Tecnologia

g del hormigon
g aplicada
p al caso
de hormigones masivos
by

Ramon L. Carrasquillo, Ph.D., P.E.

CARRASQUILLO ASSOCIATES
MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, AND
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANTS
Function, Month day, 2009 CA
 Tecnologia del hormigon aplicada
al caso de hormigones masivos

2 P
2. Presentacion
t i
• Especificaciones
• Resistencia
• Durabilidad
• Control de Calidad
• Nuevas
N té
técnicas
i para predecir
d i a
temprana edad las propiedades del
concreto
t a largo
l plazo
l
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 Thermal Effects
• Thermal Cracking
• Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF)
• Internal Microcracking
• L
Loss off Compressive
C i St
Strength
th
• Durability

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 Temperature Rise
• Maximum internal temperature of
concrete is equal
q to the fresh concrete
temperature at time of placement plus
the internal temperature
p rise due to
hydration.

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 Tmax

∆T

Tfresh

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 Thermal Effects –
Compressive Strength
• Scientific literature suggests concrete
cured at higher
g temperatures
p ((~185 oF))
has less strength gain (and modulus of
elasticity)
y) at later ages
g compared
p to
concrete cured at lower temperatures.

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TEMPERATURE RISE
IN CONCRETE

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 VARIABLE CEMENT CONTENT
.467 W / C RATIO, TYPE I CEMENT

120
DOUBLE CEMENT CONTENT
RISE IN oF

100 0% FLY ASH

80 CONTROL
ATURE R

60
HALF CEMENT CONTENT
EMPERA

40

20
0
TE

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
TIME IN HOURS
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 VARIABLE CEMENT TYPE
.467 W / (C+FA) RATIO, 0% FLY ASH

90
TYPE III
RISE IN oF

TYPE I

60
ATURE R

TYPE I - II
EMPERA

30
CONSTANT CEMENT CONTENT
TE

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
TIME IN HOURS
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 Class F FLY ASH
.467 W / (C+FA) RATIO, TYPE I - II CEMENT

80
% - FLY ASH CONTENT BY VOLUME
RISE IN oF

0%
60
20% 27.5%
ATURE R

40
35%
EMPERA

20
TE

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
TIME IN HOURS
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E PE F
ESPECIFICACIONES
NE

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 Entendamos!
E t d !
• Las especificaciones son escritas antes
de q
que comienze la obra.
• Arquitectos/Ingenieros responsables
por escribir las especificaciones no
saben como el Contratista planifica
construir la obra
obra.

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 Control de Calidad en el
Campo?
Propósito?
• Determinante o Implicante
• Objetivo o Subjetivo
• Ayuda
A d o Ob Obstáculo
tá l
• Herramienta o Problema
• Incentivo o Castigo
• Reto o Excusa
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 Resultados
CAMPO del Control
de Calidad
Procesos Poco Precisos

Factor Humano

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Cuanto dice el código que tiene
qu ser
que s la
l resistencia
sist n i ddell
concreto
n en
n la estructura?
u u ?

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Hospital Metropolitano

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Hospital Metropolitano

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 Strength Comparison
8000 7384
7065 6814 7044
7000 6615
6166 6072
6000
Strength (PSI)

5200
4615
5000
4200
4000 Lab - Cal
Slab
S ab
3000
Beam
2000 Comercial Lab
1000
0
1 Day 2 Days 3 Days
Time (Days)

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 GROWING PAINS
PRESCRIPTIVE
PERFORMANCE
SPECIFICATIONS

WATER-CEMENT
WATER-
PERMEABILITY
RATIO

CYA KNOW WHAT YOU

ARE DOING

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 Typical Specifications
Strength: 3000 psi Structural Safety
Slump: 3
3--5 inches Workability?

(w/c)max: 0.45 Permeability?

}
Cement: 5 sks. minimum 376 pcy
470 Cement
pcy 94 pcy
Fly Ash: 20% maximum
Fly Ash
No HRWR
What mix proportions will
meet this specification? CA
 Strength
g 5 sks minimum

Cement 376 pcy Cement

Fly Ash 94 pcy Fly Ash

more workable? more durable?

better concrete
concrete?? better service life?
Slump 489 pcy Cement
w/c 6 5 sks
6.5
122 pcy Fly Ash
No HRWR

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 Quality Control Test: Resistance
t Chloride
to Chl id Intrusion
I t i Permeability
P bilit

How can you predict the permeability of

concrete
t att later
l t ages (6 months)
th ) based
b d
on testing conducted at 28 days?

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Early Age Accelerated ? Moist Curing at 73°F
Curing for 28 days for 6 months

0-7d : Moist cured @ 73°F

7 28d Moist
7-28d: M i t cured
d @ 100°F

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CA
 Chloride Permeability
28-dayy
28-
28--day Moist
28 Accelerated 6-month
Cement Class F w/cm Cured Cured Moist Cured
Type Fly Ash (by wt.) (Coulombs) (Coulombs) (Coulombs)
I None 0.35 2370 1760 1475

I None 0.45 3830 3080 2410

I None 0.55 6690 5510 4500

I 20% 0.35 1950 870 515

I 20% 0.45 2600 1240 655

I 20% 0.55 5860 2750 1300

I 30% 0.35 1270 470 285

I 30% 0.45
0 45 1680 620 445

I 30% 0.55 2700 970 595

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 w/cm: 0.55
7000
28-day Moist Cured
28-
28d Accelerated Cured
6000
6m Moist Cured
ulombs

5000
ability, Cou

4000

3000
Permea

2000

1000

0
0 20 30
Fly Ash Content, %
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 28--Day Compressive
28
w/cm
w/cm, 6- month
Cement Class F
by
Strength ((psi
psi)) compressive
Type Fly Ash Accelerated
weight Moist Cured strength (psi)
Cured
I None 0.35 7977 8677 9553
I None 0.45 6668 7116 8280
I None 0.50 5991 6056 7796
I None 0.55 5252 5446 6277
I 20% 0.35
0 35 8482 9627 11088
I 20% 0.45 6381 7979 8688
I 20% 0.55
0 55 5078 5873 7025
I 30% 0.35 7010 8222 9421
I 30% 0.45 5826 6756 7729
I 30% 0.55 4559 5865 6642
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 12000
28-day Moist Cured
28- w/cm: 0.55
28d Accelerated Cured
10000 6m Moist Cured
ngth, psi

8000
essive Stren

6000
Compre

4000

2000

0
0 20 30
Fly Ash Content, %
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 PRDOT
Special Provision 934
Structural Concrete

Performance
f Based Specifications
p f

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 Cementitious Materials:
• ASTM C 150: Type II, Type V
• ASTM C 595: Typeyp IP, Type
yp IS, or
• ASTM C 150 – Type I* plus ASTM C 618 –
Class F* fly ash having a sulfate expansion at
180 days of less than 0.10 percent when
tested as per ASTM C 1012

* Same source as for job

(PRDOT: SP934) CA
 Mineral Admixtures
• Fly Ash (equal weight basis)
a) cement replacement up to 40%
b) fine aggregate replacement up to 20%
c) as any combination of a) and b) above

(PRDOT: SP934) CA
 Table 934-
934-1
Portland Cement Concrete Mixtures
Specified Design Permeability Minimum
Compressive Maximum Charge Cementitious
Class of Concrete Strength at 28 days Passed ** Content ***
(psi) * (Coulombs) (lb/cy)

III (General Use) 3,000 See Table (934-2) 500

IV (General Use) 4,000 See Table (934-2) 550

IV (Bridge Deck) 4 000

4,000 See Table (934
(934-2)
2) 600

V (Drilled Shaft) 5,000 See Table (934-2) 650

V (Prestressed
5,000 See Table (934-2) 650
Members)

V ((Pavement)) 5,000
, See Table ((934-2)) 650

(PRDOT: SP934) CA
 Table 934-
934-2
Permeability
Permeability
Maximum Charge Passed
Level*
(Coulombs)
1 Not Applicable

2 1,500

* If no Permeability Level of concrete is indicated on the plans, a

Permeability Level 2 shall be used in all concrete mixes to be
placed in the project
project.

(PRDOT: SP934) CA
** Permeability will be the electrical conductance of the concrete
as measured at 28 days according to AASHTO T-277. The
permeability of the concrete at 28 days shall be determined
using the following accelerated curing procedure: specimens will
be moist cured at 73 +/- 3 deg.F for the initial 7 days after
casting followed by curing in water at 105 +/- 3 deg.F
deg F for 21
days until testing at 28 days.

(PR DOT: Specification 934) CA

Compressive Strength Testing*
Testing*
• Cylinder Size: 4 in. x 8 in. or 6 in. x 12 in.
• Test Age*: 28 days moist cured at 73°F

* If test ages greater than 28 days are

specified,
p , acceptance
p of concrete could be
based on 28 days accelerated test results.

0–7d days: moist

i t cured
d att 73°F
7 – 28 days: moist cured at 105°F

(PRDOT: SP934) CA
Permeability: Maximum Charge
Passed**
(Resistance to Chloride Penetration)

• AASHTO T277 tested at 28 days

• 0–7d days: moist
i t cured
d att 73°F
7 – 28 days: moist cured at 105°F

(PRDOT: SP934) CA
Permeability: Maximum Charge
Permeability:
Passed**
(Resistance to Chloride Penetration)

• AASHTO T277 tested at 28 days

• 0–7d days: moist
i t cured
d att 73°F
7 – 28 days: moist cured at 105°F

(PRDOT: SP934) CA
 Table 934-
934-1
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MIXTURES

Class of Specified Design Maximum Permeability Minimum

Concrete Compressive Coarse Maximum Cementitious
Strength at 28 Aggregate Size Charge Passed ** Content ***
days (psi) * (square (Coulombs) (lb/cy)
openings)

IV (General Use) 4,000 1” with 5% max See Table 934-2 550

Passing No. 8

IV (Bridge Deck) 4,000 1” with 5% max See Table 934-2 600

Passing No. 8

V (Drilled
(D ill d Sh
Shaft)
ft) 5 000
5,000 1” with
ith 5% max S Table
See T bl 934
934-2
2 650
Passing No. 8

V (Prestressed 5,000 1” with 5% max See Table 934-2 650

Members) Passing No
No. 8

V (Pavement) 5,000 2” with 5% max See Table 934-2 650

Passing No. 8

V (General
(G l Use)
U ) 5,000
000 1” with
i h 5%
% max S Table
See T bl 934
934-2
2 6 0
650
Passing No. 8

(PR DOT: Specification 934) CA

CA
CA
934-3.09 Mass Concrete -

A monolithic concrete placement having a least dimension greater than

five (5) feet shall be considered a mass concrete placement subject to
the requirements of this section. For mass concrete placements the
Contractor shall develop a plan to assure that the concrete in-place (a)
will not achieve an internal temperature in excess of 160 deg. F during
the first 36 hours after placement and (b) will not be subjected to a
temperature differential between the central core of the placement and
the exposed concrete surface in excess of 35 deg.F during the heat
dissipation period.

(PR DOT: Specification 934) CA

¡MUCHAS GRACIAS!

CA