Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers Desmond E Winterbone FEng, BSc, PhD, DSc, FiMechE, MSAE ‘Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Division Department of Mechanical Engineering UMIST ‘A member of the Hodder Headline Group LONDON * SYDNEY * AUCKLAND Copublished in North, Central and South America by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York «TorontoFirst published in Great Britain 1997 by Amold, a member of the Hodder Headline Group, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH Copublished in North, Central and South America by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 605 Third Avenve, New York, NY 10158-6012 ©1997 DE Winterbone All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or ‘uansmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system. without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP SHE. Whilst the advice and information inthis book is believed to be true and accurate atthe date of going to press, neither the author nor the publisher ccan accept any legal responsibility of liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘A cataiog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 340 67699 X (pb) 047023718 X (Wiley) ‘Typeset in 10/12 pt Times by Mathematical Composition Setters Ltd, Salisbury, Wilts Printed and bound in Great Britain by J W Arrowsmith Lid. BristolContents Preface Structure Symbols, State of Equilibrium 1.1 Equilibrium of a thermodynamic system. 1.2 Helmholtz energy (Helmholtz function) 1.3 Gibbs energy (Gibbs function) 1.4 The use and significance of the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies 1.5 Concluding remarks Problems Availability and Exergy 21 Displacement work 22 Availability 23° Examples 2.4 Available and non-available energy 2.5 Ineversibility 2.6 Graphical representation of available energy and irreversibility 28 29 2.10 ‘The variation of flow exergy for a perfect gas 2.11 Concluding remarks Problems ity balance for an open system Pinch Technology 3.1 Aheat transfer network without a pinch problem 3.2 Abeat transfer network with a pinch point 33. Concluding remarks Problems 1 2 5 6 6 9 10 13 4 15 a 21 25 a 36 42 43 43 47 49 56 61