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Human Anatomy Manual

The Skeleton

Laerdal Texas
P.O. Box 38.226 EM. 116
Gatesville,Texas U.S.A.76528
U.S.A.1-800-433-5539
IntemationaI1-254-865-7221
24 Hour Fax 254-865-8011 ~ Laerdal'
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction

2 Skeleton

3 Skull

4 Vertebral Column

5-6 Vertebrae

7 Thorax

Clavicle

8 Scapula
9 Humerus

Radius and Ulna

10 Hand

11 Pelvis

Innominate

12 Femur

Tibia and Fibula

13 Patella

Foot
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INTRODUCTION
Osteology (from the Greek "Osteon", meaning bone) Is tha branch of
anatomy that describes the structure and functions of the skeletal
system.
Bones provide a firm framework that gives shape to the body,
supports Its parts, and protects vital organs such as the brain, heart,
lungs, etc., from Injury.
The bones also facilitate body movement by acting In cooperation
with numerous muscles attached to the bones by tendons.
Bone growth and development continues from birth to about twenty
years of age.
Cartilage furnishes elastic, supporting connective tissues which
protect the bones at the joints from shock and give the skeleton more
flexibility.
Infants have approximately three hundred fifty bones, many of which
fuse during the process of growth. Adults vary somewhat In the number
of bones, but a total of two hundred six bones Is considered normal or
typical.
The skeletal system consists of two divisions: the axial skeleton and
the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton, the main framework of the
body, consists of the spine, skull, and chest. The appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper and lower extermltles.
The skull Is defined as the bony framework of the head. The 29 bones
of the skull include those of the cranium and face, the hyoid bone, and
the ear osslcles. The 8 cranial bones enclose a cavity within which are
the brain, 3 layers of protective membranes (pia mater, arachnoid, and
dura mater), and numerous blood vessels. Fourteen Irregular bones,
including the lower and upper Jaw bones, nasal bones, and cheek bones,
form the bony framework of the face.
The human skull, compared with the skulls of other animals, displays
a relative decrease In the size of the face and a relative Increase In the
size of the cranium. There are actually 5 great cavities of the skull: two
cavities, or orbits, enclosing the eyes; the nasal cavity, with Its two
chambers separated by the septum; the oral cavity, with the Jaw bones
and maxillae, platlne, and sphenoid bones; and the cranial cavity.
There are Important cavities, called paranasal sinuses, In the walls of
some df the skull bones adjacent to the nasal cavity. These sinuses have
a lining of ciliated mucous membrane which is continuous with that of
the nasal cavity, and they drain into the nasal passageways and help to
moisten them. The paranasal sinuses are useful resonating chambers for
the voice, but the continuity of the membrane with that of the nose and
mouth permits infectious material to spread rapidly through the various
passageways, as in the common coid.
The U-shaped bone In the neck, the hyoid bone, is the only bone that
does not meet with other bones to form a joint; ligaments connect it
with an extension of the temporal bone. Some of the muscles of the
tongue and mouth Insert In the hyoid.
A word about the quality of our MPL skeletons. These are not models
in the usual context of the word since models are first sculpted or carved
and then copied. Our skeletons are cast by hand from molds taken from
a 5' 2" Human (male) skeleton and thus are not models but authentic
anatomical reproductlons--wlth all the advantages of a human skeleton
andnoneof thedisadvantages.
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SKELETON

Frontal
Temporal
Nasal Zygomatic
Maxilla
Cervical
Mandible

Coracoid process
Scapula
Body of sternum

Ribs
Humerus
Xiphoid process
of sternum
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)

Radius
IlIum

Ulna
Sacrum
Coccyx
Pubis
Ischium Carpals
Metacarpals

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Flbuiu

Talus
Calcaneus ~Tarsals
,~~ ..
2 ~'s-- Metatarsals
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SKULL

Coronal suture
Frontal

Temporal

Lambdoidal suture

Occipital

Maxilla

Mental foramen

Coronoid procell
Mandible

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VERTEBRAL COLUMN

AxI8
Cervical
(7)

Thoracic
(12\

Lumbar
(5)

Sacrum

Coccyx

4
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VERTEBRAE

Atlas

Anterior tubercle

Superior articular
facet
Transverse procell

Posterior tubercle

Axis

Body Superior articular facet

Tranlverse foramen
Transverse procell
LamIna

SplnOUI procell

Cervical Vertebra

Body
Transverse foramen
Transverse j Costotranlverse bar
procell t Posterior tubercle Pedicle
Superior articular procell

Lamina

BIfId IplnOUI procell

 -
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Thoracic Vertebra

Superior vertebral Dotch

\
Superior articular proces8

TraD8vene proce88 with

tranaverH coat a) facet
Body

Inferior coatal facet

Lumbar Vertebra

(lateral view)

TraD8vene proce88
Body
Spmou8 proce..

(from above)

Spmou8proce..
Inferior articular proce88
Mammary proces8
TraD8vene proce88
Superior articular
proce..

Pedicle
'Y

6
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THORAX

First thoracic vertebra

Manubrium

Manubriosternal
joint
Vertebrosternal
or true ribs Body Stetnum

Xiphisternal Joint
Xiphoid process

Vertebrocostal
or false ribs

Vertebral
or fioating ribs

RIGHT CLAVICLE

(inferior view)

(superior view)
Sternal articular facet

Acromial articular facet

Conoid tubercle
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LEFT SCAPULA

(dorsal view)

Scapular notch

Acromion SupraBplnouB fOBBa

Spine

Medial border

Inferior angle

(costal view)

Coracoid procesB

Acromion

Glenoid cavity
SubBcapuiar fGlBa

8
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RIGHT HUMERUS
(anterior view)

Head
Lesser tubercle
Greater tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Surgical neck

RIGHT RADIUS AND ULNA

II i
(anterior view)

Head
adial notch
Neck.
Radial tuberosity

'j

Radial fossa ~i
I)
I}
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
[II, 11(1\

Capitulum
~
Radius Ulna

i
I
\\1
.I,

Head
Styloid process
Styloid proce88
Ulnar notch

9
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LEFT HAND
(dorsal view)

Proximal

f
Hamate
Capitate
Carpals Triquetrum
Lunate

10
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PELVIS

Sacrum Iliac crest

Ilium

Sacral foramen

Pubic arch

RIGHT INNOMINATE

Iliac crest

Anterior superior Iliac spine

Posterior superior Iliac spine

Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine

Superior ramus of pubis

Tuberosity of Ischium inferior ramus of pubis

Obturator foramen
Ramus of Ischium 11
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RIGHT FEMUR
(posterior view)

Head

Greater trochanter
intertrochanteric line
Leller trochanter

RIGHT TIBIA AND FIBULA

(anterior view)

Lateral condyle

Styloid procell
Medial condyle
Head
Neck.

\\ \l~i
:i
,I Adductor tubercle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle.
j Medial condyle Lateral condyle
I
Intercondylar
Fibula ! HI Tibia fOil a

Medial maBeolUI
Lateral malleolul

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PATELLA

(anterior view) (posterior view)

Medial articular
~t.~

facet
""
\
,
y-

J.

Lateral articular facet

RIGHT FOOT
(dorsal view)

Calcaneus

Talu,

Cuboid Navicular

-Lateral
intermediate
.Medlal
} CUDelform,

~J}} _.~~ . ",-

Middle phalanx
'\1.
,."...1 } Promoal phalanle,

Diltal phalanx

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i! C Copyright Medical Plastics Laboratory, Inc. Gatesville, Texas 76528

=1:1:

.l:I DocumenU1004860 rev B

.Q. September 2003