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Design of steel structures:

(fire and high temperatures)
part 2

CE7112
09/02/15

Member analysis
• Design effect of actions in fire situation Ed , fi

Ed , fi   fi Ed
• Where

Ed  design value of the corresponding force

for normal temperature
 fi  reduction factor for the design load level
for the fire situation

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Member analysis
• The reduction factor should be taken as:

Gk  fi Qk ,1
 fi 
• where
 G Gk   Q ,1Qk ,1

Qk ,1  Characteristic value of the variable action

G k  characteristic value of a permanent action
 G  partial factor for permanent actions, 1.35;
 Q ,1  partial factor for variable action, 1.5;
 fi  combination factor for values

BS EN 1990

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BS EN 1993-1-2
• Alternatively,

• Conservative simplification:

 fi  0.7

Determination of structural load in the

fire limit state
• Load- carrying method

• Where
E fi ,d  R fi ,d ,t

R fi ,d ,t  the corresponding design resistance

of the steel member for the fire design situation, at time t;
R fi ,d ,t  M fi ,t , Rd or N fi ,t , Rd ;
E fi ,d  M fi , Ed or N fi , Rd ;

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Resistance
• Tension
• Uniform temperature:

N fi , , Rd  k y , N Rd [ M ,0 /  M , fi ]
N fi , , Rd  design resistance
k y ,  reduction factor for the yield strength at temperature  a
N Rd  design resistance of the cross-section N pl , Rd
 M , fi  partial factor for the relevant material property,
for fire situation

Reduction factors

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Resistance
• Compression members Class 1,2 & 3

N b , fi ,t , Rd   fi Ak y , f y /  M , fi
N b , fi ,t , Rd  design buckling resistance
 fi  reduction factor for flexural buckling
in the fire design situation;
k y ,  reduction factor for the yield strength of steel
at the steel temperature  a reached at time t;

Buckling length

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Resistance
• Compression members Class 1,2 & 3

1
 fi 
2
   2   
2
  0.5[1  0.65 235 / f y      ]
    [k y , / k E , ]
   normalised slenderness ratio

Resistance
• Beams
• Class 1 and 2 uniform temperature

M fi , , Rd  k y , [ M ,0 /  M , fi ]M Rd
M fi , , Rd  design moment resistance with uniform temperature  a
M Rd  plastic moment resistance of the gross cross-section M pl , Rd
for normal temperature design
k y ,  reduction factor for the yield strength of steel at temperature  a

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Resistance
• Class 1 and 2 non-uniform temperature

M fi ,t , Rd  M fi , , Rd / 1 2
M fi ,t , Rd  design moment resistance with uniform temperature  a
1  adaptation factor for non-uniform temperature distribution
across the cross-section
for exposure on all 4 sides 1  1
for exposure on 3 sides and a slab 1  0.7
for protected beam and a slab 1  0.85
k2  adaptation factor for non-uniform temperature distribution
along the beam
at the supports of a statically indeterminate beam  2  0.85
for other cases  2  1

Resistance
• Where lateral torsional buckling can occur:

M b , fi ,t , Rd   LT , fiWpl , y k y , ,com f y /  m, fi
 LT , fi  reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling
in the fire design situation
k y , ,com  reduction factor for the yield strength
at the maximum temperature in the compression flange  a ,com

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Resistance

1
 LT , fi 
2
 LT , ,com   LT , ,com 2   LT , ,com
2
  0.5[1  0.65 235 / f y  LT , ,com   LT , ,com ]
 LT , ,com   LT
[k y , ,com / k E , ,com ]
 LT , ,com  normalised lateral torsional buckling
slenderness ratio

Resistance
• Class 3
Same as class 1 & 2
Wpl  Wel
• Shear (class 1,2 & 3)

V fi ,t , Rd  k y , , webVRd [ M ,0 /  M , fi ]
V fi ,t , Rd  design shear resistance
k y , , web  strength redction factor based on temperature within the web
VRd  shear resistance of the gross cross-section
for normal temperature design;

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Resistance
• Members subject to combined bending and axial compression
class 1 & 2

Resistance
• Members subject to combined bending and axial compression
class 3

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Resistance
• Table 3.1

Limiting temperature criterion

• Where deflection or stability is not critical in fire:

a  a ,cr
a ,cr  ?

• The value of  a ,cr is dependant on the degree of

utilization  0 .

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Limiting temperature criterion

• Critical steel temperature
 1 
 a ,cr  39.19ln   1  482
 0.96740
3.833
• Degree of utilization


E fi ,d
0 
R fi ,d ,0
E fi ,d  design effect of the structural fire actions
R fi ,d ,0  resistance of the member at time t=0
Conservatively,
 M , fi
0   fi
M0

NA to BS EN 1993-1-2:2005
Degree of utilization

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