1) how would you define each of the following?

a- Reversible & irreversible resources?

b- An important feature of some natural resources is "reversibility". Usage
of natural resources is reversible if it is possible that S1 > S0 Which mean,

.utilization of anon renewable resource Is irreversible

c- But most renewable resources are reversible renewably.

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2) Accumulating & non accumulating resources?
Most biological growth process involve accumulation process to some
degree.
Which means:
1. The resource growth adds to the resource stock.
2. All renewable resources are accumulating one
3. But certain types of renewable resources are non accumulating which
means the resource growth don't add to the resource stock.

Ex:
A free flowing river is a renewable resource of non accumulating type
because the annual replenishment don't add to any pre existing quantity.
So the relation in the non accumulating case become:
S1 =  S instead of
S1 = S0 – Q0 +  S in the case of accoimulating one

Note:
Non accumulating resources can be converted into accumulating one.
Ex: if one build reservoir on the river.
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 3) Use value & Non use value
1- Use value means nature are being utilized in some sense.
Ex: water is used to irrigate crops which are then harvested & consumed.
* Used values are broken into extractive & non extractive resources.
2- Non use value: the existence of natural resources for future use & this is
called / (option value) or the desire to leave a healthy ecosystem to the
future generations & this called (bequest value.
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4) Resources development & resources preservation:
(resources development) means actions that transform natural resources to
a greater extent to help in increasing human welfare but
(resource preservation) putting resources aside in a state of non use or in a
state of keeping it to future generation.
5) Explain how natural resources economics is a branch of
applied economics?
- breach of the applied economics.
- Applied economics is the application of economic theory on any
phenomena.
- Nature resources economics is the study of the flow of natural
resources into the economy using its analytical tools like:
a) equations.
b) Graphs.
c) Nature.
d) Economic
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 Define natural resources:
It can be defined in two ways:
a) population ecology:
it's a collection of organisms subject to growth and change as it is.
b) Ecosystem ecology:…………………………

All living organisms + mineral + petrols

Or biological part + Non biological part fossile fuels
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Define natural resources in terms of quantitative &
qualitative measures?
Quantitative measures of natural resources are (stock variables) like acres
of forest
(flow variable) like wind speed while qualitative measures describe
important features of resources like air pollution.
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Compare b/w positive economics & normative economics?
 (positive economics fractural) examine what has actually happened.
Ex: the measure of the rate of extraction of minerals over the past year.
 (normative economics) / estimate : it studies what people ought to d.
Ex: what the rate of extraction we will have to protect the resource.
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Why we need time while modeling resource services?
Natural resource management decisions involve connections b /w the
present of the future. This comes from the characteristics of the resource
itself & the way they are impacted by human use & the growth resources
over time.

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Suppose we have two time periods.
Period (0)  this year "today".
Period (1)  Next year.

The amount of natural resources can be determined by the following

equation:
S1 = S0 – Q0 + S
(S1) Amount of resource available in period (1).
(S0) Amount of resource available in period (0).
(Q0) Amount of resource used in period (0).
( S) Increment to the resource in period (0).

Consider the expression:

S1 = S0 – Q0 + S
Show how this relationship can be used and / or changed to express
(measure ) the amount of resource available in period 1 in the case of
a. fish.
b. Copper.
c. Wood or paper.
d. A free flowing river.
Solution
a) fish is a renewable resource in which S > zero.
b) copper is non renewable resource in which S = zero
so the relation become S1 = S0 – Q0
c) Wood is recyclable resource so the relation become S1 = S0 – Q0 + Q0
d) A free flowing river is renewable of non accumulating type so
S1 = S