A. DEFINITIONS
Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids flow. Conduits may be full
or partially full. Pipes are commonly called conduits of circular section
which flow full. Conduits flowing partially full are considered to be open
channels.
There are two types of flow in pipe: laminar and turbulent flow.
Laminar flow is one which fluid particles move parallel to the pipe where
the particles at the center line of the pipe move faster than those near the
wall.
Turbulent flow is one which fluid particles move at random in all direction
but generally move forward along with the flow. Particles at the center line
of the pipe and those near the wall move at nearly the same velocity.
Turbulent flow results in higher friction loss.
Reynolds Number, Re: a dimensionless parameter representing the ratio of the
inertia forces to the friction forces.
Laminar and turbulent flows may be defined by Reynolds Number (Re).
VD VD VD
Re
where: D = pipe inside diameter, m
V = Average velocity in pipe, m/s
ρ = Density of the fluid, kg/m3
μ = Dynamic viscosity of the fluid, N-s/m2 or Pa-s
ν = Kinematic viscosity of the fluid, m2/s
parabolic
V max = 2 Vave
(b) Turbulent Flow
r
y
Vc
The velocity, U, at any point, y from pipe center with center velocity vc is:
c r
U vc 5.75 log Eq. 1
ry
c fv 2
Also, Eq. 2
8
or
U 1 1.33 f v 2.04 f v log
r
ry
Eq. 3
U
r
y
vc
The maximum or centerline velocity is expressed by:
vc 1 1.33 f v Eq. 4
max
s
r y
The shearing stress at the surface of the fluid, y distance from the center,
max is expressed by:
h L
s y
2L
h L f v2
and the maximum shearing stress is max r
2L 4 2g
Note the shearing stress at the center is zero.
Shearing Velocity or Friction Velocity, Vs
max f
Vs v
8
where: f = coefficient of pipe friction
v = mean velocity
ρ = density of the fluid.
D. Major Head Losses in Pipes, hf
(a) Laminar Flow
32LV 64 L V 2
Hagen-Poisseuille’s Equation: h f
D 2
Re D 2 g
128LQ
For circular pipes, hf
D 4
Note the friction factor f for laminar flow is expressed by
64 64
f
Re VD
(b) Turbulent Flow
L V2
Darcy-Weisbach Equation: hf f
D 2g
where: f = friction factor
L = length of pipe
D = pipe diameter
V = mean or average velocity
1. For turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes, universal resistance laws can
be derived from
8
2
8V
f max2 s2
V V
where Vs is the shear velocity or friction velocity.
0.316
f
Re1 4
3. For smooth pipes with Re up to 3,000,000
1
f
2 log Re f 0.80
4. For rough pipes, where δt < 0.3ε (Karman)
1 D
2 log 1.14
f
where ε = absolute roughness, mm
11.6V
t
max
5. For smooth and rough pipes, turbulent ( Colebrook equation )
1 D 2.51
2 log
f 3.7 Re f
This equation was plotted in 1944 by Moody which was called the
Moody Chart for pipe friction.
6. Haaland Formula. This is an alternate formula of Colebrook.
1 6.9 D 1.11
1.8 log
f Re 3.7
Values of Absolute Roughness for Common Pipe Materials
Roughness, ε
Material Feet mm
Steel:
Sheet metal, new 0.00016 0.05
Stainless, new 0.000007 0.002
Commercial, new 0.00015 0.046
Riveted 0.01 3.0
Rusred 0.007 2.0
Iron:
Cast, new 0.00085 0.26
Wrought, new 0.0005 0.0
Galvanized, new 0.0005 0.15
Asphalted cast 0.0004 0.1
Brass: Drawn, new 0.000007 0.002
Plastic: Drawn tubing 0.000005 0.0
Concrete:
Smoothed 0.00013 0.04
Rough 0.007 2.0
Rubber: Smoothed 0.000033 0.01
Wood: Stave 0.0016 0.5
Moody Diagram
Manning Formula
The Manning Formula is widely used in open-channel and is also
used in pipes.
2
LV
h f 6.35n 2 4 3 (S.I.)
D
LV 2
h f 2.87n2
(English)
D4 3
n = coefficient of roughness
2
For non circular pipe, use D = 4R
Q
L
D 2
For circular pipes:
h f 6.35n 2 4 4 3
Q Q
V then
A 2 D
D
4 10.29n 2 LQ 2 (S.I. units)
hf
D16 3
Other Manning Formula:
1 23 12
V R S (S.I. Units)
n
1.486 2 3 1 2 (English Units)
V R S
n
R = hydraulic radius
( S.I. Units)
V 0.849C1 R 0.63 S 0.54
For circular pipes flowing full, the formula become
10.67 LQ1.85
Q 0.2785C1 D 2.63 S 0.54 and hf 1.85
C1 D 4.87
( English Units)
V 1.318C1 R 0.63 S 0.54
For circular pipes flowing full, the formula become
Q 0.4322C1 D 2.63 S 0.54
where: C1 = Hazen Williams coefficient (see table)
D = pipe diameter
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the energy grade line = hf/L
E. Minor Head Losses in Pipes, h
2
V
(a) Sudden Contraction: hc K c 2
2g
V1 V2
D1 D2 Values of Kc on table – 3c
2g
where: V1 – velocity before enlargement
V1 V2
D1 D2 V2 – velocity after enlargement
he
V1 V2
1.92
( By Archer)
2g
( c) Gradual Enlargement: hL K
V1 V2 2
2g
V1 V2
D1 D2
V2
( c) Bends: hb K b
2g
V2
(d) Gates: hg K g
2g
d
Table 3c – Loss coefficients for sudden contraction
D2/D1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Kc 0.50 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.28 0.22 0.15 0.06 0.00
A special case of sudden contraction is the entrance loss for pipes connected
to a reservoir. For this case, the values of Kc are as follows:
2g
p1
E1 p2
1
V1 E2
2 V2
Z1
Z2
Datum
L 2
V1 p
(a) Total Energy at 1 : 1 Z1 E1
2g
2
V2 p
(b) Total Energy at 2 : 2 Z 2 E2
2g
(c) Head Loss Between 1 and 2 : h f E1 E2
(a) Chezy: V C RS
8g
where: C
f
A
R (hydraulic radius)
P
A = area of the section
First, Given: Q, D, L
Required: hf
Solution:
Q
(a) V
2
D
4
L V2
(b) hf f
D 2g
Required: Q
Solution:
39.7 h f D 5
Q2
fL
Required: D
Solution:
2
0.0252 fQ
D5
hf
Solution: Q
D
VD
Re A
QD 4Q
Re
2 D
D
4
Note that for D to be the smallest, Re must be the largest under laminar
conditions, or Re = 2000
4(0.006)
2000
therefore
D 6.09 x10 6
D 0.627m
Problem #2. Oil with a dynamic viscosity μ = 0.10 N – s/m2 and specific
gravity of 0.85 flows through 3050 m of 300 mm cast iron pipe at the rate
of 0.045 m3/s. Find the head lost due to friction.
Solution:
VD VD
Re
g
Q 0.045 m
where: V 0.637
A s
(0.30) 2
4
0.6370.300.85 x9810
therefore Re
0.10 x9.81
32LV
hf
D 2
320.10 3050 0.637
hf
0.85 x98100.302
h f 8.284m
Problem #3. Determine the type of flow occurring in a 300 mm diameter
pipe when:
Solution:
VD 1.07(0.30)
1. Re 6 319403 > 4000 (Turbulent)
1.005 x10
VD 1.07(0.30)
2. Re 4 1563
< 2000 (Laminar)
2.054 x10
Problem #4. A tank 15.0 m in diameter is 6.0 m high. Its base is at elevation
6.0 m. A pipe 200 mm in diameter and is connected to the base with the
other end at elevation 0. The tank contains oil having a specific gravity of
0.85 and a kinematic viscosity of 2000 centistokes. If the average product
inventory (volume) is 1000 cu. m. and the equivalent length of pipe
due to minor losses is 40 m, find the laminar flow in the pipe when it is
discharging to the atmosphere.
Solution:
Oil surface
h 6.0 m
Elev. 6.0 m
200 mm dia.
15.0 m diam. 6.0 m
Elev. 0 m
2
cm 2 m
1. 2000 centistokes 20 stokes or 0.002
s s
2. Vol. 15.0 h 1000 15.0 h h 5.659m
2 2
4 4
Oil surface 1
h = 5.659 m 6.0 m
Elev. 6.0 m
200 mm dia.
15.0 m diam. 6.0 m
2 Elev. 0 m
V2 32LV
2
11.659m ( V2 = V)
2g D 2
V 2 32 LV
11.659m
2 g gD 2
V 2 32LV
11.659m
2g gD 2
V 2 32LV
11.659
2g gD 2
V 2 320.00240V
11.659
g 0.2
2
2g
V 2 320.00240V
11.659
g 0.2
2
2g
m
V 1.763
s
Then the laminar flow is
2 m3
Q 1.763 x0.2 0.055
4 s
Using the Moody Diagram
The head loss due to friction of a pipe is determined by using the Darcy-
Weisbach equation
L V2
hL f
D 2g
The Moody diagram gives the friction factor of a pipe. The factor can be
determined by its Reynolds number and the Relative roughness of the Pipe.
The rougher the pipe the more turbulent the flow is through that pipe. The
relative roughness of a pipe is given by
D
where: ε = absolute roughness
D = diameter of pipe
ε = 0.002 ft
D = 1 ft
Kinematic viscosity = 14.1 x 10-6 ft2/s
Velocity of fluid = 0.141 ft/s
hL
L = 1000 m
D = 0.25 m ν = 1.306 x 10-6 m2/s
ε = 0.0005 Q = 0.051 m3/s
Find the value of hL ( loss due to friction)
L V2
hL f Unknown are f and V2
D 2g
Q 0.051 m 3 s
V 1.039 m s
A 0.25m 2
4
To find f, R and ε/D must be determined
0.0005
0.002
D 0.25
DV
0.25m 1.039 m s
R 6 198889.7 2x105
2
1.306 x10 m s
hL
0.02451000m 1.039 m s
2
50’
L = 1000’
v = 14.1 x 10-6 ft2/s
ε = 0.001 ft
Q = 0.45 ft3/s
Q 4Q 0.573
V
A D 2
D2
3. Find Re in terms of D
DV 0.573 1 40635.3
R D 2 6
D 14.1x10 D
4. Put head loss (hL) in terms of D and f
Answer D = 0.482 ft
Example 5. Water at 10 ˚C and a pressure of 1 atm. is to be pumped through
4 km pipe length of 200-mm-diameter new wrought iron pipe at the rate of
0.075 m3/s. Compute the head loss and power required in kilowatt to
maintain the flow.
Solution:
1 0.00023 2.51
2 log ; f 0.016148
3 .7 365,314 f
f
1 6. 9 D
1.11
Haaland Formula: 1.8 log
f Re 3.7
1 6 .9 0.00023
1.11
f ≈ 0.016
≈ 365,314
Determine the head loss, hf
L V2
Darcy – Weishbach: h f f
D 2g
0.0826 fLQ 2
For circular pipe: h f
D5
0.08260.016 4000 0.075
2
hf 92.925m
0.2005
P Qh f 9.81 kN m 3 0.075 m 3 s 92.925m
P 68 .370 kilowatts
A pipe discharging from a reservoir into open air as shown in figure has a
velocity head and pressure head on the liquid surface of the reservoir both
equal to zero.
hL (entrance)
A
H V2/2g
hf hL
p1/γ
V2/2g
1 p2/γ
2 V2/2g
B
The energy equation between A and B neglecting head loss:
2 2 2
VA p V p V
A Z A B B ZB H B 0 (pipe is horizontal)
0 2g 0 2g 0 2g
V2/2g
p1/γ
V2/2g
1 p2/γ
2
For horizontal pipe with constant diameters the difference in pressure heads
determines the head lost between two points.
When one or more pipes connects two reservoirs , the total head lost in all
the pipes is equal to the difference in elevation of the liquid surfaces of
the reservoir.
hL entrance
A
hf H
hL exit
B
Q
hL Z A Z B hLentrance hLexit h f H
hL H
PIPE CONNECTED IN SERIES
For pipes of different diameters connected in series the discharge in all pipes
are equal and the total head lost is equal to the sum of the individual head
losses.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q Note If L > 1000D the minor loss can
be negligible.
hL h f 1 h f 2 h f 3 hmin or
hf1
hc hf2 hL
p
hc hf3
p
p
Q1 Q2 Q3
Pipe 3
Pipe 1 Pipe 2
PIPE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL
Q3
Q Q
Q2
Q1
The Flow Rate is expressed by
Q Q1 Q2 Q3
And the head losses are related by
hL hL1 hL 2 hL 3
In the pipe system shown, pipe 1 supplies liquid from reservoir A to junction B
which divides the flow to pipes 2, 3, and 4, which join again in junction C and
flows through pipe 5. The sum of flow in pipes 2, 3, and 4 equals the flow in
pipes 1 and 5. The drop in the energy grade line between B and C is the
difference in the levels of piezometers at B and C. Therefore the head lost in
pipes 2, 3, and 4 are equal.
A
hf1
hf2 = hf3 = hf4
1 4
hL
Q1 Q4
Q3 hf5
B
3 5 E
Q2 C
Q5 D
2
The possible equations for the pipe system are:
Q1 Q5 (1) hL h f 1 h f 3 h f 5 (5)
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 (2) Note: To solve the problem there must be
equivalent number of equations as to the
h f 2 h f 3 h f 4 or h f 2 h f 3 (3) number of pipes.
or h f 3 h f 4 (4)
RESERVOIR PROBLEMS
CASE 1:
Given :The discharge in one of the pipes, or given the pressure at the
junction J.
CASE 2:
Given: All pipe properties and elevation of all reservoirs.
First key to the solution of the problems: Locate the elevation of the energy
at the junction J. The position of J represents the water surface of an
imaginary reservoir at J. The difference in elevation between this surface
the surface of another reservoir is the head lost in the pipe leading to that
reservoir.
Typical Diagram of Reservoirs
Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
A hf1
J’
h Elev. C
f3
pj C
Q1
hf2
Q3
Junction, J
Elev. B.
B
Q2
Q1 Q2 Q3
Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
A
hf1
Elev. C
Q1 hf3
C
pj Q3
hf2
Junction, J
Elev. B. Q2
B Q2 Q1 Q3
Procedure in Solving Reservoir Problems
CASE 1: Given the discharge in one of the pipes, or given the pressure at
the junction J.
Required: Flow in the pipes or elevation of one of the reservoirs or
the diameter or length of one of the pipes.
Solution:
1. With known flow in one pipe leading to or flowing out from a
reservoir of known elevation, solve for its head lost hf.
2. Determine the elevation of the energy grade line at the junction of
pipes (J) by adding or subtracting (depending on the direction of
flow) the head lost in the pipe from the elevation of the water surface
in the reservoir.
3. If the known value is the pressure is the pressure at J, the elevation
of J’ is the elevation of J + pj /γ.
4. Draw a line from J’ to the surface of the other reservoir. These lines
represent the EGL’s of each pipe. The difference in elevation
between J’ and the surface of the reservoir is the head lost in the
pipe.
5. Solve for the discharge.
CASE 2: Given all pipe properties and elevation of all reservoirs.
Required: Flow in each pipe
Solution:
2. To find out the direction in the middle pipe (pipe 3) , assume first
that Q3 = 0 such that J’ is at elevation as the surface of reservoir C
(see fig-a) then the values of hf1 and hf2 can be solved. With hf1 and
hf2 known, solve for Q1 and Q2. If Q1 > Q2, then Q3 is towards
reservoir C and J’ must be above the surface of reservoir C.
If Q1 < Q2, the Q3 is going out from reservoir C and J’ must be
below the surface of reservoir C.
3. After determining the direction of Q3 , express all the head lost in
terms of the other, say in terms of hf1. Then use Darcy-Weisbach
or Manning Formula to expressed equations such as the following:
Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
A hf1
J’ EGL 3 Elev. C.
C
Q1
hf2
Q3 = ?
Junction, J
Elev. B.
Q2
B
Figure - a
Case of Q1 > Q2 so that Q1 = Q2 + Q3 if J’ is above the surface of C
Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
A J’
Elev. C
pj C
Q1
Q3
Junction, J
Elev. B.
B Q2 Figure -b
Case of Q1 < Q2 so that Q2 = Q1 + Q3 if J’ is below the surface of C.
Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
A
Elev. C
J’ C
Q1
Q3
Junction, J
Elev. B.
Q2
B
Figure - c
Using Darcy – Weisbach Equation:
2 2
L1 V1 f1 L1 8Q1
h f 1 f1
D1 2 g D1 2 gD14
2 gD1
5
Q1
2
hf 1 Q1 k1 h f 1 Eq. (1)
8 f1 L1
Similarly, it follows
Q2 k 2 h f 2 k 2 f (h f 1 ) Eq. (2)
Q3 k3 h f 3 k3 f (h f 1 ) Eq. (3)
If Q1 > Q2 then Q1 = Q2 + Q3
If Q1 < Q2 then Q2 = Q1 + Q3
4. Whichever relation of Q’s will prevail the value of head losses (h f1, hf2
and hf3) can be determined. Then substitute the head losses in
equations 1, 2, and 3 to find Q1, Q2, and Q3, respectively.
Example of Reservoir Problem
1. Determine the flow into or out of each reservoir in the pipe system
Shown. Use n = 0.011.
L1 = 1220 m D1 = 300 mm
L2 = 915 m D2 = 200 mm
Elev 100 m L3 = 1525 m D3 = 150 mm
A hf1 hf3 = 0
Elev. 80 m
C
1 hf2
3
Elev. 50 m
2 B
Solution:
Close the pipe 3 leading to reservoir C and solve for Q1 and Q2.
These are not yet correct values.
If (a) Q1 > Q2 then the flow is into reservoir C.
(b) Q1 < Q2 then the flow is outward from reservoir C.
Using Manning’s Equation
LV 2 10.29n 2 LQ 2
h f 6.35n2
43
D D16 3
1. 20m
10.29n 2 L1Q1
2
10.290.011 2
1220 m Q1
2
D1
16 3
0.30m 16 3
m3
Q1 0.146
s
10.290.011 1525m Q2
2 2 2
10.29n 2 L2Q2
2. 30m
D2
16 3
0.150m 16 3
Q2 0.138
A Elev. 100 m
hf1
Q1
Elev. 80 m hf3
Q3
C
hf2
Q2
Elev 50 m
B
Also, Q1 Q2 Q3 (5)
m3 m3 m3
Q1 0.079 Q2 0.031 Q3 0.048
s s s
Example 2. The pipe system shown serves two town C and D. The highest
building in town C is at elevation 21.5 m and that in town D at elevation 18
m. If f = 0.020 for all pipes, what are the discharges in each pipe? If the per
capita consumption in the towns is 302.8 liters per day, how many persons
could be served in each town?
Elev. 30 m A
hf1
hf2
Q1
L = 1525 m C Elev. 21.5 m h
D = 0.20 m Q f3
2
L =1525 m Q3
D =0.30 m B Elev. 18.0 m
L = 2440 m D
D = 0.15 m
Solution:
Q1 Q2 Q3 (1)
h f 1 h f 3 30 18 12m (3)
From equation (2) and using Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
L V2 fL 8Q 2 8 fLQ 2
h f 1 h f 2 8.5 and hf f 2 5
D 2g D gD
2 4
gD
80.021525Q1 80.021525Q2
2 2
8.5
9.810.30 9.810.20
2 5 2 5
80.021525Q1 80.022440Q3
2 2
2 12
9.810.30 9.810.150
2 5 5
1037.086Q1 53098.807Q3 12
2 2
(5)
From equation (1) Q2 Q1 Q3
12 1037.086Q1
2
Q3
2
From equation (5)
53098.807
Substitute (5) in (1), we obtain
12 1037.086Q1
2
Q2 Q1 (6)
53098.807
Substitute (6) in (4), we obtain
2
2
1037.086Q1 7875.372 Q1 8.5
2 12 1037.086Q1
53098.807
3
m
Q1 0.0428
s
Substitute Q1 in (6)
12 1037.086Q1
2
Q2 Q1
53098.807
12 1037.0860.0428
2
Q2 0.0428
53098.807
m3
Q2 0.029
s Check equation (1)
Substitute Q1 in (5)
Q1 Q2 Q3
12 1037.0860.0428
2
Q3 0.0428 0.029 0.0138
53098.807
0.0428 0.0428 O.K
m3
Q3 0.0138
s
The number of persons that could be served in town C is expressed by
N c 8275 persons
N D 3938 persons
Example 3. The population of towns C and D are 20,000 and 30,000
respectively. Daily consumption is 305 liters per person per day. The
proposed pipe lines are as shown in the figure. Design the system if
f = 0.020 for all pipes.
Elev. 91.5 m A
hf1
Q1 hf2
Elev. 46.0 m
L = 1525 m C hf3
L =3050 m
Q2
B Q3
Solution: Elev. 40.0 m
L = 2440 m
D
1. Q1 Q2 Q3
Therefore
m3
Q1 0.0706 0.1059 0.1765
s
2. h f 1 h f 2 91.5m 46.0m 45.5m
80.0230500.1765 80.0215250.0706
2 2
45.5
9.81D1 9.81D2
2 5 2 5
0.15701 0.01256
5
5
45.5 Eq. 1
D1 D2
2. h f 1 h f 3 91.5m 40.0m 51.5m
80.0230500.1765 80.0224400.1059
2 2
51.5
9.81D1 9.81D3
2 5 2 5
0.15701 0.04522
5
5
51.5 Eq. 2
D1 D3
3. From equations 1 and 2, we can choose appropriate combination of
diameters
Example 1. Three new cast – iron pipes are connected in series as shown.
If the discharge is 0.227 m3/s determine the head lost:
(a) neglecting minor losses
(b) considering minor losses
hf1
hf2 H = hL
hf3
1 2 3 4
L1 = 365 m L2 = 610 m L3 = 457 m
D1 = 0.30m D2 = 0.60 m D3 = 0.45 m
Solution:
(a) 1. Velocities in the pipes:
Q 0.227 3.211 m Q 0.227 0.803 m
V1 V2
A 1 0.302 s A 2 0.602 s
4 4
Q 0.227 1.427 m
V3
A 3 0.452 s
4
H 6.350.013
2 365 3.211 2
610 0.803 2
457 1.427 2
43 43 43
0.30 0 .60 0 .45
H 23.840m
1 2 3 4
L1 = 365 m L2 = 610 m L3 = 457 m
D1 = 0.30m D2 = 0.60 m D3 = 0.45 m
(b) With the minor losses included, hc at (1), he at (2), hc at (3) and
he at (4) are to be considered,
2 2
V1 V1
hc1 K c 0.50
2g 2g
he 2
V1 V2
2
2g
2 2
V3 V kc 0.185)
hc 3 K c 0.185 3 ( for D3/D2 = 0.45/0.60 = 0.75
2g 2g
V3
2 therefore
V1 V1 V2
he 4 2 2 2 2
2g V V
H 23.84 0.50 0.185 3 3
2g 2g 2g 2g
V
2
V V 2
V V
H 23.84 0.50 1 1 2 0.185 3 3
2 2
2g 2g 2g 2g
m3 m3 m3
where: V1 3.211 V2 0.803 V3 1.427
s s s
H 23.84 0.50
3.211 3.211 0.803
2
2
0.185
1.427 1.427
2
2
2g 2g 2g 2g
H 24.52m
Example 2. Three new cast – iron pipes connected in series are as shown.
Determine the total head lost, not including the minor losses if the discharge
is 0.193 m3/s and the kinematic viscosity is 1.005 x 10-6 m2/s. Find He
hf1
hf2
hf3 He
V32/2g
L1 = 30 m L2 = 30 m L3 = 30 m
D1 = 0.30 m D2 = 0.25 m D3 = 0.20 m
Solution:
2
V3
8.664
6.14
2
4. H e H L
2g 2g
H e 10.585m
hf1
hf2
HL
hf3 He
V32/2g
L1 = 30 m L2 = 30 m L3 = 30 m
D1 = 0.30 m D2 = 0.25 m D3 = 0.20 m
PROBLEMS IN PIPES CONNECTED IN PARALLEL
Example 3. With a total flow of 0.40 m3/s in the figure shown, determine
The division of flow and the loss of head from A to B ( n = 0.011).
hf1 = hf2
0.40 m3/s Q2
A
Solution:
Q1 B
(1) Q = Q 1 + Q2
m3
0.40 Q1 Q2 Equation 1
s
(2) For parallel pipes, hf1 = hf2
hf 1 hf 2
2 2
Using Manning’s Formula: h f
10 .29 n LQ
D16 3
2 2
10.29n 2 L1Q1 10.29n 2 L2Q2
16 3
16 3
D1 D2
610Q12 1830Q2 2
0.3016 3 0.4516 3
Q1 0.5875Q2 Equation 2
0.40 0.5875Q2 Q2
0.40 1.5875Q2
m3 m3
Q2 0.252 and Q1 0.148
s s
3. hf hf 1 hf 2
2
10.29n 2 L1Q1
hf 16 3
D1
10.290.011 6100.148
2 2
hf
0.3016 3
h f 10.23m
or
2
10.29n 2 L2Q2
hf 16 3
D2
10.290.011 18300.252
2 2
hf
0.4516 3
h f 10.23m
Example 4. The discharge of the pipe system is 0.45 m3/s. Determine
the head loss from A to D ( n = 0.011).
Q2
A
Q1 B
Q3 C
Q4 Q5 D
Solution:
m3
1. Q1 Q5 0.45
s
m3
2. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 0.45 Equation 1
s
3. h f 2 h f 3 h f 4
hf 2 hf 3 hf 4
2 2 2
10.29n 2 L2Q2 10.29n 2 L3Q3 10.29n 2 L4Q4
16 3
16 3
16 3
D2 D3 D4
2 2 2
L2Q2 L3Q3 L4Q4
16 3
16 3 16 3
D2 D3 D4
H L hf 1 hf 2 hf 5
L Q
2
L Q
2
L Q
2
H L 10.29n 16 3 16 3 16 3
2 1 1 2 2 5 5
D1 D2 D5
H L 10.290.011
2 915 0. 45 2
610 0.133 2
1220 0 .45 2
0 .75 16 3
0. 30 16 3
0.60 16 3
H L 14.02m
PIPE NETWORKS
1. The summation of pressure drops (head loss) around any closed loop
must be equal to zero.
2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving it
(Continuity Equation).
Procedures:
1. First, the flow in each pipe is assumed so that the principle of continuity
is satisfied at each junction.
2. A correction to the assumed flow is computed successively for each pipe
loop in the network until the correction is reduced to an acceptable value.
Q = Q a + Qc
Applicable Formulas:
0.0826 fL 2
Darcy-Weisbach: hf Q
D5
10.69n 2 L 2 In general h f KQ n
Manning: hf 16 3
Q
D
10.67 L
Hazen-Williams: h f 1.85 4.87 Q1.85
C1 D
Using h f KQ 2
KQ 2
0
K Q a Qc 0
2
K Q a Qc 0
2
Therefore;
KQ 2 KQa Qc 0
2
a
2
KQ
Qc a
2 KQ a
KQa
n
Qc
n KQa
n 1
Qc
n KQa
n 1
0.0826 fL
Darcy-Weisbach: K 5
; n2
D
10.69n 2 L n2
Manning: K ;
D16 3
10.67 L n 1.85
Hazen-Williams: K 1.85 4.87 ;
C1 D
Example 1. The pipe network shown in the figure is a spray rinse system.
Find the flow in each pipe if C1 = 120 for pipes.
0.4 m3/s
600 m, 300 mm 600 m, 300 mm 600 m, 300 mm
1 2 3 4
400 m – 250 mm
400 m – 250 mm
400 m – 250 mm
400 m – 250 mm
8 600 m, 300 mm 7 600 m, 300 mm 6 600 m, 300 mm 5
Solution:
10.67 L
K 1.85 4.87
;
C1 D
0.4 m3/s
600 m, 300 mm 600 m, 300 mm 600 m, 300 mm
1 2 3 4
400 m – 250 mm
400 m – 250 mm
400 m – 250 mm
400 m, 250 mm
8 600 m, 300 mm 7 600 m, 300 mm 6 600 m, 300 mm 5
10.67 L
K 1.85 4.87
;
C1 D
10.67600
K1 2 K 23 K 3 4 K 56 K 67 K 7 8 320.81
1201.85 0.304.87
10.67400
K 45 K 36 K 27 K18 519.72
1201.85 0.2504.87
Assumed flow : First Cycle
0.4 m3/s
0.20 0.1 0.05
1 2 3 4
KQa
1.85
7.32
Qc 0.01
1.85 KQa
0.85
615.57
KQa
1.85
5.30
Qc 0.01
1.85 KQa
0.85
378.64
For loop II:
KQa
1.85
0
Qc 0.85 0
1.85 KQa 273.72
0.4 m3/s
0.20 0.1 0.05
1 2 3 4
For loop I:
KQa
1.85
2.58
Qc 0.004
1.85 KQa
0.85
604.32
KQa
1.85
2.81
Qc 0.007
1.85 KQa
0.85
391.35
For loop II:
1.85
KQ 0.810
Qc a
0.85 0.003
1.85 KQ a 256.26
0.4 m3/s
0.21 0.11 0.05
1 2 3 4