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“MODEL OF AIR-COMPRESSOR USING A SYRINGE”

A Mini-project Report
(An alternative Assessment Tool in Aircraft Propulsion - 1 course)

Course Code: 17AE4DCAP-I

Submitted By
SHREY (1DS17AE044)

SHREYA G (1DS17AE045)

SHREYA M (1DS17AE046)

Under the guidance of

SURESH.P
Assistant Professor, Department of Aeronautical Engg.
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
Bengaluru-560078
 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the mini project work entitled “Model of an air compressor using
syringe”carried out by Mr Shrey (1DS17AE044), Ms SHREYA G (1DS17AE045),
MsSHREYA M (1DS17AE046. This mini-project is an as alternative assessment tool
in the course Aircraft Propulsion – I. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of mini-project work prescribed for
the said degree. The assessment is done as per the standards set during the design
of the course.

Name and USN of the CIE marks awarded

Student out of 10
SHREY
(1DS17AE044)
SHREYA G
(1DS17AE045)
SHREYA M
(1DS17AE046)

Name and Signature of the Faculty

(Suresh P)
INTRODUCTION
AIR COMPRESSOR:
An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel or gasoline
engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air). By one of
several methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into a storage tank, increasing the
pressure. When tank pressure reaches its engineered upper limit, the air compressor shuts off.
The compressed air, then, is held in the tank until called into use.[1] The energy contained in the
compressed air can be used for a variety of applications, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air
as it is released and the tank depressurizes. When tank pressure reaches its lower limit, the air
compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the tank. An air compressor must be differentiated
from a pump because it works for any gas/air, while pumps work on a liquid.

Classification
Compressors can be classified according to the pressure delivered:

1. Low-pressure air compressors (LPACs), which have a discharge pressure of 150 psi
or less
2. Medium-pressure compressors which have a discharge pressure of 151 psi to 1,000
psi
3. High-pressure air compressors (HPACs), which have a discharge pressure above
1,000 psi

They can also be classified according to the design and principle of operation:

1. Single-Stage Reciprocating Compressor

2. Two-Stage Reciprocating Compressor
3. Compound Compressor
4. Rotary-screw compressor
5. Rotary Vane Compressor
6. Scroll Compressor
7. Turbo compressor
8. Centrifugal compressor

Displacement type
There are numerous methods of air compression, divided into either positive-displacement or
roto-dynamic types.[3]

Positive displacement

Positive-displacement compressors work by forcing air in a chamber whose volume is

decreased to compress the air. Once the maximum pressure is reached, a port or valve opens
and air is discharged into the outlet system from the compression chamber. Common types of
positive displacement compressors are
  Piston-type: air compressors use this principle by pumping air into an air chamber
through the use of the constant motion of pistons. They use one-way valves to guide air
into and out of a chamber whose base consists of a moving piston. When the piston is
on its down stroke, it draws air into the chamber. When it is on

Technical Illustration of a two-stage air compressor

its up stroke, the charge of air is forced out and into a storage tank. Piston compressors
generally fall into two basic categories, single-stage and two-stage. Single stage
compressors usually fall into the fractional through 5 horsepower range. Two-stage
compressors normally fall

Technical Illustration of a portable single-stage air compressor

into the 5 through 30 horsepower range. Two-stage compressors provide greater

efficiency than their single-stage counterparts. For this reason, these compressors

 are the most common units within the small business community. The capacities for
both single-stage and two-stage compressors is generally provided in horsepower (HP),
Standard Cubic feet per Minute (SCFM)* and Pounds per Square Inch (PSI). *To a
lesser extent, some compressors are rated in Actual Cubic Feet per Minute (ACFM).
Still others are rated in Cubic Feet Per Minute(CFM). Using CFM to rate a compressor
is incorrect because it represents a flow rate that is independent of a pressure reference.
i.e. 20 CFM at 60 PSI.
 Rotary screw compressors: use positive-displacement compression by matching two
helical screws that, when turned, guide air into a chamber, whose volume is decreased
as the screws turn.
 Vane compressors: use a slotted rotor with varied blade placement to guide air into a
chamber and compress the volume. This type of compressor delivers a fixed volume of
air at high pressures.

Dynamic displacement

Dynamic displacement air compressors include centrifugal compressors and axial compressors.
In these types, a rotating component imparts its kinetic energy to the air which is eventually
converted into pressure energy. These uses centrifugal force generated by a spinning impeller
to accelerate and then decelerate captured air, which pressurizes it.
Cooling
Due to adiabatic heating, air compressors require some method of disposing of waste heat.
Generally this is some form of air- or water-cooling, although some (particularly rotary type)
compressors may be cooled by oil (that is then in turn air- or water-cooled). The atmospheric
changes are also considered during cooling of compressors. The type of cooling is determined
by considering the factors such as inlet temperature, ambient temperature, power of the
compressor and area of application. There is no single type of compressor that could be used
for any application.

Application

Portable air compressor for powering tools, such as jackhammers

Air compressors have many uses, including: supplying high-pressure clean air to fill gas
cylinder , supplying moderate-pressure clean air to a submerged surface applied driver
supplying moderate-pressure clean air for driving some office and school building pneumatic
HVAC control system valves, supplying a large amount of moderate-pressure air to power
pneumatic tools, such as jackhammers filling high pressure air tanks (HPA), for filling tries,
and to produce large volumes of moderate-pressure air for large-scale industrial processes
(such as oxidation for petroleum coking or cement plant bag house purge systems).

Most air compressors either are reciprocating piston type, rotary vane or rotatory screw.
Centrifugal compressors are common in very large applications, while rotary screw, scroll, and
reciprocating air compressors are favored for smaller, portable applications.

There are two main types of air-compressor pumps: oil-injected and oil-less. The oil-less
system has more technical development, but is more expensive, louder and lasts for less time
than oil-lubed pumps. The oil-less system also delivers air of better quality.

Air compressors are designed to utilize a variety of power sources. While gas/diesel-powered
and electric air compressors are among the most popular, air compressors that utilize vehicle
engines, power take off, or hydraulic ports are also commonly used in mobile applications.

The power of a compressor is measured in HP (horsepower) and CFM (cubic feet per minute
of intake air). The gallon size of the tank specifies the volume of compressed air (in reserve)
available. Gas/diesel powered compressors are widely used in remote areas with problematic
access to electricity. They are noisy and require ventilation for exhaust gases. Electric powered
compressors are widely used in production, workshops and garages with permanent access to
electricity. Common workshop/garage compressors are 110-120 Volt or 230-240 Volt.
Compressor tank shapes are: "pancake", "twin tank", "horizontal", and "vertical". Depending
on a size and purpose compressors can be stationary or portable.

Psi car compressor portable air compressor

Centrifugal air compressor axial air compressor

Air compressor made with syringe

OBJECTIVE:
 To convert power into potential energy stored in pressurized air.
 To make a powerful Air Compressor using a syringe.

MATERIALS NEEDED:
 2 Syringes
 12V DC Motor
 12 V, 1.2 A-hr Battery
 Transparent plastic tubes
 Bicycle valves
 A wooden base
 Fibre glass

MAKING OF THE MODEL:

i. Cut out a circular disc of diameter 4 cm using fibre glass.
ii. Fix a pulley onto a 12V DC motor.
iii. Attach the disc to this pulley.
iv. From the disc, attach a plunger from the syringe to act as a connecting rod.
v. Attach another plunger to this plunger to act as piston.
vi. Fit this piston inside the syringe.
vii. Make a hole in the end of syringe for inlet.
viii. For the outlet, fix a bicycle tube valve in the front.
ix. Connect the motor to a 12V, 1.2 A-hr battery, fitted with a switch.
WORKING PROCEDURE OF THE MODEL:
When the battery switch is turned on, the motor starts rotating. As the motor rotates, the circular
disc also rotates, in turn rotating the 1st plunger. The 1st plunger acts a connecting rod. When
this rod rotates, it starts moving the 2nd plunger. This 2nd plunger thus acts as a piston. It starts
reciprocating within the syringe cylinder. When it is at the bottom dead center, air intake
happens. This air is compressed and exits the syringe via the outlet valve. Thus, a powerful air-
compressor is made using a syringe.

DESIGN:

DESIGN OF SYRINGE MADE ON SOLIDWORKS

COMPLETE ASSEMBLY OF THE SETUP ON SOLIDWORKS

CONCLUSION:
Thus, we have made a powerful air-compressor that runs by a 12 V motor using a syringe.
In the above experiment we can conclude all about the compressor that it decreases volume
and increase the pressure of the air. To verify that compression has taken place, we use a
balloon, and we see that the balloon expands as the air from outlet is passed through it,
showing that the pressure of air has increased and compression has taken place.

REFERENCES:
1. Meyer, W.A. and Thompson, H.D, "An Analytical Model of Heat Transfer to the Suction
Gas in a Low-Side Hermetic Refrigeration Compressor", Proc. of the Purdue Compressor
Technology Conf., West Lafayette, USA, pp. 898-907., 1990.

2. Scheideman, F., Schary, M. and Singh, R., 'Thermodynamic and Acoustic Simulation of
Positive Displacement Refrigeration Compressors', Proc. of the Purdue Compressor
Technology Conf., West Lafayette, IN, USA, pp. 290-299, 1978.

3. Pandeya, P. and Soedel, W., "On Suction Gas Heating in Hermetic Compressors (A
Technical Note)", Proc. of the Purdue Compressor Technology Conf., West Lafayette, USA,
pp. 144-147., 1978.

4. Hiller, C.C. and Glicksman, L.R., "Detailed Modeling and Computer Simulation of
Reciprocating Refrigeration Compressors", Proc. of the Purdue Compressor Technology
Conf., West Lafayette, USA, pp. 12-17, 1976.

5. Prakash, R and Singh, R., "Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Refrigeration

Compressors", Proc. of the Purdue Compressor Technology Conf., West Lafayette, USA, pp.
27 4-285., 1974.