1976 Tripoli Agreement

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This article is about the 1976 Tripoli Agreement. For the 2006 Tripoli Agreement, see Tripoli Agreement.
1976 Tripoli Agreement
Agreement between the Government of the
Republic of the Philippines and Moro
National Liberation Front with the
Participation of the Quadripartite
Ministerial Commission Members of the
Islamic Conference and the Secretary
General of the Organization of the Islamic
Conference
ARMM.png

The present territory of ARMM is shown in red.

Shown in yellow are other areas intended to be part of
it in accordance with the 1976 Tripoli Agreement, but
opposed inclusion via plebiscite
Part of a series of peace agreements
between the Government of the
Context Philippines and the Moro National
Liberation Front seeking resolution to
the Moro conflict
Drafted 15 December 1976
Signed 23 December 1976
Location Tripoli, Libya
Effective 23 December 1976
Condition Following date of its signature
Carmelo Z. Barbero
Nur Misuari
Signatories
Ali Abdussalam Treki
Amadou Karim Gaye
Philippines
Parties
Moro National Liberation Front
Language Arabic, English, French

The 1976 Tripoli Agreement was signed on December 23, 1976 in Tripoli, Libya by Carmelo Z. Barbero, representing the Government
of the Philippines and Nur Misuari of the Moro National Liberation Front.[1] The agreement defined autonomous administrative
divisions for Muslims in the southern Philippines, the establishment of an autonomous government, judicial system for Sharia law and
special security forces, and the observance of a ceasefire.[2] The autonomous region was to have its own economic system, including an
Islamic bank.[3]

Facilitators of the agreement included members of the Quadripartite Ministerial Commission of the Organization of Islamic Conference,
headed by Ali Abdussalam Treki, representing Muammar Gaddafi, leader of the host country, and the OIC Secretary General, Amadou
Karim Gaye.[4] The other members of the Quadripartite Ministerial Commission aside from Treki included representatives from Saudi
Arabia, Senegal and Somalia.[1]

Contents
1 Events prior to agreement
2 Autonomous areas agreed upon
3 Succeeding treaties
4 See also
5 External links
6 References

Events prior to agreement[edit]

The declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in September 1972 contributed to the ongoing Moro conflict,[2] with Abul
Khayr Alonto and Jallaludin Santos establishing the Moro National Liberation Front with Nur Misuari as chairman a month later that
same year.[5] With the MNLF receiving support from Malaysia and Libya,[5][6] Marcos offered Muammar Gaddafi, a lucrative oil deal in
exchange for his withdrawal of support for the MNLF through Malaysia; this brought Misuari to the negotiation table in 1976.[7]

Marcos sent his wife, Imelda Marcos, to meet with Gaddafi in Libya in November 1976. Accompanying the First Lady was a 60-person
entourage that included Industry Secretary Vicente Paterno. Imelda Marcos' duty was "to charm Col. Kadaffi [sic] into finally
terminating aid and support for Nur Misuari of the Moro National Liberation Front".[8] Her efforts bore fruit; representatives of the
Philippine government and the MNLF met at the negotiating table in December 1976.

Autonomous areas agreed upon[edit]

The following thirteen provinces in the southern Philippines were agreed upon by the parties involved to be included for autonomy:
Basilan, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Lanao del Norte, Tawi-tawi, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte,
South Cotabato, North Cotabato, Palawan and Maguindanao.[1]

During the negotiations, Marcos noted in his diary that Misuari and the Libyan diplomat Ali Treki kept insisting that "all of Mindanao,
Sulu and Palawan be organized into one region. But they are willing to submit this to a referendum."[8] Marcos was inclined to agree
since he was of the opinion that "Palawan, the three Davaos, the two Surigaos, the two Agusans, Southern Cotabato, Bukidnon, the two
Misamis, possibly Lanao del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte and others"[8] would not want to be included in the Muslim autonomous
region. A day before the agreement was signed, negotiations stalled and Gaddafi asked for Imelda Marcos to return to Libya to hasten
the talks. Imelda was able to convince the Libyan leader via telephone to accept the Philippine President's proposal, which was to
"submit the question of autonomy to the constitutional process of the Philippines"[9] for the thirteen provinces. The agreement was
signed the following day.

Ferdinand Marcos would later implement the agreement by creating two autonomous regions (instead of one) consisting of ten (instead
of thirteen) provinces. This led to the collapse of the peace pact and the resumption of hostilities between the MNLF and Philippine
government forces.[10][11]

Succeeding treaties[edit]
A year after Marcos was ousted from power during the People Power Revolution, the government under Corazon Aquino signed the
1987 Jeddah Accord in Saudi Arabia with the MNLF, agreeing to hold further discussions on the proposal for autonomy to the entirety of
Mindanao and not just the thirteen provinces stated in the 1976 Tripoli Agreement. In 1989, however, an act establishing the
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was passed. The MNLF demanded that the thirteen Tripoli Agreement provinces be included
in the ARMM, but the government refused; eight of those provinces were predominantly Christian. Shortly thereafter, the government
held a plebiscite in the thirteen provinces. Four provinces; Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-tawi voted to be included in the
ARMM. The MNLF boycotted the plebiscite and refused to recognize the ARMM.[11]

Under the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, the government and the MNLF signed the 1996 Final Peace Agreement in Jakarta,
Indonesia.[11] It enabled qualified MNLF members to enter the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National
Police, and created the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development, which was dominated by the MNLF. Misuari then ran
unopposed as governor of the ARMM.[12] The peace agreement earned Ramos and Misuari the 1997 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace
Prize.[13]

That same year, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, which had broken away from the MNLF in 1977, began informal talks with the
Ramos-led government. These, however, were not pursued and the MILF began recruiting and establishing camps, becoming the
dominant Muslim rebel group. The administration of Joseph Estrada advocated a hardline stance against the MILF; that of Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo tried to sign a peace agreement with it, but it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the
Philippines.[12]

Shortly after Benigno Aquino III assumed the Presidency in 2010, he met with MILF chairman Murad Ebrahim in Tokyo, Japan. In 2012,
the Philippine government and the MILF signed the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro,[12] which calls for the creation of the
Bangsamoro, an autonomous political entity which will replace the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which Aquino describes
as a "failed experiment".[14]

See also[edit]
1987 Jeddah Accord
1996 Final Peace Agreement
Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro

External links[edit]
Text of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement on the Philippines' Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process website

References[edit]
1. ^ a b c "The Tripoli Agreement". Retrieved 17 May 2016.
2. ^ a b Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center. "Mindanao Conflict: In Search of Peace and Human Rights". Retrieved 17
May 2016.
3. ^ Unruh, Jon (2013). Land and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding. Routledge. ISBN 1136536620.
4. ^ Rasul, Amina. "A Just and Lasting Peace on the Horizon". Retrieved 17 May 2016.
5. ^ a b Pike, John. "Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
6. ^ Bautista, Andrea M. (25 October 2011). "2 Moro leaders admit Gaddafi funded MNLF, MILF rebels". TV5 Network Inc.
Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
7. ^ Romero Jr., Jose V. (31 October 2014). "The Tripoli Agreement". The Manila Times. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
8. ^ a b c Ambeth Ocampo (1 October 2013). "A Tripoli Agreement inside story". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
9. ^ Ambeth Ocampo (3 October 2013). "Marcos, Misuari, & Gadhafi". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
10. ^ Kin Wah, Chin (2004). Southeast Asian Affairs 2004. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812302387.
11. ^ a b c Howe, Brendan M. (2014). Post-Conflict Development in East Asia. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 1409469433.
12. ^ a b c Casauay, Angela (25 May 2015). "The MNLF, MILF and 2 peace agreements". Rappler. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
13. ^ Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize. "1997 Prizewinners: Mr Fidel V. Ramos, President of the Republic of the Philippines, and
Mr Nur Misuari, Chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Philippines". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
14. ^ Calonzo, Andreo (7 October 2012). "Govt, MILF agree to create 'Bangsamoro' to replace ARMM". GMA Network. Retrieved 18
May 2016.

[hide]
v
t
e

Moro conflict

Jabidah massacre (1968)

Causes
Manili massacre (1971)
of
Tacub massacre (1971)
rebellion
Malisbong massacre (1974)

Pro-
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
autonomy or
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
independence

Rebel Abu Sayyaf (ASG)

groups Ansar Khalifa Philippines (AKP)
Islamists Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF)
Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao (KIM)
Maute group (MG)
 Nur Misuari (MNLF)
Pro- Mus Sema (MNLF)
autonomy or Murad Ebrahim (MILF)
independence

Isnilon Hapilon (ASG)

Khadaffy Janjalani (ASG)
Ameril Umbra Kato (BIFF)
Leaders Albader Parad (ASG)
Abu Sabaya (ASG)
Islamists Radullan Sahiron (ASG)
Jainal Antel Sali, Jr. (ASG)
Ahmed Santos (RSM)
Hamsiraji Marusi Sali (ASG)
Omar Maute (MG)
Abdullah Maute (MG)

Battle of Jolo (1974)

Patikul massacre (1977)
Pata Island massacre (1981)
Ipil massacre (1995)
North Cotabato conflict (1996)
Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Battle of Camp Abubakar
(2000)
Misuari rebellion (2001)
Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines (2002-2015)
Basilan beheading incident (2007)
Battles Zamboanga City crisis (2013)
Operation Darkhorse (2014)
Battle of Basilan (2014)
Mamasapano clash (2015)
Battle of Basilan (2016)
Butig clashes
February
November 2016
Bohol clashes (2017)
Battle of Marawi (2017)

Ozamiz Ferry Bombing (2000)

Rizal Day bombings (2000)
Dos Palmas kidnappings (2000-2001)
Siege of Lamitan (2001)
Incidents Zamboanga City bombings (2002)
involving SuperFerry 14 bombing (2004)
civilians Central Mindanao bombings (2006)
Mindanao bombings (2009)
Bukidnon bus bombing (2014)
Davao City bombing (2016)
Jolo Cathedral bombings (2019)

1976 Tripoli Agreement (MNLF)

1987 Jeddah Accord (MNLF)
Peace 1996 Final Peace Agreement (MNLF)
process 2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (MILF)
2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (MILF)
Bangsamoro peace process
 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
Bangsamoro Organic Law
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
Bangsamoro Republik
Related Ilaga
articles International Monitoring Team (IMT)
Moro people
Proclamation No. 216
Refugees

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976_Tripoli_Agreement&oldid=884007534"

Categories:

1976 in the Philippines

1976 in Libya
Bangsamoro peace process
Boundary treaties
Treaties concluded in 1976
Treaties of the Philippines
Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos

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This page was last edited on 18 February 2019, at 23:40 (UTC).

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