CHAPTER I
Introduction
television signal. With wavelength ranging from one meter to one millimeter
and frequency between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm). Before it was called
microwave, there is a person who predicted it, James Clerk Maxwell is a scientist who
did not expect to predict it from his equation while Heinrich Hertz was the first person to
demonstrate the existence of it and named it Radio Waves. Microwaves and radio
waves are used to communicate with satellites. Microwaves pass straight through the
atmosphere and are suitable for communicating with distant geostationary satellites,
while radio waves are suitable for communicating with satellites in low orbit. Radio
Waves are used to transmit television and radio programs while microwaves are used
for mobile phones and Wi-Fi. However, they have different properties. Microwaves are
used in spacecraft communication, and much of the world's data, TV, and telephone
which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave
equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower
frequency radio waves do. It is also travel solely by line-of-sight paths; unlike lower
frequency radio waves they do not travel as ground waves which follow the contour of
the Earth, or reflect off the ionosphere (sky waves). Although at the low end of the band
they can pass through building walls enough for useful reception, usually rights of way
cleared to the first Fresnel zone are required. Microwave signals propagated in straight
lines are affected very little by the troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by
ionized regions in the upper atmosphere. Some attenuation occurs when microwave
energy passes through trees and frame houses. Radio-frequency (RF) energy at longer
wavelength is affected to a lesser degree by such obstacles. Just like visible light,
microwaves are blocked by obstacles. They need a clear path to reach their destination.
Mounting transmitters and receivers high on a tower offers a clear line-of-sight to the
next tower. Also, taller towers reduce the impact of the earth’s curvature. Taller towers
If we want to use these microwaves on earth’s surface then the sending and
receiving antennas must be able to see each other. All the antennas which are used
between the sending and receiving antennas are known as repeaters. The function of
repeater is to increase the intensity of the weak signal. Water has a tendency to affect
the antenna’s signal because it can absorb signal, so if the reflection point of two sites is
in between a watery area, the signal may become weak or completely lost and probably
won’t function correctly due to rain. You'll notice that when you're watching television
The history of microwave transmission can be traced back in the early 1930’s
even though it’s just an experimental telecommunication link across the English
Channel. In the preceding years, there’s been a huge increase in microwave spectrum
societies and improved communications for everybody’s use. In the Philippines, there
The researchers have selected two different locations, from Tiaong to Tayabas,
The location of our two microwave link is as follows: the location of the
microwave tower is from Tayabas to Tiaong, quezon. The range or distance is 35.1 km.
301.8372703 feet. Tiaong has latitude of 13.95409167 and longitude of 121.339263 and
the elevation is 364.1732283 feet. These areas are considerably free from any
General Problem:
How to establish a good point to point connection between two microwave links.
design.
General Objective:
To establish a good point to point connection and to broadcast signal through radio
To serve as the main source to prevent the reducing signals strength along urban
areas.
broad knowledge about communication theory. It enables the researchers to relate and
theories, but it will also serve as a learning paradigm for future researchers.
much broader source of Communication studies and theories for our co-students.
The researchers also considered the scopes and delimitation of the given
microwave of the given microwave design. For this part of the research, it focuses on
how long, wide the reach the restriction of the Microwave system are there are some
cope and delimitation which can help other researchers to have good design.
Scope
For the given cell site location, the topographical is also considered.
Microwave system is operating in tropical cities between both site 40km radius
All the given parameters, location and weather conditions are the main focused
of the study.
Delimitation
The two sites are only limited for the subscriber of Tiaong to Tayabas residences.
The distance occupied by the Microwave Systems are limited for only 40km
All materials on making the microwave link and site permits from NTC are not
included.
Overall expenses on material and for the microwave designs are not included.
Organizational Chart
Eric Sales
Team Leader
Theodoric Vanezza
Layos Shyree Alon
Enrico Angelito
Palalon Robles
CHAPTER 2
Crossing, Calamba and Nuvali, Sta. Rosa for GSM Application Involving Edge
Technology.
Abstract:
The designed project was intended to give Philippine Long Distance Telephone
Company (PLDT) a reliable fixed microwave link design from Crossing, Calamba to
Nuvali, Sta. Rosa, Laguna. The study would provide link from PLDT Crossing, Calamba,
to Nuvali, Sta. Rosa, with the use of microwave for the implementation of Enhanced
Data Rate for GSM Evolution. The link is designed to have a reliability of 99.9998% in
The study meant to create a microwave link design that includes the
requirements of a reliable taking into account the requirements given by the National
propagation. Descriptive type of research was used in this study in order to describe the
The design consists of a single hop microwave design with a PL4-65-P7A/F, 1.2
meter antenna, vertically polarized, 6.425-7.11 GHz, gray antenna; EWP63S super
premium elliptical waveguide, and the Harris Truepoint 6500 microwave radio.
system. The estimated total investment cost is Php. 9,541,317.44 with a Php.
59,429,444.44 as the project’s annual income. The total outlay has a rate of return of
309.599% which can be acquired after four months and three days of function.
Canlubang, Laguna and PLDT-Brgy. Maduya, Carmona, Cavite For Voice And Data
Transmission
Abstract:
PLDT-Brgy. Casmisehos and PLDT-Brgy. Maduya. This design could also be used as a
communication link for the companies located in the two sites because PLDT-Brgy
Casmisehos, Canlubang, Laguna is now turning into an industrial park and PLDT-Brgy.
A descriptive research method was used in the study to determine the factors
that could affect the design. These include the path profile, link budget, land elevation,
azimuth, and analysis of atmospheric condition that might affect the reliability of the
design. In addition, calculations were done based on the gathered data and suggestions
of the company. The company recommended using the 6- 7GHz band in the microwave
link. On the other hand, the ITU-R recommendation of 7.25-7.55 GHz was used.
The microwave link design had a path length of 12.62 km. The line of sights
could be poor if there would be any obstruction higher than the elevation of both sites.
These obstructions were only assumed and were based on the topographical map. The
computations that were necessary for achieving the target reliability which was 99.999%
All the expenses for the design were discussed and computed in the economic
study. The study was able to prove that the link design connecting PLDT-Brgy.
Casmisehos and PLDT-Brgy. Maduya for data and voice transmission is feasible.
place more than 80 years ago. In the 1930s, an experimental microwave transmission
system was used to connect the United Kingdom with France bridging the English
Channel without cables. In the 1950s, AT&T built a 10-channel microwave radio relay
system in the United States that was capable of carrying 5,400 long-distance calls per
across the country. In the 1980s, analog RF systems began giving way to more
then, microwave networks typically provided long-haul communications but all that was
cellular telephone.
CHAPTER III
Design Consideration
In design consideration for the Microwave Design, First you have to consider if
the location of your desired cell sites are located in the landslide, earthquake, heavy
if the location of the sites A and B are free from different environmental factors like the
topology of the ground, liquefaction, landslide, earthquake and even though climate in
that location. All of that will be discussed and shown by the different Susceptibility Map.
Landslide Susceptibility
Earthquake Susceptibility
For every infrastructure one of the major problems depending on the calamities is
the earthquake susceptibility because when there’s an earthquake a lot of effects can
be happened like landslide, tsunami, and etc. From the diagram below, we can say that
our desired Microwave Location Links are free from high degree of earthquake
susceptibility. Earthquake Susceptibility has been consider as one of the factor that can
affects the reliability of the signal strength of our Microwave Link. It can easily bend the
antenna towers and by means of that the signal reliability will be affected and can be the
cause of signal malfunction and also earthquake can destroy all the Microwave System
and all of the base station of our towers. Also we considered if the locations of our
towers are free from any fault line. As shown in the diagram the two locations are not
it in the place where there’s less magnitude or low degree zone to make sure that if
there’s a shock or magnitude there is no heavy effect in the reliability of the Microwave
Link.
Liquefaction Susceptibility
Another major problem of the Microwave Link is the heavy rainfall or the
liquefaction level of the locations of our link. Heavy liquefaction on the locations can
cause flooding, landslide and also the tropical cyclone or worse a tsunami. Flooding can
be the large problem if the location is located at heavy rainfall zone, it can cause much
damage for the Microwave Link because during heavy rainfall the reliability of the two
links are affected. Many of the signal diffraction occur when the reflection point reflects
in wet surfaces because heavy rainfall can be the cause of unavailability and reception
Based from PAGASA, The climate is tropical in Tiaong and Tayabas, Quezon. Most
months of the year are marked by significant rainfall. The short dry season has little
averages 27.1 °C. Precipitation here averages 1877 mm. The precipitation varies 228
mm between the driest month and the wettest month. The variation in temperatures
throughout the year is 3.4 °C. Expose to the Average Annual Rainfall: 111.56 inches
This following table is all about the climate conditions of our both location. This
factor is our consideration, it is important to identify the full information about the natural
condition that can affect the structure and operate of our station.
Tiaong, Quezon
Temperature
Meteoblue Weather
Meteoblue Weather
Meteoblue Weather
Tayabas, Quezon
Temperature
Meteoblue Weather
Meteoblue Weather
Meteoblue Weather
It is very important that the Antenna’s line of sight be greatly considered. The
efficiency of the signal’s strength can be affected by various factors also, as without it, it
The calculation of the Fresnel Zone radius determines the clearance of the radio
The earth’s bulge should also be considered. This could help us acquire the
Selecting different equipment’s for the two sites are considered as one of
transmit/receive data and information. Also, the calculations of the microwave link
design are based on the equipment’s specifications. The two sites must have
RADIO EQUIPMENT
Microwave Radio ODU and IDU Huawei RTN 950 Microwave Radio Link
MICROWAVE
WAVEGUIDE
LIGHTNING ARRESTER
RADOME
TOWER
Quick Details
GENERATOR
Beacon
(specify length)
Photometric Specifications
Environmental Specifications
• Temperature: -55°C to +55°C (-67°F to 130°F) • Lens: Heat resistant glass, red
• Humidity: 95% relative humidity • Frame: Cast aluminum with stainless steel
• Wind-blown Rain: Exposure to windblown rain • Dimensions: 850mm H x 305mm Dia. (33.5"H
laden atmosphere.
• Mounting: Quantity 4, 17.5mm (11/16")
• Wind: 240 kph (150 mph) Mechanical diameter holes, 90° apart on a 337mm (13.25")
Rectifier
Location of Sites
SITE A
Location of Sites
SITE B
(Tiaong Boundary)
Path Profiling
Earth Path
Distance Distance Tree Total path
Curvature Elevation
from A from B Growth elevation with
(ec, m, (eo, m,
(d₁, km) (d₂,km) (m) T.G (m, AMSL)
AMSL) AMSL)
0 35.07 0 92 0 111.0000
Path
Optimu elevation
Distanc
First m with
e from Lower
Fres Fresnel Terrain earth
A (d₁, F1
nel clearan buldge
km)
ce Upper Upper Lower (m,
F1 0.6F1 0.6F1 AMSL)
densely
0.000
0 built-up 121.813 121.813 121.81
0
0 area 8 8 38 121.8138 92
4.666 2.799691 126.480 124.613 117.14 93.016764
0.5 2 387 Trees 0 5 76 119.0141 71
6.551 3.930624 128.364 125.744 115.26 82.004117
1 0 313 Trees 8 4 28 117.8832 65
7.964 4.778556 129.778 126.592 113.84 81.962058
1.5 3 986 Trees 1 4 95 117.0352 82
9.127 5.476556 130.941 127.290 112.68 80.890588
2 6 4 Trees 4 3 62 116.3372 24
10.12 6.076511 131.941 127.890 111.68 82.789705
2.5 75 903 Trees 3 3 63 115.7373 88
11.00 6.605193 132.822 128.419 110.80 70.659411
3 87 984 Trees 4 0 51 115.2086 76
11.79 7.078590 133.611 128.892 110.01 71.499705
3.5 77 395 Trees 4 4 61 114.7352 88
Reflection Point
Line of Sight
Perspective
Perspective
Site A
Site B
Cable Layout
1. Site Considerations
Given Parameters:
Unknown parameter:
- Included Angle
DGC = cos – 1 [( sin(Lat. A)) (sin(Lat. B)) + ( cos(Lat. A)) ( cos(Lat. B))( cos Long.
(A-B)]
= Longitude A- Longitude B
= 0 O 18’ 50.42”
cos(13O 57’ 14.73”)) ( cos Long. (121O 39’ 11.77” - 121O 20’ 21.35”))]
DGC ≈ 0.315603809O
DGC ≈ 35.06989526 km
3. Operating frequency
Given:
Unknown Parameters:
Fc = Center Frequency
Fc =
Fc =
Fc = 6.775 GHz
4. Antenna height
Given Parameters:
AMSL)
Unknown parameters:
eb Earth Bulge at the point of obstruction (m, AMSL)
K 4/3 for dry, mountains typical inland, humid and constant areas
(unitless)
eb =
eb =
eb = 1.016764706 m
F1 =17.3 √
F1 = 17.3 √
F1 =4.666152312 m
Optimum Fresnel Clearance at the point of Obstruction:
H = 0.6F1
H = 0.6(4.666152312 m)
H = 2.799691387 m
ho = eb + T.G + Eo + 10m
ho = 1.016764706m +15m + 92m +10m
ho = 118.0167647 m
ha = ea + αA
hb = eb + αB
hb = 107m (AMSL)
H=
ha = ( )
ha = ( )
ha = 121.0612485m (AMSL)
ha = ea + αA
αA = ha - ea
αA = 121.0612485m – 111m
αA = 10.0162485m (AGL)
5. Antenna orientation
Given Parameters:
DGC 0.315603809°
BA = α
BB = 360 – β
α=
β=
α=
α = 105.0971441
β=
β = 74.97756961
BA = α
BA = N 105◦ 5’ 49.72” E
BB = 360 – β
BB = 360◦ – 74.97756961
BB = N 285◦ 1’ 20.75” E
Unknown Parameters:
= =-
0° 1' 22.44”
- 0° 1' 22.44”
6. Reflection Point
Given Parameters:
Unknown Parameters:
GL = Grazing line
y = Quotient of the Antenna height of Site A and the square of the total distance
x = Quotient of the Antenna height of Site B and the square of the total distance
1 mile = 1.6093km
1 foot = 0.3048m
x=
x=
x = 0.7392519845
y=
y=
y = 0.836093788
GL =
√
GL = 0.4846171125
D1 = GL (DGC)
D1 = 0.4846171125(21.79201843)
D1 = 10.56078505 mi (
D1 = 16.99547137 km
D2 = DGC – D1
D2 = 35.06989526 km – 16.99547137 km
D2 = 18.07442389 km
7. Transmission Calculation
F Frequency 6.775GHz
Unknown Parameters:
GA = 36.20181091dBi
GB = 36.20181091dBi
GT = 2 (36.20181091dBi)
GT =72.40362182dBi
Given Parameters:
Waveguide Length
WLA = 0.6m
WLA = 0.6m
WLA = 0.18dB
WLB = 0.6m
WLB = 0.6m
WLB = 0.18Db
WT = WLA + WLB
WT = 0.18dB + 0.18dB
WT = 0.36dB
Where:
FSL = 139.9668754dB
Where:
IL Insertion Loss
Insertion Loss:
2(0.18dB) = 0.36dB
NPL =141.4868754dB
Where:
RSL = PO + GT - NPL
RSL = 28dB + 72.40362182dB – 141.4868754dB
RSL = - 41.08325358 dB
FM (Fade Margin)
FM = RSL – (-RS)
FM = -41.08325358dB – (--69dB)
FM = 27.91674642dB
8 90
18 99
28 99.9
27.91674642 R
38 99.99
48 99.999
R = 99.89925072 %
Where:
FMH =16.91674642 dB
8 90
18 99
16.91674642 R
28 99.9
38 99.99
48 99.999
RH = 99.40125359 %
Where:
RT = RH + R – (RH X R)
RT = 99.99939677 %
Unavailability:
U = 1 – RT
U = 1 – 0.9999939677
U = 6.0323 x 10-6
U = (6.0323 x 10-6) x x
Uhr = 0.052842948 ⁄
Umin = 0.052842948 ⁄ x
Umin = 3.175057688 ⁄
Usec = 3.175057688 ⁄ x
Usec = 190.5034613 ⁄
a = Roughness factor
Urf = 0.000002879 x x
Urf = 0.02522869129 ⁄
Urf = 1.513721478 ⁄
Urf = 90.82328866 ⁄
8. Link Budget
Unknown Parameters:
BA = branching loss at site A
BB = branching loss at site B
ERP = effective radiated power (dBm)
EIRP = effective isotropic radiated power (dBm)
EIRS = effective isotropic received sigdnal (dBm)
ERS = effective received signal (dBm)
RLS = received signal level (dBm)
BA = WLA + RL + 2(IL)
BB = WLB + RL + 2(IL)
ERP = PTX - BA
EIRP = ERP + GTX
BA = 0.94dB
BB = 0.94dB
ERP = 27.06dBm
EIRP = 63.26181091dBm
EIRS = -76.70506449dBm
ERS = -40.50325358dBm
RSL = -41.44325358dBm
The receive signal level at the receiver site which is at site B is -41.44325358dBm
Link Budget
80
63.26181091
60
40 28
20 27.06
0
-20
-40.50325358
-40
-41.44325358
-60
-80 -76.70506449
-100
9. Tower Layout
Site A
Site B
Waveguide Layout
Top View
Back View
Site A Site B
Antenna Alignment
Losses
Radio Equipment
System
Urf = 0.02522869129 ⁄
Urf = 90.82328866 ⁄
Occupational Safety
SAFETY PRECAUTION
exposure to the lightning and power system and unless adequate protection measure is
employed, such exposure may result in fatality, service interruption and excessive
maintenance expenses.
A safety aspect of microwave radio EMR radiation is also defined by standards and
guidelines, and often human exposure 'exclusion' zones exist around the front of
microwave dish antennas, horns and dielectric antennas. Personnel safety must also be
considered around open waveguide ends and waveguide switches with un-terminated
ports. Refer to other material at the GHN on EMR Safety. Treating microwave radiation
safety in a conservative manner is always prudent, never look down open waveguide,
This guide will present a summary of the basics of radiofrequency (RF) and
recommendations are made that, if followed, would enhance the safety of equipment. In
Dress properly with rubber soled shoes, rubber gloves, and long sleeve shirt.
Make sure you have all the tools needed before starting. Some specialized tools
Read the manufacturer's directions and this advisory in full before proceeding.
Assign someone in the erection crew to monitor the use of safety equipment
We also suggest checking directly with the manufacturer for additional guidance
Electrical Safety
General tips
If a fuse blows, turn off all appliances and lights that are on the circuit before
Loose fuses can overheat. If you have plug-type fuses, you should periodically
Pull the plug, not the cord, when disconnecting an electrical device.
Never remove a plug when your hands are wet, or if you’re touching a metal
object.
The third prong of a plug exists for safety reasons. Do not break it off or bypass
it.
Cords and plugs that show signs of wear or damage need to be replaced. Stop
Do not place a cord under a carpet, through a doorway, or anywhere that it could
be stepped on.
Always use extension cords that are properly rated for the amount of electricity
you'll be using.
Extension cords are intended for temporary use. If you need a permanent
Coil up excess cord length and keep the coil intact with plastic ties or Velcro
straps.
If you smell gas don’t touch any electrical switches as it could cause a spark. Go
Always use qualified electricity and gas contractors to install your services and
ask them to ensure the services are installed the right distance apart.
Make sure your services are inspected and maintained regularly. Don’t try any
When using a ladder, keep it away from overhead power lines. Only use ladders
on stable surfaces, and have someone hold the ladder when you're on it.
One of the requirements for the well-equipped amateur station is the fire
extinguisher.
Member/worker in the station should also know how to apply artificial respirations
GROUND
Grounding System
An effective ground system is necessary for every amateur station. The mission
of the grounding system is to two-fold. First, it reduces the possibility of electric shock if
something in a piece of equipment should fail and the chassis of cabinet become ―hot‖.
The second job of the grounding system is to provide a low impedance path to ground
TOWER SAFETY
Working on towers and antenna is dangerous, and possibly fatal to the person with
less knowledge in proper installation. Tower and antenna can cause serious property
damage and personal injury if any part of the installation would fail. Always use the
quality material in the systems. Do not overload the tower, and if there are any doubts,
climber must trust his life to his safety belt. For this reason, nothing less than a
professional quality, commercially made, tested and approved and safety belt is
acceptable.
The most important pieces of safety equipment are the Fall Arrest Harness (FAH)
and the accompanying lanyards. The FAH is the part that you wear and that the
lanyards attach to. The FAH has leg loops and suspenders to help spread the fall forces
over more of your body and has the ability to catch you in a natural position with your
arms and legs hanging below you where you’re able to breath normally.
There are 2 or more lanyards. One is the positioning lanyard. That is, it holds you in
working position and attaches to the Drinks at your waist. They can be adjustable or
fixed and are made from different materials such as nylon rope, steel chain or special
synthetic materials.
HARD HATS
hardware.
The rope is essential for safety erecting towers and installing antennas and cables.
Check your rope before each use for tearing or chafing. Do not attempt to use damage
putting it away.
planning is the most important first step in installing any antenna. Consider what tools
and parts must be assembled and what items must be taken up the tower.
Remember: electric power lines and phone lines look alike. For your safety,
Call your electric power company. Tell them your plans and ask them to come
life is at stake.
Plan your installation carefully and completely before you begin. Successful
be assigned to a specific task, and should know what to do and when to do it.
One person should be in charge of the operation to issue instructions and watch
If the assembly starts to drop, get away from it and let it fall. Remember, the
antenna, mast, cable, and metal guy wires are all excellent conductors of
electrical current. Even the slightest touch of any of these parts to a power line
completes an electrical path through the antenna and the installer: You! If any
part of the antenna system should come in contact with a power line, don’t touch
it or try to remove it yourself. Call your local power company. They will remove it
safely.
If an accident should occur with the power lines call for qualified emergency help
immediately.
The following tower climbing tips were consolidated. The most substantial safely
factor in any kind of dangerous endeavor is the proper attitude. Safety is important and
worthy if careful consideration and implementation is implied. The right attitude toward
safety is requirement for tower climbers. Lip service will not do; however, safety must be
practiced.
The proper ham’s attitude: Do not take any unnecessary chances. There are no
exceptions to this plain and simple rule. It is the first rule of safety and of course
of climbing.
Choose someone to be responsible for all activities on the ground and for all
communication with the climbers. Study the structure to be climbed and choose
Take time to plan your climb and must have step by step procedures to be
followed.
function it is. Label those equipment and rooms that are hazardous. Remember
Don’t climb with anything in your hands; attach it to your safety belt if you must
Don’t put any hardware in your mouth; not only does it taste funny but also you
Remove any rings and/or neck chains; they can get hooked on things.
Don’t try to lift anything by yourself; one person on a tower has very little
leverage or strength. Let the ground crew use their strength; save yours for when
demultiplexes are not decoders themselves, for the purpose of ensuring that the required
but are format container handlers that quality of service is maintained. It is the
separate program streams from a file and amount by which a received signal level
supply them to their respective audio, video, may be reduced without causing system
threshold value.
Diplexer is a passive device that
emit to produce the peak power density Free Space Loss (FSL) - the loss in signal
diffraction. delay.
Full Duplex - Allows communication in both IDU (Indoor Unit) - Accesses a service
Gain - is the ratio of the power output to the Input/output Connection –It is the
power input of the amplifier in db. The gain interconnections between the I/O devices,
is specified in the linear operating range of usually by the use of coaxial, BNC
Ghz –A one billion Hertz. Usually used in This value not only includes the reflected
the component.
High pass Filter - A filter which passes
high frequencies and rejects low Interface - The point of interaction with
hot standby can be used to refer to any two waves superimpose to form resultant
Interference usually refers to the interaction filter ideally displays a constant delay in its
Linear Phase Filter –is a filter that exhibits transmitter produces at its output.
enclosure that protects a microwave (e.g. is desirable to reject or attenuate all signals
Sensitivity - The minimum magnitude of including television. They are among the
System Gain –is the difference between North Pole. True geodetic north usually
the nominal output power of a transmitter differs from magnetic north and from grid
Voice Channel Capacity - The tightest Waveguide - A structure that guides waves,
upper bound on the rate of information that such as electromagnetic waves or sound
communications channel.