Normally, symmetrical components are used to find fault currents if the fault is unsymmetrical.
The basic equations required to build up unbalanced phasors from sequence components are
V x = V1+ V 2 + V 0 (7.4)
V y = a 2 + V1+ a V 2 + V 0 (7.5)
V z = a V 1+ a 2 V 2 + V 0 (7.6)
Where a = 1 120 0
and the suffixes x, y and z refer to the three phases. All quantities are phasor
quantities. From the three simultaneous equations above, it is easily deduced
that
1
V0 = ( Vx+ Vy+ Vz ) (7.9)
3
1
V1 = ( Vx+ a Vy+ a 2 Vz ) (7.7)
3
1
V2 = ( Vx+ a 2 Vx y + a Vz ) (7.8)
3
These equations enable the sequence components to be found from a system of
unbalanced three-phase phasors.
The above equations (7.4) to (7.9) apply to voltages and currents, phase and line values. Note
that the operator 'a' turns a phasor through an angle of 120 0 anticlockwise. Thus
Ix + Iy + Iz= 0
Also, equation (7.9) gives
1
( Ix + Iy + Iz) = I0
3
Hence I 0 = 0
Thus no zero sequence component current can exist if the neutral is disconnected from earth or a
neutral wire.
Three main classes of unbalanced fault need to be considered. They are a single line to ground or
neutral fault, a line to line to ground or neutral fault, and a line to line fault. The method of
calculating the fault current is to consider the Thevenin equivalent circuit for each of the
sequence components, i.e. the 'sequence boxes'. It is found that these are then interconnected in
various ways for the three classes of fault.
therefore V 1 (a 2 - a) = V 2 (a 2 - a)
Thus V 1 = V 2 (7.20)
1
I0 = ( Ix + Iy + Iz) (from equation (7.9))
3
Also I x = 0 from above
Therefore I y + I z = 0 (since there is no fault to earth)
Thus (a 2 + a)( I 1 + I 2 ) + 2 I 0 = 0
Ib 0 Ic 0 Va 0
Ia 0 1 1 1 Ia
1
I a1 3 1 a a 2 0
I a 2 1 a 2 a 0
I a1 I a 2 I a 0
Va 0 0 Z 0 0 0 I a1
V E 0 Z1 0 I a1
a1 a
Va 2 0 0 0 Z 2 I a1
Va 0 Va1 Va 2 I a1 Z 0 E a I a1 Z1 I a1 Z 2
Va 0 Va1 Va 2 Va 0
0 I a1 Z 0 E a I a1 Z 1 I a1 Z 2
I a1 Z 0 I a1 Z 1 I a1 Z 2 E a
Ea
I a1
Z1 Z2 Z0
Gagal talian-talian
Vb Vc Ia 0 Ib Ic
Va 0 1 1 1 Va
1 2
Va1 3 1 a a Vb
Va 2 1 a a Vb
Va1 Va 2
Ia 0 1 1 1 0
1
I a1 3 1 a a 2 I c
I a 2 1 a 2 a I c
Ia 0 0
I a 2 I a1
Va 0 0
0 0 Z 0 0 0 0
V E 0 Z1 0 I a1
a1 a
Va1 0 0 0 Z 2 I a1
Va1 E a I a1 Z1
Va1 I a1 Z 2
E a I a1 Z 1 I a1 Z 2
Ea
I a1
Z1 Z2
gagal talian ke talian ke bumi
Vb 0 Vc 0 Ia 0
Va 0 1 1 1 Va
1
Va1 3 1 a a 2 0
Va 2 1 a 2 a 0
Va1 Va 2 Va 0
Va 0 0 Z 0 0 0 I a0
V E 0 Z1 0 I a1
a1 a
Va 2 0 0 0 Z 2 I a 2
Va1 0 Z 0 0 0 I a0
V E 0 Z1 0 I a1
a1 a
Va1 0 0 0 Z 2 I a 2
Va1 I a 0 Z 0
Va1 E a I a1 Z1
Va1 I a 2 Z 2
E a I a1 Z 1 I a 0 Z 0
E a I a1 Z 1 I a 2 Z 2
E a I a1 Z 1
I a0
Z0
E a I a1 Z 1
I a2
Z2
E a I a1 Z 1 E a I a1 Z 1
I a2 I a0
Z0 Z2
Tetapi
I a1 I a 2 I a 0 I a 0
atau I a1 I a 2 I a 0
Ea Z E Z
I a1 1 a I a1 1 I a1
Z0 Z0 Z2 Z2
Ea Ea Z Z
I a1 1 I a1 1 I a1
Z0 Z2 Z0 Z2
Z Z Ea Z2 Z0
I a 1 1 1 1
Z0 Z2 Z2 Z0
Ea Z 2 Z 0 Ea
I a1`
Z1 Z 2 Z1Z 0 Z 2 Z 0 Z1 Z 2 Z 0 Z 2 Z 0
Ea
I a1`
Z1 Z 2 // Z 0