A Tale of Two Calendars PDF

A Tale of Two
Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
A Tale of Two Calendars Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
C. K. Raju Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Birthday Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I As a child my birthday was a very important day in my navigation
life. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Birthday Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I Date of birth in my passport is an important aspect of
The Indian
my identification. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Birthday Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I Date of birth in my passport is an important aspect of
The Indian
my identification. calendar reform
committee
I What is your birthday? Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
The year of your birth Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I Let us say you were born in 1967.
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I Q. From what epoch is the 1967 years counted? Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I Q. Does the year 1 (or 0) indicate some historical event? The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I Q. Does the year 1 (or 0) indicate some historical event? The Indian
calendar reform
I (Typical answer) “the birth of Christ” committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Jesus Calendars
a myth not a historical figure C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I So, you state your year of birth Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Jesus Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I by relating it to the birth of Jesus, Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Jesus Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
The Indian
I indirectly claiming that Jesus was a real historical figure. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Jesus Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
The Indian
I indirectly claiming that Jesus was a real historical figure. calendar reform
committee
I But Jesus is just a myth not a real historical figure. Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
A thousand lies make a truth Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I Because dates are stated often navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
I and a thousand lies make a truth
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I billions of people come to believe that there really was a The Indian
Jesus calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I billions of people come to believe that there really was a The Indian
Jesus calendar reform
committee
I who was born at the beginning of the calendar. Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Right to identity Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I Now my date of birth is part of my identity.
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I I want to describe my identity truthfully. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I So what should I do? The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I So what should I do? The Indian
calendar reform
I I have to tell a long story. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Long story Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I I must add that there was no historical Jesus. Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
I The story of Jesus or Iesu derives from the Egyptian navigation
mystery (symbolic story) of Isis. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I The intermediate entities are the Greek god of sexual
The Indian
love, Bacchus, and the Egyptian-Greek deity Serapis. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I The intermediate entities are the Greek god of sexual
The Indian
love, Bacchus, and the Egyptian-Greek deity Serapis. calendar reform
committee
I (As the Greek historian Herodotus said, the Greeks Calendar and
copied their gods from Egypt. As Porphyry explained, religious politics
again
Bacchus was Isis.) Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Euclid and Jesus Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I Longer story told in my book Euclid and Jesus available Indian calendar
from amazon.com and amazon.in. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
What difference does it make? Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
I What difference does it make today? the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
I E.g., many people today say Christianity is an Calendar and
navigation
“Abrahamic” religion.
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
Incomplete reform
I That is completely false. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
Incomplete reform
I Beliefs of pre-Nicene Christians like Origen very similar The Indian

calendar reform
to karma-samskāra of Hinduism. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
Incomplete reform
I Beliefs of pre-Nicene Christians like Origen very similar The Indian

calendar reform
to karma-samskāra of Hinduism. committee
Calendar and
I That depends upon time beliefs which make a religious politics
again
difference to current physics, see my book The Eleven
Conclusions
Pictures of Time (Sage, 2003).
A Tale of Two
Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
A deliberate falsehood Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I Relating your year of birth to Jesus is not only a Western inferiority
Calendar and
falsehood navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
I it is a deliberate falsehood taught to you. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I Well known that the zero point of that calendar was
The Indian
fixed in 6th c. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I Well known that the zero point of that calendar was
The Indian
fixed in 6th c. calendar reform
committee
I by Dionysius Exiguus in relation to calculations about Calendar and
the Christian ritual of Easter (related to the superstition religious politics
again
about the resurrection of Jesus). Conclusions
A Tale of Two
AD Calendars
Anno domini C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I Further, I was taught in childhood to add AD and BC navigation
to dates, so it should be 1967 AD. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
AD Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I What is AD?
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
AD Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I What is AD?
The Indian
I AD = Anno Domini = year of our Lord. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
AD Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I What is AD?
The Indian
I AD = Anno Domini = year of our Lord. calendar reform
committee
I So, by saying AD you indirectly acknowledge Jesus as Calendar and
religious politics
your Lord and dominator. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
BC Calendars
Before Christ C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I Similarly, to state old historical dates navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
BC Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
I you are taught to say BC.
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
BC Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I BC = Before Christ. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
BC Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
calendar reform
I But Christ is not a surname for Jesus committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
BC Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
calendar reform
I But Christ is not a surname for Jesus committee
I Christ = “saviour” so in saying BC you are admitting to Calendar and

religious politics
the Christian belief that Jesus is your saviour. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Is this OK? Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I Suppose with every date one states, children are asked Western inferiority
to repeat Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I “in the year of our Lord Rama” Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
Indian calendar
I “before our saviour Rama”.
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
Indian calendar
The Indian
I People would object. Why should it be necessary to calendar reform
committee
bring in Rama just to state a date?
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
Indian calendar
The Indian
I People would object. Why should it be necessary to calendar reform
committee
bring in Rama just to state a date?
Calendar and
religious politics
I Why not also object to the AD-BC superstition which is again
taught along with ABCD? Conclusions
A Tale of Two
More mischief Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I A more neutral terminology is CE meaning Christian navigation
Era. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I That is mischievously misread as “Common Era”
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I That is mischievously misread as “Common Era”
The Indian
I in accord with Christian triumphalist history that calendar reform
committee
Christianity will be universal. Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Religious politics of the calendar Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I In my books I often have to begin with this long story navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
I just so that the lay reader can understand the way I
Indian calendar
state dates
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
I just so that the lay reader can understand the way I
Indian calendar
state dates
The Indian
I and the religious politics involved in the calendar taught calendar reform
committee
in school. Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Bad education Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I Most people learn about dates as children
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I and never ask questions. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I and never ask questions. Indian calendar
I The case of the calendar shows how colonial education The Indian
calendar reform
indoctrinates them. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
The first lesson in school Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I Colonial education was church education when it came: Western inferiority
Calendar and
it aims to indoctrinate. navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
I The first lesson one learns in school is that everything Incomplete reform
you do at home is wrong. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
The Indian
I What clothes you wear, the language you speak, how calendar reform
committee
you eat (and what you eat).
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
The Indian
I What clothes you wear, the language you speak, how calendar reform
committee
you eat (and what you eat).
Calendar and
I The second lesson is that the West is superior so religious politics
again
imitating the West makes you superior. Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Feeling superior Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I So, I learnt to wear a tie and shoes, and feel superior, Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
I speak English and feel superior, Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
I eat with knife and fork and feel superior, Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
The Indian
I say AD and BC and feel superior! calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
The Indian
I say AD and BC and feel superior! calendar reform
committee
I Church/racist/colonial history always taught superiority Calendar and
for some trifling reasons such as skin-color. religious politics
again
Conclusions
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nur& Eugle {E C?]) Esg qHE €F9e rgug Fr,rrn $ PlE sE tr}llt Duarrrro }dlh q
(bsin |to|bE EIO IEE chep
Fe tsjf g}ll
e u$c hsdr8 PE FE 'hus les e +UlS BhtbJ + Pt,$t, tall+L}6 nF
sah"'blpE Erts + pBc S )shxp hHaIB"'RlhD ErS qbllr"'e t"'ueE rPPr gtu ng 'Pu aq tueE
t* + lle hllr + EF Llr r'PhrnqlDl€ F p& nup
p'Fela1' +'ls 6r )rl.urp r-r$B s o*+ *p +Fh
ir&r.lu rrr Ut, lhd l!e^h. ErF4 p. u*r pe pa+ th )bPlU s L
r bbJH b5rh 'g*il r,pJh )2)u s hp4 5 nis+ D:h{a D} {h
I l+ +F^ls. / t rrICl&Ûh hFg t'U,>ntneJiule h r,sPlqc hlrl+
fEt:hn tb |lorol- 9 L rt{l}rrqo h helb l+FJ}} b htpba
Fh ,L l+ l-CI
; ,t't}} )lE 4 pe ptdt, tz6u [q" ibPU sLtHtFroJ
tt ali€ rtrutD.tge Eb{hlle
F** O eBlbPru ktrflqc
}t UU',I .ls bt1qle 11
r''rE\s rp lnltblhlho qclP
Ftf tr'trn !ts FlllbJ llEl shiJh l'lBbJ l.)lllFlgh "r'pon
r
b^ lla,ll>lnl krh l\lnlla l.rl>la
A Tale of Two
Western calendar Calendars
A story of persistent Western inferiority C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I But why is the Western calendar superior? Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Indian calendar
I Have we examined the matter scientifically?
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Indian calendar
I Have we examined the matter scientifically?
The Indian
I In fact, the Western calendar tells the story of calendar reform
committee
persistent Western inferiority in math and science. Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Western calendar: Origins Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I The Greek historian Herodotus tells us that the Greeks Western inferiority
copied also their calendar from Egypt (not only their Calendar and
navigation
gods). Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
navigation
I However, Greeks and Romans could not maintain the Indian calendar
calendar they copied. The Indian

calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
navigation

calendar reform
committee
I because they were arithmetically incompetent,
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
navigation

calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
I Romans laughed at the “Greek calends”, religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
navigation

calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
I Romans laughed at the “Greek calends”, religious politics
again
I but their own calendar was hopelessly bad. Conclusions
A Tale of Two
The Julian reform Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I In -48 CE Julius Caesar conquered Egypt. Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I he reformed the Roman calendar in -46 CE with great Incomplete reform
fanfare. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I (Moral: culture flows towards barbarian military The Indian

calendar reform
conquerors.) committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I (Moral: culture flows towards barbarian military The Indian

calendar reform
conquerors.) committee
Calendar and
I To realign the calendar with the equinoxes, a year of religious politics
again
445 days was needed, showing how much in error the
Conclusions
Roman calendar then was.
A Tale of Two
Months and the moon Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I The Egyptians saw that the Romans were arithmetically Calendar and
challenged: navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
I hence they were unable to correlate months with the
Indian calendar
cycle of the moon. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
calendar reform
I So, they gave the Romans a simple calendrical system committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
calendar reform
I So, they gave the Romans a simple calendrical system committee
I in which months no longer related to the cycle of the Calendar and

religious politics
moon. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
The Julian leap Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I The Sosigenes calendar started with 7 months of 30 Western inferiority
days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I with a leap year every fourth year. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
Indian calendar
I The Romans grabbed credit by naming the calendar
The Indian
after Julius, calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
I but they did not understand even these simple
Calendar and
instructions. religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
I but they did not understand even these simple
Calendar and
instructions. religious politics
again
I They foolishly added a leap year every three years! Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Augustus Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I The mistake was corrected in the time of Augustus Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Augustus Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I who insisted that a month (August) should hence be Incomplete reform
named after him. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Augustus Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I To compete with Julius he added one day to August to The Indian

calendar reform
make it 31 days. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Augustus Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I To compete with Julius he added one day to August to The Indian

calendar reform
make it 31 days. committee
Calendar and
I The two extra days were stolen from February. religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Roman months Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Thus months on the Roman calendar have 28, 29, 30, Calendar and
navigation
and 31 days Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
I and cannot correspond to the lunar cycle. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
I This non-textual evidence conclusively shows that The Indian

calendar reform
Greeks and Romans were inferior in astronomy committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
I This non-textual evidence conclusively shows that The Indian

calendar reform
Greeks and Romans were inferior in astronomy committee
Calendar and
I for they could not keep track of the lunar cycle. religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Roman year Calendars
Solar cycle C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I Romans couldn’t manage the solar cycle either!
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I The system of a leap year every fourth year assumes Indian calendar
that the year is 365 41 days. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
calendar reform
I Is that correct? committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
calendar reform
I Is that correct? committee
Calendar and
I This is wrong! Even if you learnt it in school. religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Arithmetically challenged Calendars
Both Greeks and Romans C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
I The tropical year is the time between two equinoxes of the calendar and
Western inferiority
the same type (summer equinox to summer equinox
Calendar and
say). navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
say). navigation
Incomplete reform
I Its duration is approximately 365.242 (tropical) days,
Indian calendar
NOT 365.25 days.
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
say). navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
NOT 365.25 days.
The Indian
I In early Greek or Roman numerals there is no way to calendar reform
committee
state so accurate a fraction as 365242
1000 Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
say). navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
NOT 365.25 days.
The Indian
committee
1000 Calendar and
religious politics
I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions again
(parts of 12). Conclusions

A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
say). navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
NOT 365.25 days.
The Indian
committee
1000 Calendar and
religious politics
I The Romans had names for only a few simple fractions again
(parts of 12). Conclusions
I Hence, they chose 365 14 since they could not even say
the right length of the year.
A Tale of Two
What difference does that make? Calendars
The Christian calendar C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I In the 4th c. (Nicene council) the church adopted the Western inferiority
Calendar and
Julian calendar as its religious calendar navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
I to fix the date of Easter. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I Easter (not Christmas) was then the major Christian
The Indian
festival. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
I Since then, the Julian calendar is also the Christian Calendar and
calendar. religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
I Since then, the Julian calendar is also the Christian Calendar and
calendar. religious politics
again
I (Hence, also, called “Julian”, not Egyptian, to suppress Conclusions
Egyptian origins.)
A Tale of Two
The date of Easter Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Easter was defined as the first Sunday (Christian holy
Calendar and
day) after the first full moon after the vernal equinox navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover Incomplete reform
(which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to Indian calendar
The Indian
the next Sunday. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I provided it did not coincide with the Jewish Passover Incomplete reform
(which is like Bakr-Id), in which case it was shifted to Indian calendar
The Indian
the next Sunday. calendar reform
committee
I So, to fix the date of Easter required a calendar which
Calendar and
could (a) correctly fix the date of the equinox and (b) religious politics
again
describe also the lunar cycle.
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
The slip in the date of Easter Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I The error of 0.01 days in 1 year (in the length of the
Incomplete reform
year on the Roman calendar)
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I meant an error of 1 day in a 100 years. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I meant an error of 1 day in a 100 years. The Indian
calendar reform
I Hence, the date of Easter slipped within a century. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Hilarious reforms Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I Various calendar reforms were hence attempted in the Western inferiority
Calendar and
5th c., notably by Pope Hilarius navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
I But those calendar reforms failed. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I The church controlled the Roman state then, hence had
The Indian
access to all knowledge in the empire. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I The church controlled the Roman state then, hence had
The Indian
access to all knowledge in the empire. calendar reform
committee
I Hence failure of calendar reforms means the then lack Calendar and
of serious knowledge of astronomy in the entire Roman religious politics
again
empire. Conclusions
A Tale of Two
No Claudius Ptolemy Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
I Contrary to stories of Greek glorification. the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
I Specifically the Almagest attributed to a 2nd c. Calendar and
Claudius Ptolemy (unrelated to Ptolemy dynasty) did navigation
Incomplete reform
not then exist in its present form.
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the The Indian
tropical year, which was never used in the Christian calendar reform
committee
calendar. Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I It had a slightly better (but still incorrect) length of the The Indian
tropical year, which was never used in the Christian calendar reform
committee
calendar. Calendar and
religious politics
I Thus, failure of 5th c. calendar reforms proves that again
stories of early Greek achievements in astronomy are Conclusions
fraudulent.
A Tale of Two
Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Precise fractions Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I In contrast, Indians had a sophisticated way to state navigation
fractions. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I The duration of the sidereal year was stated by the 5th
The Indian
c. Āryabhat.a as follows (Gitika 3) calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I The duration of the sidereal year was stated by the 5th
The Indian
c. Āryabhat.a as follows (Gitika 3) calendar reform
committee
I using precise fractions with large denominators. Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
GITIKL SECTION I Gitika So.
A Tale of Two
Āryabhat.a
REVOLUTION.NT]MBERS AND ZERO POINI Calendars
Gitika 3gtrttqqx{rr c{Er $flqr

C. K. Raju
qqfiif,l ssQg, 5 ibihigqquq'

,. 1 {ttfi
tE({- \ I Calendar &
religious politics
sift 6&qre, ge I(d'
Colonial education,
GITIKL SECTION
;grr, gs q{ieqsg, uuSq*r! il 1I Gitika
lt
So. the calendar and
Western inferiority
REVOLUTION.NT]MBERS AND ZERO POINI
q;i\€q '{Geu, sq
gtrttqqx{rr c{Er
Calendar and
navigation
$flqr
$$itrga, Ug udlgg,
qqfiif,l ssQg, ibihigfrqrql t Incomplete reform
qraiidlqr, 5
qquq'
,. 1 {ttfi
tE({- \ I
gtsqq
sift 6&qre, ge I(d'
Indian calendar
;grr, gs q{ieqsg,
sqraqqw,TqqTEq qgrtr( ll ?illi The Indian
uuSq*r! 1 lt calendar reform
committee
3.4. lt a yugo, the eestward revolutions of the Sun are 43120,000 3
q;i\€q
of the Moon, '{Geu,ofsqthe Earth,3 1,58,22137,500; of
5,77,53,336; Calendar and
religious politics
Saturn, 1.,46,564; of Jupiterr 3,641224; of Mars, 22196,824;
Yenus, theUg
of Mercury and$$itrga, udlgg, frqrql t
same as those of the Sun ; of the
again
Conclusions
Moon's apogee, qraiidlqr,
gtsqq 4,881219 ; of (the tighrocca of'| Mercury,
sqraqqw,TqqTEq qgrtr(
1.,79,37,&20; of (the lighrocca of Yenus, 70,22,388;
ll ? liof (the
lrghroccas of ) the other planets, the same as those of the
3.4. lt a yugo, the eestward revolutions of the Sun are 43120,000 3
Sun ; of the moon's asceniling node iu the opposite direction
of the Moon, 5,77,53,336; of the Earth,3 1,58,22137,500; of
(i.e., westward), 2,32,226.4 'Ihese revolutions commenced at
Saturn, 1.,46,564; of Jupiterr 3,641224; of Mars, 22196,824;
the of Mercury of
beginning the sign Aries on those of the at
and Yenus, the same asWednesday
sunrise
Sun ; of the
at Lafika (when it was the commencement of the current yuga).
Moon's apogee, 4,881219 ; of (the tighrocca of'| Mercury,
A Tale of Two
contd. C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I Thus, the 5th c. Āryabhat.a gives the lendgth of the
Incomplete reform
year as a precise fraction
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
contd. C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I
The Indian
1582237500 − 4320000 calendar reform
= 365.25868. committee
4320000
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
contd. C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I
The Indian
1582237500 − 4320000 calendar reform
= 365.25868. committee
4320000
Calendar and
I This is the duration of the sidereal year. religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Āryabhat.a’s value Calendars
Sidereal year C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Thus, Āryabhat.a’s value for a sidereal year was
Calendar and
365.2586 days compared to its modern value of navigation
365.2563 days. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I So Āryabhat.a’s error was in the 3rd place after the Indian calendar
The Indian
decimal point. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
The Indian
committee
I His value was an order of magnitude more accurate.
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
The Indian
committee
I His value was an order of magnitude more accurate.
Calendar and
religious politics
I (Some silly writers have failed to notice that it is the again
sidereal year, which is more than 365.25 days, unlike the Conclusions
tropical year which is less.)
A Tale of Two
Interim summary Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Thus, the calendar provides robust non-textual evidence Calendar and
that navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
that navigation
Incomplete reform
I early Greeks and Romans were inferior and backward in
Indian calendar
mathematics and astronomy compared to Indians. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
that navigation
Incomplete reform
I early Greeks and Romans were inferior and backward in
Indian calendar
mathematics and astronomy compared to Indians. The Indian
calendar reform
I This is contrary to all sorts of bosh about Greek committee
achievements claimed on the strength of late (post-12th Calendar and
religious politics
c.) texts (plus numerous biased speculations). again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Step 1: Learning arithmetic from India Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Western inferiority in mathematics and astronomy Calendar and

navigation
persisted for centuries. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I Realizing that, the West started importing knowledge Indian calendar
from the time of the Crusades (12th c.) The Indian

calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I Realizing that, the West started importing knowledge Indian calendar
from the time of the Crusades (12th c.) The Indian

calendar reform
committee
I Indian knowledge of arithmetic was first imported in the
Calendar and
10th c. through the Hisab al Hind of al Khwarizmi. religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
“Arabic numerals” Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
I The West accepted its arithmetic inferiority by
Colonial education,
abandoning Roman numerals for “Arabic numerals” the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
I But the full story is this. Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
I This Indian method of arithmetic was wrongly called
Incomplete reform
“Arabic numerals” because Westerner did not Indian calendar
understand that arithmetic. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
Incomplete reform
calendar reform
I Gerbert (Pope Sylvester) who brought Indian arithmetic committee
from Cordoba in 976 thought there was some magic in Calendar and
religious politics
the shape of the numerals. Hence the term “Arabic again
numerals”. Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
Incomplete reform
calendar reform
I Gerbert (Pope Sylvester) who brought Indian arithmetic committee
from Cordoba in 976 thought there was some magic in Calendar and
religious politics
the shape of the numerals. Hence the term “Arabic again
numerals”. Conclusions
I The future infallible pope foolishly built an abacus for

algorithms!
A Tale of Two
The pope’s apices Calendars
Foolishly using an abacus for algorithms! C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Gregorian reform of 1582 Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I Florentine merchants understood algorithms, navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
I but practical mathematics was introduced in the Jesuit
Indian calendar
syllabus by Clavius only around 1572.
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
I but practical mathematics was introduced in the Jesuit
Indian calendar
syllabus by Clavius only around 1572.
The Indian
I Clavius also authored the 1582 Gregorian calendar calendar reform
committee
reform Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
What the Gregorian reform did Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I The Gregorian reform corrected the duration of the Calendar and
navigation
tropical year.
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
tropical year.
Incomplete reform
I Every 100th year was made not a leap year. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
tropical year.
Incomplete reform
I Every 1000th year was made a leap year. The Indian

calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
tropical year.
Incomplete reform

calendar reform
committee
I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241.
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
tropical year.
Incomplete reform

calendar reform
committee
I So duration of year = 365.25 - 0.01 + 0.001 = 365.241.
Calendar and
I How did Clavius arrive at this figure? religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Reform based on documents Calendars
Not knowledge C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I The Gregorian reform was also based on imported Western inferiority
documents. Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I Thus, there were no fresh observations involved. Incomplete reform
(Tycho’s masonry instruments were far too erroneous.) Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I Without observational confirmation, Protestants The Indian

calendar reform
(British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian committee
reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after Calendar and
religious politics
Newton’s death). again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I Without observational confirmation, Protestants The Indian

calendar reform
(British, including Newton) rejected the Gregorian committee
reform as a papal plot and accepted it only 1752 (after Calendar and
religious politics
Newton’s death). again
Conclusions
I So, Europeans did not know the right length of the year
even in the 17th c.
A Tale of Two
Jesuit spy Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
I Clavius’ student and Jesuit spy Matteo Ricci was in the calendar and
Western inferiority
India
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
India
Calendar and
I in Cochin trying to understand Indian methods of navigation
timekeeping. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
India
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I We know he sent back material to Clavius
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
India
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
I For Clavius published (in 1608) trigonometric tables calendar reform
committee
with ten decimal place precision available only in India. Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
India
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
I For Clavius published (in 1608) trigonometric tables calendar reform
committee
with ten decimal place precision available only in India. Calendar and
religious politics
I (And Clavius did not know enough trigonometry to again
determine the size of the earth, which was determined Conclusions
in Europe only in 1672 by Picard.)

A Tale of Two
Ricci’s letter of 1581 Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
I In 1581 Ricci was in Cochin and wrote that he was religious politics
looking for “an honorable Moor or an intelligent Colonial education,

the calendar and
Brahmin to tell him about Indian methods of Western inferiority
timekeeping”. Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
The practical reason for Gregorian reform Calendars
Needed for navigation C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I Though never mentioned in Western history, the Western inferiority
Gregorian calendar reform had a practical motive, Calendar and

navigation
related to wealth.
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
related to wealth.
Incomplete reform
I A good calendar was needed for navigation, Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
related to wealth.
Incomplete reform
I since latitude determination through measurement of The Indian

calendar reform
solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the committee
correct date of equinox to determine solar declination. Calendar and

religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
related to wealth.
Incomplete reform
I since latitude determination through measurement of The Indian

calendar reform
solar altitude at noon requires a calendar with the committee
correct date of equinox to determine solar declination. Calendar and

religious politics
again
I Solar altitude at noon, declination, and local latitude
Conclusions
are connected by a formula given by Bhaskara 1 in
Laghu Bhaskarı̄ya.
I s rQhlobqj ,.tPfiu! -tssJ.Hlr.Ea+C$rqJ
l 8t lt ^.
er:EhE:&rES.he.E rrlprr rhhlb rh):tts
I .. trrrrnnb . r:hoh :Sbt :gl!+hrrlhuJ&lg
U
ll t lt lh.b eeto ru8)sn
r.ugtr ,*\rulrE
I i,rr., :q$"autr*rg
ll rt ll ^rnuBuJlig:rn
,rhhnlg
t +B lDB$rrtr&sg'Es{hp€€$ :>xluBrrD
^,qps&!Eluu,^pn
il bt il Qlr.ts.E e$ &$ellht.blr4 ut*u
I :eq+hxfues.bit lh),lg rlh&Lb ol.h
UILEl
A Tale of Two
Determining latitude at sea Calendars
Bhaskara’s method C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
The Rsine of the Sun’s northern declination—when
Colonial education,
less than the Rsine of the latitude—multiplied by the calendar and
Western inferiority
the radius should be divided by the Rsine of the
Calendar and
latitude: the result is the Rsine of the altitude of navigation
the sun when it is on the prime vertical. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
I That is, calendar reform
committee
Rsin δ × R sin δ Calendar and
Rsin a = or sin a = religious politics
Rsin φ sin φ again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
Conclusions
I a = altitude of sun on prime vertical (measured)
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
Conclusions
I δ = solar declination (determined from calendar)
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
Conclusions
I δ = solar declination (determined from calendar)
I φ = local latitude (to be determined).
A Tale of Two
Ahargan.a Calendars
Julian day number C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I The declination can be calculated from a knowledge of Calendar and
true equinox (good calendar) navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Ahargan.a Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
I and a knowledge of the ahargan.a or day number.
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Ahargan.a Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I Day number today used for scientific purposes, The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Ahargan.a Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
calendar reform
I but called “Julian day number” as named by Clavius’ committee
contemporary Julius Scaliger, Calendar and

religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Ahargan.a Calendars
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
calendar reform
I but called “Julian day number” as named by Clavius’ committee
contemporary Julius Scaliger, Calendar and

religious politics
again
I to glorify the West by attaching Western names to
Conclusions
ideas stolen by the West.
A Tale of Two
Calendar and European navigation Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
I A correct method of navigation was needed for Colonial education,
the calendar and
European dreams of wealth through trade with India. Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
the calendar and
I The first step was to be able to determine latitude at Calendar and

navigation
sea. Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
the calendar and

navigation
I Vasco da Gama and Columbus did not know how to do Indian calendar
that. (See, CKR, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics, The Indian

calendar reform
chp. on kamāl or rāpalagāi.) committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
the calendar and

navigation

calendar reform
Calendar and
I Vasco was brought to India by an Indian navigator, religious politics
again
Kan.aka, whom he calls Cana.
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
the calendar and

navigation

calendar reform
Calendar and
I Vasco was brought to India by an Indian navigator, religious politics
again
Kan.aka, whom he calls Cana.
Conclusions
I On above formula, determining latitude at sea required
a correct calendar, hence the Gregorian reform.
A Tale of Two
What is the date of equinox? Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Yesterday was equinox.
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I On the Gregorian calendar, does equinox always come
Incomplete reform
on the same day (21 March)?
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
I No, the corrected length is valid only on an average. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
calendar reform
I Hence, the equinox still does not come on a fixed date committee
on the calendar. Calendar and

religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
calendar reform
I Hence, the equinox still does not come on a fixed date committee
on the calendar. Calendar and

religious politics
I The Gregorian calendar is still faulty. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
General background Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I The Indian calendar has been in continuous use since Calendar and
navigation
the Rgveda, and the Vedānga Jyotis.a Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
I The latter is a scientific manual on timekeeping (= Indian calendar
jyotis.a) from around -1500 (at least). The Indian

calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
I The latter is a scientific manual on timekeeping (= Indian calendar
jyotis.a) from around -1500 (at least). The Indian

calendar reform
committee
I My challenge from 15 years ago to show me a single
Calendar and
sentence about astrology in the Vedānga Jyotis.a religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Scientific calendar Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Indian pancañg is a luni-solar calendar (not a lunar Calendar and
calendar): keeps track of both sun and moon. navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
I A month always has 30 tithı̄-s since a tithı̄ is defined as
Indian calendar
the time it takes for the sun and moon to move apart
The Indian
by 12 degrees. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
I However, a tithı̄ does not correspond to a civil day, Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
I However, a tithı̄ does not correspond to a civil day, Calendar and
religious politics
I and intercalary months are needed. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Indian astronomy Calendars
Transmission C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I Principles of Indian astronomy used by Arab navigation
astronomers Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I though they now have a lunar calendar.
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
I Indian calendar spread to China by Buddhists. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
The Indian
I Indian calendar spread to China by Buddhists. calendar reform
committee
I Parts of Indian astronomy accreted into the 12th c. Calendar and
religious politics
Almagest. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Kali era Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Indian calendar and customs similar to Egyptian and Calendar and
Mayan navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Kali era Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Mayan navigation
Incomplete reform
I Indian (scientific) calendar begins with the kali era
Indian calendar
-3102 CE.
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Kali era Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Mayan navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
-3102 CE.
The Indian
calendar reform
I Maya calendar began in -3112 CE. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Kali era Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Mayan navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
-3102 CE.
The Indian
calendar reform
I Maya calendar began in -3112 CE. committee
I 10 years is a small difference across 5000 years, Calendar and

religious politics
suggesting a common astronomical model being used. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Indian calendar Calendars
and agriculture C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I The two key means of wealth production in India were Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
I agriculture, and Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
Indian calendar
I overseas trade.
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
Indian calendar
I overseas trade.
The Indian
I The successful practice of both required a good calendar reform
committee
calendar (to determine the rainy season) and good
Calendar and
knowledge of astronomy (to build a good calendar, and religious politics
again
for celestial navigation). Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Successful science and technology Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I India was very wealthy in the past Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I (attracted invaders like flies). Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I This success based on success of science and technology Indian calendar
The Indian
used calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I This success based on success of science and technology Indian calendar
The Indian
used calendar reform
committee
I though Western historians lack the commonsense to
Calendar and
admit it. religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Example: Size of the earth Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
I India is a vast country. the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
I Calendar had to be calibrated for different latitudes and Calendar and
navigation
longitudes.
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
longitudes.
Incomplete reform
I That required knowledge of the size of the earth. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
longitudes.
Incomplete reform
I Indian figures in yojana, can be calibrated by using Al The Indian

calendar reform
Biruni’s estimate (using Indian techniques) in Arabic committee
miles. Calendar and

religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
navigation
longitudes.
Incomplete reform
I Indian figures in yojana, can be calibrated by using Al The Indian

calendar reform
Biruni’s estimate (using Indian techniques) in Arabic committee
miles. Calendar and

religious politics
again
I Result very accurate (less than 0.25% error compared
Conclusions
to Columbus’ error of 40%).
A Tale of Two
Saha on the Indian calendar Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I However, after colonialism, Indians developed a Western inferiority
contempt for everything Indian. Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I After independence India installed a calendar reform Incomplete reform
committee, headed by Meghnad Saha. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
The Indian
I He said, “for calendarical (sic) purpose it is unmeaning calendar reform
committee
to use the sidereal year”.
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
The Indian
committee
Calendar and
I He condemned Indian calendars wholesale religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
The Indian
committee
Calendar and
I He condemned Indian calendars wholesale religious politics
again
I and recommended adoption of the Gregorian calendar. Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Saha’s mistake Calendars
Most important season C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Saha’s remark that it is obvious that the tropical year Calendar and
navigation
should be used for seasons is wrong.
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
Incomplete reform
I The most important season in India is the rainy season Indian calendar
for Indian agriculture is monsoon dependent. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
Incomplete reform
calendar reform
I The Indian calendar has the rainy months of sāwan and committee
bhādon, as every child understands. Calendar and

religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
navigation
Incomplete reform
calendar reform
I The Indian calendar has the rainy months of sāwan and committee
bhādon, as every child understands. Calendar and

religious politics
I The Gregorian calendar has no concept of a rainy again
Conclusions
season.
A Tale of Two
Being superior Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I The calendar reform committee just assumed that Incomplete reform
Western practices are superior Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Being superior Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I The calendar reform committee just assumed that Incomplete reform
Western practices are superior Indian calendar
The Indian
I So, not having a rainy season makes one “superior”! calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Saha’s bad physics Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Claiming that only the heat balance (tropical year)
Calendar and
matters for seasons is bad physics. navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I What is required for the monsoons is the moisture Incomplete reform
balance or the wind regime. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
The Indian
I While hot air rises at the equator it does not go all the calendar reform
committee
way to the poles before descending.
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
The Indian
I While hot air rises at the equator it does not go all the calendar reform
committee
way to the poles before descending.
Calendar and
I It is deflected by the Coriolis force, and descends in the religious politics
again
horse latitudes. Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Coriolis and other forces Calendars
depend upon sidereal motion C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I The Coriolis force and other such fictitious forces Incomplete reform
depend upon the earth’s sidereal motion (motion with Indian calendar
respect to the distant stars) The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Coriolis and other forces Calendars
depend upon sidereal motion C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I The Coriolis force and other such fictitious forces Incomplete reform
depend upon the earth’s sidereal motion (motion with Indian calendar
respect to the distant stars) The Indian
calendar reform
I on Newtonian physics, because the earth is not an committee
inertial frame. Calendar and

religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Lunar tides Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I Tides in the atmosphere are huge compared to the sea Western inferiority
(the relative density of air is very small). Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
navigation
I So far as gravitation is concerned, lunar tidal forces are Incomplete reform
stronger than solar tidal forces, since tidal forces vary as Indian calendar
the inverse cube of the distance. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
navigation
calendar reform
I What is the effect of that on global circulation? committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
navigation
calendar reform
I What is the effect of that on global circulation? committee
Calendar and
I That is still a “grand challenge” problem in NASA religious politics
again
terminology. No obvious answer either now or in Saha’s
Conclusions
time.
A Tale of Two
Drought 2004 Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I The previous news clip is from 2004.
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I When I read it I was laughing! Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I I received the paper a day late, The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I I received the paper a day late, The Indian
calendar reform
I and it was raining cats and dogs outside. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Delayed monsoon Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
I Similar “delayed monsoon” happened in 2005 (as I navigation
recall) Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I when the monsoon came on time on the Indian
The Indian
calendar. calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Indian calendar
I when the monsoon came on time on the Indian
The Indian
calendar. calendar reform
committee
I Another repeat in 2009 Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Delayed monsoon 2009 Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I and then . . . Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I Another repeat in 2014.
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I Another repeat in 2014.
Indian calendar
I (Could not collect news clips.) The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Other articles Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
I Newspaper articles have also been written about
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I the relation of Indian mathematics to the calendar and Indian calendar
the monsoon. The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Calendar and
navigation
Incomplete reform
I the relation of Indian mathematics to the calendar and Indian calendar
the monsoon. The Indian
calendar reform
I But did not move any authorities to act. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
=4F34;78kCD4B30H k9D;H &! ! ^_X]X^]'
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^_T]d_\âTbTRcâbcÛâTXV]SXaTRcX]eTbc\T]cP]SP[b^dbWTaX]PUaTbW ccording to the Hindu every year the monsoon arrives
panchang, the month in harmony with the panchang,
fPeTÛTR^]^\XRaTUâ\b8]SXPb_^[XcXRP[R[PbbWPbaTPb^]bc^QTd_bTc=^ of sawan which along though ‘scientists’ keep bleating
^dcbXSTR^d]cahWPbcWT[XQTachc^SXRcPcTfWPcbâcÛTR^]^\XR_^[XRXTbP]S with bhadon compris- about ‘delays’. Refusing to learn
aTUâ\b8]SXP\dbc_dabdTP]SPcfWPc_PRT3TRXbX^]bX]cWXbaTVPaSPaTcWT es India’s monsoon from experience or history, they
b^[T_aTa^VPcXeTÛcWTR^d]cahbST\^RaPcXRP[[hT[TRcTS6êTa]\T]cP]SbdRW season, began on July 4; rains have ruined farmers and harvests.
STRXbX^]bPaTcPZT]fXcWcWTPbbXbcP]RTÛPQa^PS_^[XcXRP[R^]bT]bdb0]hTgcTa drenched this parched city on July The keynote of the Hindu
5. Was the monsoon on time, or calendar is the monsoons on
]P[TUUâcc^X]U[dT]RTcWT_a^RTbb^cWTafXbT\dbcQTbca^]V[haTbXbcTS<âTêTa ‘'delayed’ as the Met office kept which agriculture rests, and not
8]SXPP[aTPShWPbX]_[PRTP_aTSTUX]TSbhbcT\UâcWTX\_[T\T]cPcX^]ÛbdRW lamenting? The Union Ministry of summer or winter which may be
aTUâ\b1d[[SîX]VcWa^dVWcWPcbhbcT\X]âSTac^_[TPbT<a>QP\PXbT]cXaT Agriculture was clueless how to relevant in Europe. Monsoons
[hd]]TRTbbPahCWTaTXbÛR^dabT]^ST]hX]VcWPccWTR^d]cah]TTSbXcbbTR reassure farmers who sowed the depend upon the wind regime.
^]SVT]TaPcX^]ÛTR^]^\XRaTUâ\bP]ScWPcb^\TÛcWTXbbdTbaPXbTSQh<a kharif crop too early. The global circulation of wind is
CK Raju, who played a key not decided solely by the posi-
>QP\PWPeTP[b^QTT]e^XRTSQh\P]hfXcWX]8]SXPb_^[XcXRP[P]SQdbX]TbbR[Pbb role in building India’s first super- tion of the sun. Hot air rises at
7^fTeTacWTbTRWP]VTbfX[[WPeTc^R^\TcWa^dVW_aTSTcTa\X]TSb^RX^_^[Xc computer, Param, and received the the equator, but does not
XRP[RWP]]T[b¯P]ScWPcc^^PcPcX\T Telesio-Galilei Academy of descend at the poles. Due to the
fWT]cWTaTXb[PaVTbRP[T_^_d[Pabd_ Science’s gold medal for 2010 for Coriolis force, the earth’s rotation
_âc Uâ cWT\ CPZT Uâ X]bcP]RT <a discovering and correcting a mis- causes air to be deflected and to
take made by Albert Einstein, says descend before the Horse-
>QP\PbbdVVTbcX^]aTVPaSX]V538X] the monsoon was similarly Latitudes (sub-tropical latitudes
\d[cXQaP]S aTcPX[ ;PcT [Pbc hTPa cWT ‘delayed’ in 2003, 2004, 2006, between 30 and 35 degrees north
D]X^]2PQX]TcWPSSTRXSTSc^P[[^fUâ 2009, and 2010. Each time, the and south). Thus, the monsoons
$ _TaRT]c538QdcbX]RTcWT]WPbWPS rains eventually belied the Met also depend upon the Coriolis
office’s predictions of drought. force, which is an inertial force.
c^_dccWTSTRXbX^]^]W^[SQTRPdbTÛ This is because the Since the only possible inertial
bcPd]RW aTbXbcP]RT Ua^\ cWT 19?[TS Gregorian calendar on which the framework is one fixed relative
>__^bXcX^]fWXRWQT[XTeTbcWPcbdRWP scientific community relies is not to the distant stars, the Coriolis
\êT f^d[S Wdac b\P[[bRP[T suitable for such calculations. force relates to the sidereal
X]SXVT]^dbcaPSTab India must first decide if the motion of the earth, and mon-
monsoon synchronises with the soons relate to the sidereal year.
=^fXUcWTD?06êTa]\T]cfXbW tropical or sidereal year. The Had monsoons related to the
Tbc^_dbWcWa^dVWcWXb_a^_^bP[XcfX[[ tropical (solar) year is the length tropical year, the cumulative
WPeTcâTPRW^dcc^cWT>__^bXcX^]P]S of time the sun takes to return difference between the tropical
^cWTabcPZTW^[STabPSSaTbbcWTXaR^] to the same position in the cycle and sidereal year would have put
RTa]bP]SQdX[SR^]bT]bdb^]cWTXbbdT of seasons as seen from earth, the Indian calendar out of phase.
such as from one vernal equinox This never happened.
cWPc fX[[ cWT] R[TPa cWT fPh Uâ cWTbT to the next. CE, it had slipped about 10 days Varahamihira and the By forcing farmers to aban-
\dRW]TTSTSaTUâ\b4eXST]c[hP_PacXbP]_a^RTbbbdRWPbcWXbWPbXcb^f] It is not wholly synchronous out of phase in the 1250-odd years PancaSiddhantika, Aryabhata don the ancient nakshatra-gov-
ST\P]SbP]SSXUUXRd[cXTbP]SbdaT[h<a>QP\PXbfT[[PfPaTÛcWT\VXeT]cWT with the earth’s orbit around the since the Council of Nicaea fixed explicitly advocated the sidereal erned seasons in favour of the
_aTePX[X]V_^[XcXRP[Pc\^b_WTaTX]FPbWX]Vc^]32>]cWTXa_Pac<a>QP\Pb sun (sidereal, actual year) due to the date of Easter by fixing the year; Marxist historians concur tropical year, Nehruvian secular-
bd__âcTabWPeT]PcdaP[[h_^X]cTSc^WXbT[TRcX^]hTPaR^\_d[bX^]bPbcWT_aX the precession of the equinoxes, date of the vernal equinox on XII that Indian agriculture was linked ism and scientific temper have
and is around 20 minutes short- calends (March 21). By the end of to the nakshatras. compromised our food security.
\PahaTPb^]QTWX]SWXbbcPcT\T]cb^]Bd]SPhPbfT[[PbWXbTPa[XTacXaPSTPVPX]bc er (the difference can accumulate the 16th century, the vernal Modern India has not seri- An eerie coincidence that has
^dcb^daRX]VÛDBY^Qbc^8]SXPCWTDBTR^]^\hXbbcX[[bcadVV[X]VcâTRê over long periods). Indian astron- equinox fell around March 11 on ously studied the monsoons, facilitated the eclipse of agricul-
TaUa^\cWTUX]P]RXP[RaPbWÛ!'P]ScWTbX\d[cP]T^dbSTQcRaXbXbX]4da^_T omy rests on the sidereal year; a the Julian calendar. B7>2:8=6;H though even today good mon- ture from public consciousness
WPb]^cWT[_TSTXcWTa8cXb]^f\âTcWP]TeTaQTUâTcWPc0\TaXRPXbST_T] better method of timekeeping as
the sun’s transit against fixed
The Gregorian reform cor-
rected this anomaly by advancing 05C4A soons drive the economy. The
late Meghnad Saha believed heat
is the virtual disappearance of
rural symbols once associated
ST]c^]T\TaVX]V\PaZTcb[XZT8]SXPUâXcb^f]Va^fcWP]S_a^b_TaXch7T]RT
cWXb eTah _dQ[XR _aTbbdaT ^] =Tf 3T[WX c^ ^_T] d_ Xcb TR^]^\h c^ P[[^f Uâ
stars (nakshatras, for example, the calendar by 10 days, and by 8=34?4=34=24 balance alone mattered in con- with major political parties —
X]RaTPbTSQdbX]TbbfXcWcWTDB
Dhruv-tara) is easy to observe
and traditionally determined
making every centennial year not
a leap year unless divisible by 400 C748=380= figuring the monsoons; CK Raju
thinks wind regime is the key,
cow and calf (Congress); plough
and farmer (Janata, Lok Dal),
8]aTRT]chTPabcWTDBWPbSTUX]XcT[hT\TaVTSPb^]TÛ8]SXPb\^bcX\_â sowing and harvesting activities.
Europe was aware that it
(for example, 2000). It thus came
closer to a more accurate figure for
20;4=30A but says major research is nec-
essary to establish a paradigm.
while the sickle of the commu-
nist parties has degenerated into
cP]ccaPSX]V_Pac]TabP]SeXRTeTabP8]! P[^]T8]SXPbV^^SbP]SbTaeXRTb A45>A<
lacked the knowledge to precise- the fractional part of the length of The ancients coped by creating an offensive weapon. This is a
caPSTfXcWcWTDBc^cP[[TSPfW^__X]V'%QX[[X^]CWT^][hfPhQ^cW=Tf3T[WX
P]SFPbWX]Vc^]RP]UdacWTabcaT]VcWT]cWXbaT[PcX^]bWX_XbcWa^dVW\dcdP[d]STa
ly calculate the length of either
the tropical or sidereal year,
the tropical year. The correction
was vital for the practical purpose
2><<8CC44 over 5000 panchangs, each ‘cor-
rected’ to account for latitude
telling comment on the growing
urban bias in our polity and our
bcP]SX]VÛTPRW^cWTabR^]RTa]b8]SXPb_^[XcXRP[R[Pbb\TP]fWX[Tf^d[ScWT] which India knew from at least of fixing latitude from observation 03>?C43C74 (hence the Kerala monsoon distorted understanding of the
S^fT[[cêXTfcWT?aTbXST]c³bbcPcT\T]cbPVPX]bccWXbQPRZSa^_ÛV[^QP[X]cTa the third century. Hence the
Gregorian calendar reform com-
of solar altitude at noon, necessary
for navigation which was then
6A46>A80= arrives much before rains in
Delhi) and longitude. There is a
economy, the adverse effects of
which have already come to
R^]]TRcTS]Tbb8c\PZTb]^bT]bTTXcWTaUâ2^]VaTbb³b[TPSTabc^P[[TVTcWPc
UâTXV]\d[cX]PcX^]P[UXa\bPaT^_TaPcX]VPRP\_PXV]c^\P[XV]8]SXPâUâcWT
mittee headed by Christoph extremely important for Europe 20;4=30A0=3 powerful cultural context here — haunt us.
_^[XcXRP[R[PbbX]VT]TaP[c^êTaaTPRcc^<a>QP\P³b\^cXePcTSaT\PaZb
Clavius tried to consult Indian
calendrical sources; just prior to
which lagged behind the Indians
and Arabs.
B083C74B40B>=B the Indian calendar revolves
around the rainy season (varsha)
Two decades of liberalisa-
tion-globalisation and thousands
the calendar reform of 1582, his Shockingly, after indepen- 34?4=3>=C74 as the year (varsh) relates to rain. of crores of ‘incentives’ later, the
student Matteo Ricci was in
India, scouting calendrical man-
dence, the Indian calendar reform
committee adopted the Gregorian CA>?820;H40A It is eternally relevant for agri-
culture as poor calculations can
service and the manufacturing
sectors have failed to promote
E``]Zee]Ve``]ReV
uals in Cochin! calendar and said the seasons wreak havoc through mistimed growth or made a dent in unem-
The Gregorian calendar depend on the tropical year! agricultural operations. ployment nationwide. The econ-
reform was needed because the Superficially, the tropical year The Nehruvian quest for “sci- omy is gasping for a good mon-
Julian calendar fixed the length of seems supported by astronomical entific temper” led to slavish soon to lift it out of the present
+DOIVWHSVWRUHYLYHHFRQRP\ZRQ¶WZRUN the year very crudely as the
Romans were weak with fractions;
treatises like Surya Siddhanta
and PancaSiddhantika, but the
adoption of the Gregorian calen-
dar for calculating the seasons
morass. Can we at least now
trash the liberalisation-era myth
so the calendar slipped roughly passages have been misunder- and monsoon rhythm, though that there is no link between
eTabX]RT<a?aP]PQ<dZWTaYTT`dXccWTD]X^]2PQX]Tcc^R^]cTbccWT_aTb one day every 128 years. By 1582 stood. Anyway, even prior to objective analysis shows that agriculture and growth?
XST]cXP[T[TRcX^]cWTD?06êTa]\T]cWPbQTT]cPZX]VPbTaXTbÛ\TPbdaTb
A Tale of Two
Alienating calendar Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I Just as most people can’t tell their date of birth on the Calendar and
Indian calendar navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
I they cannot tell Indian holidays many of which depend
Indian calendar
upon lunar phase
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
upon lunar phase
The Indian
calendar reform
I like Holi (pūrn.ima), or Diwali (amāvasyā), or Buddha committee
pūrn.ima, Mahavira jayanti, Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
upon lunar phase
The Indian
calendar reform
I like Holi (pūrn.ima), or Diwali (amāvasyā), or Buddha committee
pūrn.ima, Mahavira jayanti, Calendar and
religious politics
I and are hence “moveable” on the Gregorian calendar. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Secular festivals Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority
I However, our only two secular festivals are Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I Independence day (15 August) and Republic day 26 Incomplete reform
January. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I These are defined only on the Christian ritual calendar, The Indian
calendar reform
namely the Gregorian calendar. committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
Western inferiority

navigation
I These are defined only on the Christian ritual calendar, The Indian
calendar reform
namely the Gregorian calendar. committee
Calendar and
I Why? religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
Conclusions Calendars
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
I The Gregorian calendar is an unscientific calendar. The the calendar and
Western inferiority
months are wrong, and so is the year (except on
Calendar and
average). We should reject it for that reason alone. navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
I The Gregorian calendar provides non-textual evidence of
Indian calendar
persistent Greek and European inferiority in math and
The Indian
astronomy contrary to tall tales based on speculations calendar reform
committee
using late (post-Crusade) texts.
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
Calendar and
I The Gregorian calendar lacks the concept of a rainy religious politics
again
season, hence harms our economic interests. Conclusions
A Tale of Two
C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
Western inferiority
Calendar and
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
committee
Calendar and
I The Gregorian calendar lacks the concept of a rainy religious politics
again
season, hence harms our economic interests. Conclusions
I It is alienating.
A Tale of Two
contd. C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and
I The Indian luni-solar calendar is scientific, and better Western inferiority
than the Gregorian calendar. Calendar and

navigation
Incomplete reform
Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
contd. C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I Similar astronomy was used also by Buddhists, Chinese, Incomplete reform
and Arabs. Possibly also by Egyptians and Mayans. Indian calendar
The Indian
calendar reform
committee
Calendar and
religious politics
again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
contd. C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I Whether or not the Indian calendar gives a correct The Indian

calendar reform
account of the monsoon at present, it was successful in committee
the past, and should not be abandoned without even a Calendar and
religious politics
study and without exploring ways to amend it. again
Conclusions
A Tale of Two
contd. C. K. Raju
Calendar &
religious politics
Colonial education,
the calendar and

navigation
I Whether or not the Indian calendar gives a correct The Indian

calendar reform
account of the monsoon at present, it was successful in committee
the past, and should not be abandoned without even a Calendar and
religious politics
study and without exploring ways to amend it. again
Conclusions
I Our two secular festivals should not be defined solely on
the Christian ritual calendar.
Reading list
1. The thesis about the Indian calendar was first put forward in C. K. Raju, Cultural Foundations
of Mathematics (Pearson Longman, 2007, chp. 4, Box 4.1 “The not-too-soon monsoon of
2004”, and Box 4.2 “Could India's failed monsoon have been predicted by the right calendar?”.
The boxes are put up online at http://ckraju.net/papers/Calendar-from-Cultural-Foundations-of-
Mathematics.pdf.
2. Part of it was also earlier reported online at
http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_raju_monsoon.htm.
3. The thesis now includes the question of lunar tides. The other books cited, related to the
Gregorian calendar and Easter, are as follows.
4. C. K. Raju, Euclid and Jesus: how and why the church changed mathematics and Christianity
across two religious wars, Multiversity, Penang, 2012.
5. C. K. Raju, The Eleven Pictures of Time: The Physics, Philosophy, and Politics of Time Beliefs,
Sage, 2003.
6. The quote from the calendar reform committee is Government of India, Report of the Calendar
Reform Committee (M. N. Saha et al.), CSIR, New Delhi, 1955, p. 158.
7. Part of the above report is also published as M. N. Saha and N. Lahiri, History of the Calendar,
CSIR, New Delhi, 1992.
8. The fragment from Matteo Ricci's letter is in Matteo Ricci, Letter to Petri Maei on 1 Dec 1581.
Goa 38 I, 129r-130v, corrected and reproduced in Documenta Indica, XII, 472-477 (p. 474).
Also reproduced in Tacchi Venturi, Matteo Ricci S.I., Le Lettre Dalla Cina 1580-1610, vol. 2,
Macareta, 1613.
9. For more details of Ptolemy, see Cultural Foundations of Mathematics, above, or C. K. Raju, Is
Science Western in Origin? Reprint 2014, Daanish Books Delhi, and Other India Bookstore,
God.
10. The quotation from Aryabhata is from K. S. Shukla, and K. V. Sarma, K. V. (ed. and trans.) The
Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata, INSA, New Delhi, 1976.
11. The picture of the apices is from Euclid and Jesus, cited above. It dates to 976 CE.
12. “Clavius'” trigonometric tables are in Clavii, Christophori Bambergensis, Tabulae Sinuum,
Tangentium et Secantium ad partes radij 10,000,000. . . , Ioannis Albini, 1607.
13. The quote from Laghu Bhaskariya is from K. S. Shukla, (ed. and trans.), Laghu Bhaskariya,
Department of Mathematics and Astronomy, Lucknow, 1963.
14. A discussion of European knowledge/ignorance of navigation, and Indo-Arabic techniques of
navigation is in chp. 4 and chp. 5 of Cultural Foundations of Mathematics.
15. A more recent (but not necessarily better) account of this thesis is in C. K. Raju, “A Tale of Two
Calendars” in Claude Alvares ed., Multicultural Knowledge and the University, Multiversity,
2013, pp. 112-119. This is posted online at http://ckraju.net/papers/ckr-calendar.html.

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A Tale of Two

C. K. Raju Indian calendar

life. Incomplete reform

life. Incomplete reform

life. Incomplete reform

a myth not a historical figure C. K. Raju

a myth not a historical figure C. K. Raju

I by relating it to the birth of Jesus, Indian calendar

a myth not a historical figure C. K. Raju

I by relating it to the birth of Jesus, Indian calendar

a myth not a historical figure C. K. Raju

I by relating it to the birth of Jesus, Indian calendar

mystery (symbolic story) of Isis. Incomplete reform

mystery (symbolic story) of Isis. Incomplete reform

mystery (symbolic story) of Isis. Incomplete reform

I Beliefs of pre-Nicene Christians like Origen very similar The Indian

I Beliefs of pre-Nicene Christians like Origen very similar The Indian

Anno domini C. K. Raju

to dates, so it should be 1967 AD. Incomplete reform

Anno domini C. K. Raju

to dates, so it should be 1967 AD. Incomplete reform

Anno domini C. K. Raju

to dates, so it should be 1967 AD. Incomplete reform

Anno domini C. K. Raju

to dates, so it should be 1967 AD. Incomplete reform

Before Christ C. K. Raju

Before Christ C. K. Raju

Before Christ C. K. Raju

Before Christ C. K. Raju

Before Christ C. K. Raju

I Christ = “saviour” so in saying BC you are admitting to Calendar and

to repeat Calendar and

to repeat Calendar and

to repeat Calendar and

to repeat Calendar and

to repeat Calendar and

Era. Incomplete reform

Era. Incomplete reform

Era. Incomplete reform

you do at home is wrong. Indian calendar

you do at home is wrong. Indian calendar

you do at home is wrong. Indian calendar

A story of persistent Western inferiority C. K. Raju

I But why is the Western calendar superior? Incomplete reform

A story of persistent Western inferiority C. K. Raju

I But why is the Western calendar superior? Incomplete reform

A story of persistent Western inferiority C. K. Raju

I But why is the Western calendar superior? Incomplete reform

calendar they copied. The Indian

calendar they copied. The Indian

calendar they copied. The Indian

calendar they copied. The Indian

I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and

I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and

I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and

I (Moral: culture flows towards barbarian military The Indian

I With the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, Calendar and

I (Moral: culture flows towards barbarian military The Indian

I in which months no longer related to the cycle of the Calendar and

days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calendar and

days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calendar and

days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calendar and

days alternating with 5 months of 31 days Calendar and