupled,
scattering parameters can be defined relating the incident and reflected waves of
ports that are not coupled through transmission lines. From every incident port
x,y,w,z there exists 2 additional S-parameter terms. Thus there are eight
additional S-parameter terms to be combined with the familiar 8 transmission line
S-parameter terms to form a complete single ended 4x4 scattering matrix Ss .
The single ended system is described by equation 1 & 2 below.
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
X ax, bx az, bz Z
Y ay, by aw, bw W
Szx
ax bz
X Sxx
Syx Szz
Z
Sxz
bx az
Sxw
Szy
Sxy Syx Szw
Swx
ay bw
Swy
Y Syy Syz Sww W
by aw
Syw
b s = Ss a s Eq1
⎛ bx ⎞ ⎛ S xx S xy S xz S xw ⎞ ⎛ a x ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ by ⎟ ⎜ S yx S yy S yz S yw ⎟ ⎜ a y ⎟
⎜b ⎟ = ⎜ S S zy S zz
⋅
S zw ⎟ ⎜ a z ⎟ Eq2
⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ zx ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜b ⎟ ⎜ S S wy S wz S ww ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ aw ⎟⎠
⎝ w ⎠ ⎝ wx
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
1 1
bd 1 = ⋅ (bx − by ) ad 1 = ⋅ (a x − a y )
2 2
1 1
bd 2 = ⋅ (bz − bw ) ad 2 = ⋅ ( a z − aw )
2 2
1 1
bc1 = ⋅ (bx + by ) ac1 = ⋅ (a x + a y )
2 2
1 1
bc 2 = ⋅ (bz + bw ) ac 2 = ⋅ ( a z + aw )
2 2 Eq3
⎛ bd 1 ⎞ ⎛ S d 1d 1 S d 1d 2 S d 1c1 S d 1c 2 ⎞ ⎛ ad 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ bd 2 ⎟ ⎜ S d 2 d 1 Sd 2d 2 S d 2 c1 S d 2 c 2 ⎟ ⎜ ad 2 ⎟
⎜b ⎟=⎜S S c1d 2 S c1c1
⋅
S c1c 2 ⎟ ⎜ ac1 ⎟
⎜ c1 ⎟ ⎜ c1d 1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜b ⎟ ⎜ S S c 2 c 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ac 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ c 2 ⎠ ⎝ c 2d1 Sc 2d 2 S c 2 c1
b m = Sm a m Eq4
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
Eq5
With a 2 port VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) one can acquire the single ended
scattering parameters and compute the mixed mode parameters using Equation
5.
Figure 3 below illustrates the 6 measurements required for obtaining Ss .
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
VNA VNA
1 2 1 2
x z x z
y w y w
VNA VNA
1 2 1 2
x z x z
y
w y w
VNA VNA
1 2 1 2
x z x z
y w y w
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
3. There are overlaps that could be removed to lower the number of sweeps, for
example Sxx is measured 3 times in figure 3.
NEXT Measurements
Figure 4 (physical port diagram) illustrates a re-definition of the x,w,y,z ports that
were used to define the mixed mode parameters for two coupled lines. This is
done so that equation 5 can be re-used for mixed mode NEXT computation with
the same variable names and the only difference is the assignment of the
variable names to the measured single ended parameters from the VNA. Note
that double-headed arrows are used to show simultaneously transverse and
reverse single ended S-parameters. Reflection S-parameters Sxx, Syy, Szz, Sww
are not shown but are required for the computation.
X ax,bx
Syx&Sxy Swx&Sxw Victim Link
Y ay,by
bx
Szx&Sxz
near end Szy&Syz far end
Z az,bz
Swz&Szw Swx&Sxw Swy&Syw Aggressor Link
W aw,bw
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
VNA VNA
z z
Aggressor Aggressor
w w
VNA VNA
z z
Aggressor Aggressor
w w
VNA VNA
1 2
z z
Aggressor Aggressor
w w
Notes:
1. All far-end terminals of the victim and aggressor must be terminated.
Important to note that if these are not calibrated (usually the case) then they
can give large errors for tightly coupled lines however this is not normally the
case hence the errors are typically quite low.
2. Strictly, any other unconnected terminals in the system where energy could
couple to and reflect back to the VNA port must also be terminated.
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
Important to note that if these are not calibrated (usually the case) then they
can give large errors for tightly coupled lines however this is not normally the
case hence the errors are typically quite low.
3. There is duplication of measurements that exist between NEXT
measurements and the single ended measurements described in Figure 3.
4. There are overlaps that could be removed to lower the number of sweeps, for
example Sxx is measured 3 times in figure 5.
FEXT Measurements
Figure 6 illustrates a re-definition of the x,w,y,z ports that were used to define the
mixed mode parameters for two coupled lines. This is done so that equation 5
can be re-used for mixed mode FEXT computation with the same variable names
and the only difference is the assignment of the variable names to the measured
single ended parameters from the VNA. Note that double-headed arrows are
used to show simultaneously transverse and reverse single ended S-parameters.
Reflection S-parameters Sxx, Syy, Szz, Sww are not shown but are required for
the computation.
X ax,bx
Syx&Sxy Szx&Sxz Victim Link
Y ay,by
Z az,bz
Aggressor Link Swx&Sxw Swz&Szw
W aw,bw
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
z z
Aggressor Aggressor
w w
z z
Aggressor Aggressor
w w
1 VNA 2 1 VNA 2
z z
Aggressor Aggressor
w w
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How to convert 2 port S-parameters to 4 port S-parameters
Notes:
1. All far-end terminals of the victim and aggressor must be terminated.
Important to note that if these are not calibrated (usually the case) then they
can give large errors for tightly coupled lines however this is not normally the
case hence the errors are typically quite low.
2. Strictly, any other unconnected terminals in the system where energy could
couple to and reflect back to the VNA port must also be terminated.
Important to note that if these are not calibrated (usually the case) then they
can give large errors for tightly coupled lines however this is not normally the
case hence the errors are typically quite low.
3. There is duplication of measurements that exist between FEXT
measurements and the single ended measurements described in Figure 3.
4. There are overlaps that could be removed to lower the number of sweeps, for
example Sxx is measured 3 times in figure 7.
References
D. Bockelman, W. Eisenstadt “Combined Differential and Common-Mode
Scattering Parameters: Theory and Simulation,” IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, VOL 43, NO. 7, July 1995.
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