CHAPTER 7: Political Institutions
It is the type of authority that is based on the
1. Refers to activities through which people make,
preserve, and amend the general rules under which
they live. It involves the dynamics of conflict
resolution and cooperation, as well as the exercise of
power.
2. Refers to the ability to do something in order to
achieve a desired outcome.
3. It is considered as the legitimate power.
4. Bands during the __________ period were only
comprised of family members and their leadership
structure was less complicated and simple.
5. There are _____ trends that have been observed
pertaining to the development of political structures
and institutions throughout the centuries.
6. _________ is a Latin word which means “to
declare lawful”.
7. ___________________ treat legitimacy as a
moral or rational principle that is the ground on which
governments may demand obedience from citizens.
8. ___________________ see legitimacy in
sociological terms; that is, as a willingness to comply
with a system of rule regardless of how this is
achieved.
9. He studied the transformation of societies and
observed that the bases of legitimacy of rule vary in
different types of society.
10. He came up with three types of authority.
11. It is the type of authority that is based on a
system that is believed to have “always existed”
12.
presumed special and extraordinary characteristics
or qualities possessed by a certain individual.
13. It is generally considered a gift or an innate
quality unique to a person.
14. It is the most unstable type of authority.
15. It is the most typical type of authority in modern
societies.
16. This type of authority has the highest degree of
stability.
17. It is defined by anthropologists as the groups
within a culture that are responsible for public
decision-making and leadership, maintaining social
cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and
ensuring safety from external threats.
18. Bands and tribes were basically dominated by
________________ as these were comprised of
families and clans.
19. These are believed to have always existed even
in advances democratic states.
20. It refers to a succession from rulers from the
same line of descent.
21. It is defined by Susan Stokes as giving material
goods in return for electoral support.
22. It consists of a distinct population of people
bound together by a common culture, history, and
tradition who are typically concentrated within a
specific geographic region.
23. It is the legitimate and ultimate authority of the
state.
24. It is a political unit that has sovereignty.
25. The two aspects of a nation are and better interaction among social groups and
_________________ and _____________________ classes.

26. It means “rule by officials”. 8. It is an example of closed system in which it

promotes belief in fate, destiny, and the will of a
27. He stated that bureaucracy is characterized by
higher spiritual power rather than the promotion of
rationality, rule-governed behavior and impersonal
individual freedom.
behavior.
9. It is a stratification system based on the ownership
28. It refers to the emergence of liberal-democratic
of resources and the individual’s occupation or
regimes that are characterized by a representative
profession.
form of democracy where political office is gained
through formal, competitive elections in any Western 10. It is a group of people within a society who
societies. possess the same socioeconomic status.

29. It refers to the pattern of orientation to political 11. Refers to marriages between people who come
objects. from different social classes.

CHAPTER 8: Social and Political Stratification 12. Refers to marriages between people from the
same social classes.

13. It is determined by personal effort and merit.

1. It refers to the division of large social groups into
smaller groups. 14. It examines how the different aspects of society
contribute to ensuring its stability and continues
2. They relate social stratification to social standing.
function.
3. Wealth, property, access to material and cultural
15. He proposed an alternative perspective on the
goods, and access to political power are the
significance of employment on social stratification.
_______________ of social stratification.
16. It takes a critical view of social stratification and
4. It refers to the process by which individuals are cut
considers society as benefiting only a small segment.
off from full involvement in the wider circles of
society. 17. He believed that social stratification is influenced
by economic forces, and that relationships in society
5. In the Philippines, they are the most vulnerable
are defined by the factors of production
and exploited groups in society and often have
limited social, political, and economic opportunities. 18. It refrains from looking into the larger structural
factors that define social stratification and contribute
6. It imposes rigid boundaries between social groups
to inequality and poverty.
and limit interactions among members who belong to
different social groups. 19. It refers to buying certain products to make a
social statement.
7. It is based on achievement, allowing more
flexibility in social roles, increased social mobility,
20. It is the ability of the individuals or groups to
change their positions within a social stratification
system.
21. It refers to an upward movement in social class.
22. It refers to the lowering of an individual’s social
class.
23. It focuses on the experience of people who
belong to the same generation.
24. It refers to the changes in social standing
experiences by individuals belonging to different
generations.
25. It refers to the large-scale changes in society
which can result in the improvement or decline of the
conditions and status of a large group of people.
26. He considered class as an essential
characteristic based on the economic structure of
society.
27. It is the esteem or “social honor” given to certain
individuals or groups.
28. He defined stratification through the concept of
status.
29. It refers to the segment of society that is not only
affected by poverty but is also subject to social
exclusion.
30. According to statistical data, Philippines has __
percent of Filipinos that are poor.
31. It refers to the lack of basic resources like food,
clean water, safe housing, and access to health care
needed to maintain a quality lifestyle.
32. The World Bank specifically defines absolute
poverty as living on less than $_____ daily.
33. It is a type of poverty which applies to those who
may be able to obtain basic necessities but are still
unable to maintain an average standard of living
compared to the rest of the society
34. It is a type of poverty that is defined by how an
individual evaluates his or her actual income against
his or her expectations and perceptions.
35. It refers to the culturally-imposed characteristics
that define masculinity and femininity.
36. It refers to biological and anatomical differences
that distinguish males from females.
37. It is defined as the specific tasks and behaviors
expected of a person by virtue of his or her sex.
38. It refers to how a person identifies himself or
herself as belonging to a particular gender.
39. This refers to the socially sanctioned and
systematic domination of males over females.
40. The World Economic Forum in 2014 has ranked
Philippines as ______ among 142 countries in terms
of gender equality.
41. It is eventually known as the International Bill of
Rights for Women.
42. It explain gender inequality in terms of social and
cultural attitudes and also believes that sexism and
discrimination can be countered by political, social,
and economic reforms.
43. It argues that men are responsible for the
exploitation of women through patriarchy.
44. It identifies factors such as class and ethnicity, in
addition to gender, as essential for understanding the
oppression experienced by non-white women.
45. It is the feeling of affinity or loyalty towards a
particular population, cultural group, or territorial
area.
46. It refers to a group of people who share a
common ancestry.
47. It is considered as a scientifically and politically
controversial term.
48. It refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs, and
practices used to justify the superior treatment of one
racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of
another racial or ethnic group.
49. These are psychological mechanisms associated
with prejudice and discrimination.
50. It refers to feelings of hostility become directed
against objects that are not the real origin of these
anxieties.
51. It involves holding “stereotypes” or preconceived
views that are often based on faulty generalizations
about members of a race or a particular ethnic or
other groups.
52. It manifests as close-mindedness or an inflexible
way of thinking regarding certain ideas and beliefs in
society.
53. It refers to actions or behaviors of members of a
dominant social group that negatively impacts other
members of society that do not belong to the
dominant group.
54. _________ and _______ also influence racial
inequality.
55. These groups primarily experiences lack of
access to resources and opportunities.
56. It refers to the unequal distribution of wealth,
power, and prestige on a global basis, highlighting
patterns of social inequality and resulting in people
having vastly different lifestyles and opportunities
both within and among the nations of the world.
57. As of 2013, the richest nation in the world was
________.
58. It claims that cultural and institutional barriers to
development explain poverty in low-income
countries.
59. This theory has been criticized as mainly
ethnocentric as well as implicitly labeling low-income
economies as backward.
60. It claim that global poverty is the result of
exploitation of poor countries by wealthy ones,
thereby creating a cycle of dependence.
61. This theory was proposed by the sociologist,
Immanuel Wallerstein.
62. It focuses on the relationship among the “core”,
“peripheral”, and “semiperipheral” countries in the
global economy.
63. It emphasizes the role of governments in
fostering economic development.
CHAPTER 9: Sources of Social and Cultural
Change
1. He is an ancient Greek philosopher who was
known for his reflections on the natural world.
2. The sociologists ______________ and
_______________ argue that social change refers to
transformations that alter the roles and status of
people as well as the structure and organization of 15. It is the process by which an individual or group
society and its institutions. fully adopts another culture.

3. It refers to the dynamic process where the living 16. It occurs when two social groups or classes are
cultures of the world change and adapt to external or so different that a compromise between them is
internal forces. impossible.

4. In the book, _____________________ by Karl 17. This occurs because groups within societies fear
Polanyi, he cites the Industrial Revolution and the that any change or innovation might result in a loss of
French Revolution as examples of social change. power or status.

5. William Ogburn considers __________________ 18. Social contradictions eventually cause

as the primary factor that induces social change. _________________

6. It is described as the dissemination of information

to specific segments of the public via a shared
source, primarily online social platforms.

7. It uses television and the radio to disseminate

information to a broad audience.

8. It refers to the economic, cultural, and political

processes that connect state and non-state elements
in a manner that transcends territorial boundaries.

9. This event resulted in the ouster of long-time

dictators in the region such as, Moammar Qadaffi of
Libya and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt.

10. It refers to a significant change in a population’s

composition, structure, size, and location.

11. It is the process of introducing new ideas, things,

and methods in society.

12. It refers to the spread of certain elements from

one group to another in society.

13. It is an important factor that enables the diffusion

of ideas and innovations throughout society.

14. It is the process by which individuals or groups

learn aspects of a culture that is not their own.