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OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Types of flows - Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction
factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formulae for uniform flow – Most Economical
sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical
sub-critical and super critical flows.

Non uniform flows: Dynamic equation for G.V.F.,


Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-
surface profiles-direct step method-

Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation.

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Non–uniform flow in channels
• Non uniform flow is the one in which the depth of
flow changes from one section to another along the
length of the channel. Non-uniform flow is also
called varied Flow.
• Gradually varied flow GVF
• Rapidly varied flow RVF
• The Gradually varied flow is a steady non–uniform
flow in which the depth of flow varies gradually.
• Eg: Flow upstream of a weir.
• Flow downstream of a sluice gate.
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Flow upstream of a weir.

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Flow downstream of a sluice gate.

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Non–uniform flow in channels
• In R.V.F. the depth of flow changes abruptly over a
comparatively short distance.

• Eg: Hydraulic jump.


• Hydraulic drop.

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Hydraulic jump.

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Hydraulic jump.

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Dynamic equation of Gradually varied flow:

• The dynamic equation for gradually varied flow can


be derived from the basic energy equation with
few assumptions.

a) Dynamic Equation of G.V.F:

– - Derived from basic energy equation.


• concept of Backwater curve – drawdown curve.

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Backwater curve

OBSTRUCTION

Depth of flow y

Length of channel x

Uniform flow GVF


dy
is +ve i.e. y increases as x increases.
dx
dy
increases in its direction.
dx
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- Drawdown curve

dy is –ve y decreases as x increses


dx

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Deferential Equation for GVF

V2

2g

y = d cosө d

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• y is the vertical distance measured.
V2
H  z  d cos   
2g
• Total energy

2
dH dz d (d ) d V
  cos   ( )
dx dx dx dx 2 g

• cosθ may be assumed to be constant in a


small
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dz
•  tan   S 0 bottom of slope of channel
dx
• As x increases ‘z’ decreases

• dz is negative.

dx
dz
 S0
dx
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• ‘H’ is the total Energy line.

• As ‘x’ increases ‘H’ decreases.

• Considering energy loss.

dH
is also  ve   S f
dx

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2
• Substituting dd d V
 S f   S 0  cos   ( )
dx dx 2 g
2
dd d V
S 0  S f  cos   ( )
dx dx 2 g
2
dd d V dd
S 0  S f  cos   ( ).
dx dd 2 g dx
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dd  dd d V  2
 cos   ( )
dx  dx dd 2 g 

dd S0  S f
 2
dx d V
cos    ( )
dd 2 g
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• For small particular reach
cos   1
y  d cos   d (1)  d  y

• and  is approximated to unity

• dd d dy
 ( y) 
dx dx dx
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dy S0  S f
  2
dx d V
1 ( )
dy 2 g

S 0can be found from Manning’s formula

S f may also be found using Manning’s formula, for small


reaches of channel.

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2 2
d V d Q
( ) ( 2
)
dy 2 g dy 2 gA
2
Q d 1
 . ( 2)
2 g dy A
assuming steady flow

Q  2 dA
2
 ( 3. )
2 g A dy

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Q T 2
 3
gA

dy S 0  S f
  2
dx QT
1 3
gA

dy S0  S f
 
dx Q 2T
1
gA3
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dy S 0  S f

dx Q 2T
1 3
gA

 Sf 
 1 
 S0  So 
 Q 2T 
1  3 
 gA 

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• For wide rectangular channel
By By
R  y
B  2y B

1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V R S
n

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1
Q  AR S
2 / 3 1/ 2

n
1
 By n yn S 0
2 / 3 1/ 2
Uniform flow
n

1
 By y S f
2/3 1/ 2 For given flow
n condition

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1 2/3
Sf
1/ 2 Byn yn 5/3
n yn
1/ 2
  5/3
S 1 y
0 By y 2 / 3
n
10 / 3
Sf yn yn 10 / 3
 10 / 3  ( )
S0 y y

and
2 2 2 2
QT Q B Q q yc 3
3
 3 3
 2 3
 3 ( )
gA g.B y gB y gy y
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 yn 10 / 3 
 1 ( ) 
dy y
  S0  
dx  1  ( yc ) 3 
 y 
If Chezy’s Formula is used

 yn 3 
 1 ( ) 
dy y
 S0  
dx  1  ( yc ) 3 
 y 
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Relation b/w water surface slope channel bottom slope

dy
• The term represents the slope of water surface
dx
with respect to channel bottom. But often the water
surface slope with respect to horizontal may be
required to be determined.

• As such a relation b/w the water surface slope s ,


dy w
channel bottom slope S 0 and the slope may be
dx
developed.

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For raising water surface,
From the triangle abd
bd cd  cb
S w  sin   
ba ba
cd
But  sin   S 0
ba
cb dy

ba dx

dy
S w  S0 
dx
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For falling water surface

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From  abd
bd bc  cd
S w  sin   
ab ab
But
bc dy

ab dx
cd
 sin   S 0
ba

dy
Sw  S0 
dx
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Classification of Channel bottom slopes:
i) Critical slope: The channel bottom slope is
designated as critical when the bottom slope =
critical slope S c

ii) Mild slope: S 0  S c y n  yc

iii) Steep slope: S 0  SSc 0


yn  yc

iv) Horizontal slope: S0  0 yn  

v) Adverse slope: S0  0 yn imaginary or non  existent


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Classification of surface profiles
With respect to bottom slopes

In Mild Sloped Cannels “M” curves


Steep Sloped Cannels “S” curves
Critical Sloped Cannels “C” curves
Horizontal Sloped Cannels “H” curves
Adverse Sloped Cannels “A” curves

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Bottom Slopes Of Channel:
(characteristics of flow profile)
1
Q  AR 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
n

Uniform flow with critical condition existing in


channel.
Q  K n S 0  Kc Sc

S0  Sc
Critical slope
and yn  yc
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For S0  Sc
Then Mild Slope
yn  yc Sub critical and uniform

for S0  Sc Steep Slope


then Super Critical and Uniform

yn  yc

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for horizontal bottom channel
S0  0
Q  K n So
 Kn  
 y n   uniform flow does not exist.

For Adverse Slope


S 0 is –ve.
K n is imaginary
i.e. y n is imaginary
Uniform flow does not exits.
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Sustaining and Non-Sustaining Slope:
Sustaining

Mild Steep Critical

Uniform flow Possible

Non-Sustaining

Adverse Horizontal

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Uniform flow is not possible
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Surface Profiles:
i. Backwater Curve:

  y 10 / 3 
S 0 1   n  
dy S 0  S f   y 
   
2 3
dx QT
1 3  yc 
1   
gA  y 
10 / 3
dy  yn 
 ve 1    0 y  yn
dx  y

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3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y

y  y n  yc y  yc  y n

y  yn  yc - Mild Slope Channel Sub


Critical Flow  y  y c 

y  yc  y n - Sub Critical Flow in Steep


Sloped Channel.

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dy
is  ve
dx
10 / 3
 yn 
1    0 y  yn
 y
3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y

y  y n  yc - Super critical flow in steep


sloped channel  y  yc 
y  yc  yn- Super critical flow in mild
slope channel.

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ii. Draw Down Curve:
 dy 
 is  ve 
 dx 
dy
 ve
dx
10 / 3
 yn 
1    0 y  yn
 y
3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y
y n  y  y c - Sub critical flow in mild sloped
channel  y n  yc 
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10 / 3
 yn 
1    0 y  yn
 y
3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y

y n  y  yc - Super critical flow in a steep


sloped channel.

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iii. For uniform flow:
dy
0
dx
  y 10 / 3 
S 0 1   n  
  y 
  0
3
 yc 
1   
 y
2
 yn 
1     0  y  yn
 y
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Uniform Critical Flow y  yn  yc

If y  y c
3
 yc 
1     0
 y
dy

dx
So critical flow does not exit in nature

y  y n  y c in Mild slope channel uniform flow.


y  y n  yc uniform flow in a steep sloped
channel.
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iv. Flow in Horizontal bottom channel S 0  0 
- Uniform flow is not possible.
GVF is possible.

dy S 0  S f
 2
dx Q T
1 3
gA
For Horizontal bottom channel
dy S0  S f
 3
dx  yc 
1   
 y
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Q  K n S0

when S 0  0, Q

S0

 kn  
yn  
for
dy to be +ve
dx
3
 yc 
1    is  ve
 y
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3
 yc 
1     0  y  yc
 y
yn  
y  yc  y n - super critical flow in horizontal
bottom channel.

dy
For to be –ve
dx
3
 yc 
1     0 y  yc
 y
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y n  y  y c - Sub critical in horizontal bottom
channel (drawdown curve)

when y  yc
3
 yc 
1     0
 y

dy S0  S f
 3

dx  yc 
1   
 y
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M1

M2 NDL y n  yc mild slope

CDL
M3

Critical depth line

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NDL

M2
CDL Drawdown curve

S0

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NDL

CDL

S0

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 dy 
M3  Backwater curve  increases 
 dx 

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Normal Critical Slope channel

I
C1
CDL, NDL
C3
III

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Horizontal bottom channel

H1  Draw down only


H3  Back water curve

Adverse slope channel

A2  Draw down
A3  Back water curve.

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Further classification depending upon the position of
water surface relativey to
and yn c

Normal depth line NDL


Critical depth line CDL

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Standard step method

- is also applicable to non prismatic channels.

Hydraulic elements in non prismatic channels are no


longer independent of the distance along the
channel.

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Water surface elevation are with respect to
datum

X 1  y1  z1 ( S 0 dx  z 2  y 2 )
and X 2  z 2  y 2

The friction loss is

S f1  S f 2
h f  S f dx  dx
2

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Total head at section (1) and (2)

2 2
V1 V2
S 0 dx  y1  1  y2   2  S f dx  he  hf
2g 2g

2 2
V1 V2
X 1  1  X2 2  h f  he
2g 2g

he - eddy loss in non prismatic

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2
V1
H 1  X 1  1
2g
2
V2
H2  X2 2
2g

H 1  H 2  h f  he

- basic equation that defines the procedure of the


standard step method.

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Direct Step Method:
Integration of the GVF Equation.

In practice it is required to determine the distance


upto which the surface profile of gradually varied
flow extends.

1. Step method.
2. Graphical Integration method.
3. Direct integration method ( Bresses method)

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1. Step Method:

Sf
2
V1 2
V2
2g 2g

y1
y2

S0
dx

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Direct step method:
2 2
V1 V2
y1   S 0 dx  y z   S f dx
2g 2g

E1  S 0 dx  E2  S f dx

E1  E2  ( S f  S 0 )dx

E1  E2
dx 
S f  S0

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THE END

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Three cases
dy
Case 1: If  0, S 0  S f ; yn  y
dx

dy
Case 2: for 0
dx

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i.e

yn  y i.e. y  yn

3
 yc 
and 1     0; y  yc
 y

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y  yn and y  yc
Either y  yn  yc

yn  yc  mild slope channel


So for y  yn  yc Backwater flow
 mild slope, sub critical
(or)

y  yc  y n  Steep Slope Backwater profile


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dy
0
dx

yn 10 / 3
1 ( )  0
y
10 / 3
 yn 
1    y  yn
 y 

3
 yc 
1     0
 y
2
 yc 
1    y  yc
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67
y  y n  y c - Steep Sloped Back Water Profile.
y  yc  y n - Mild Sloped Channel.

So in both the above two cases we get mild slopes


and back water profile but y is more in first case, y is
less in second come.

Horizontal Slope:

Q  kn S0  Kc Sc

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