Transformer PDF

Single-phase and three-phase
transformers
ENT 5
Student Workbook
SH5007-4A
2nd edition
Author: Ralf Linnertz
Lehr- und Messgeräte GmbH

Lucas-Nülle
Siemensstraße 2 • D-50170 Kerpen

Single-phase and three-phase transformers
Table of contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................1
Single-phase transformers
No-load voltage ............................................................................................................7
Transformation ratios ................................................................................................11
No-load characteristic................................................................................................15
Current and voltage relationships under various loads..............................................19
Equivalent circuit diagram .........................................................................................25
Autotransformers.......................................................................................................33
Three-phase transformers
Connection systems, designations and vector groups ..............................................39
Vector group Yy.........................................................................................................45
Vector group Yz11.....................................................................................................53
Vector group Dy5 ......................................................................................................59
Introduction
In the early days of electrical power, energy generation was carried out in close physical
proximity to the consumers. It was not possible to bridge long distances with the direct
current system used at that time due to the significant energy loss in the transmission cables.
These were only able to efficiently transmit power using higher voltages and correspondingly
lower currents. The problem of converting electrical energy into any given voltages is very
easily solved if alternating current is employed since it can be achieved using transformers.
Nowadays all kinds of transformers are manufactured from small single-phase types with
power ratings of just a few watts up to and including three-phase transformers with power
ratings as high as 1500 MVA. Miniature transformers are used in large numbers in electronic
equipment. Distributors or mains transformers operating in the power range from 100 kVA up
to 2000 kVA at 230V/400 V serve to supply power to end consumers from the primary
distribution network. Machine transformers with power levels up to 1500 MVA are connected
downstream from turbo generators in power plants and feed power directly into the 230 kV or
400 kV mains.
ENT 5 INTRODUCTION 1
Safety instructions
Danger due to electrical current!
Life-threatening currents may arise if the training system is incorrectly earthed!

The training system must be earthed as specified in the instructions!
Equipment with mains plugs are automatically earthed by them. Equipment without mains plugs have to be
connected to the protective earth conductors via the green/yellow sockets.
Make sure that all plug-in connections (cables and sockets of the training system) are always connected to like
coloured and patterned connections!
Use the green/yellow sockets exclusively for connection of the protective earth conductor!
Only use green/yellow leads for the protective earth conductor!
When the power cables included with the training system are used incorrectly life-threatening currents may
arise!
The training system may only be operated with the cables supplied!
It is imperative that only safety leads and safety plugs be used! Make sure that the measurement cables are in
perfect operating condition.
All of the experiment cables must have continuously double insulation
The training system may only be used in circuits which are protected by fuses or power circuit breakers with
max. 16A!
2 ENT 5 INTRODUCTION
The equipment used in the training system may only be operated with the specified operating voltages!
Connect the training system cables only when the system is off (zero voltage). Always check that the system is
off before connecting up any cables!
Technical data for the transformer trainer

SO3636-7A
Power: 100VA
Voltage on primary-side: 3 x 230V / 400V
Voltage on secondary-side: 3 x 2 x 115V
Current on secondary-side 145mA
Number of turns on primary-side: 0 – 230V 1311 turns 230V – 400V 864 turns
Number of turns of secondary-side: 2 x 0 – 115V 682 turns
Core: EI 100x100 (3 UI60), M530-50A
Iron path length l :
Fe 380mm
160mm in single-phase mode
Iron cross-section A :
Fe 5.5cm incl. calculated fullness factor
2
SO3636-7A2
Power: 100VA
Voltage on primary-side: 3 x 127V / 230V
Voltage on secondary-side: 3 x 2 x 115V
Current on secondary-side 145mA
Number of turns on primary-side: 0 – 127V 680 turns 230V – 400V 493 turns
Number of turns of secondary-side: 2 x 0 – 115V 682 turns
Core: EI 100x100 (3 UI60), M530-50A
Iron path length l :
Fe 380mm
160mm in single-phase mode
Iron cross-section A :
Fe 5.5cm incl. calculated fullness factor
2
J [T] H [A/m]
0° 90° 0°/90°
0.5 82 151 116
0.6 86 167 126
0.7 90 186 136
0.8 94 206 148
0.9 99 231 163
1.0 105 263 182
1.1 117 305 208
1.2 141 366 251
1.3 196 471 330
1.4 331 695 510
1.5 747 1348 1033
1.6 2017 3111 2552
1.7 4699 8365 5551
1.8 8910 11117 10083
1.9 15138 17967 16650
Magnetic polarisation ; f = 50 Hz ; all values are mean values
Single-phase transformer
No-load voltage
Experiment objective
Students should accomplish the following:
• Operate the transformer as a single-phase transformer
• Determine the no-load current and the no-load voltage
Exercises
• Assemble the transformer as a single-phase transformer (use the centre winding)
• Measure the no-load current and compute the no-load voltage using the technical
data
• Compare computed value with the measured value
The no-load voltage U0 is the voltage on the output side when the transformer is operating
without any load. In the case of larger transformers with power levels over 16 kVA, the no-
load voltage is specified as the rated voltage.
The no-load voltage U0 can be computed as follows:
U 0 = 4.44 ⋅ Bˆ ⋅ A ⋅ f ⋅ N
B̂ Peak value of the magnetic flux density
A Armature cross-section
f Frequency
N Number of turns
ENT 5/1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD VOLTAGE 7

Experiment setup
L2
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
Fig. 1.1
8 ENT 5/1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD VOLTAGE

The measured no-load current is:

I0 = _________
The peak value is:
Iˆ0 = 2 ⋅ I0 = _________
The peak value of the magnetomotive force is:
Θ
ˆ = Iˆ ⋅ N
0 2 = ___________________________
The peak value of the magnetic field strength is:
Θ
ˆ
Hˆ = = _______________
l Fe
Look up the peak value of the magnetic flux density from the data sheet:
B̂ = _________
Based on the values determined and the number of turns on the secondary side compute the
no-load voltage:
U 0 = 4.44 ⋅ Bˆ ⋅ A ⋅ f ⋅ (N 2 ⋅ 2) = _________
Compare the computed value with the voltage on the secondary-side
ENT 5/1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD VOLTAGE 9

10 ENT 5/1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD VOLTAGE

Transformation ratios
When transformers are operating with no-load, the voltages are proportional the number of
turns. The ratio between the primary and secondary voltage is designated the transformation
ratio ü.
ü = U1
U2
U1 = Primary voltage
U2 = Secondary voltage
ü = U1 ≈
N1
U2 N2
N1 = Number of turns on the primary side
N2 = Number of turns of the secondary side
When a transformer is operating under load, the currents are inversely proportional to the
number of turns
I1 N2 1
≈ ≈
I2 N1 ü
I1 = Current on the primary side

I2 = Current on the secondary side
ENT 5/2 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/TRANSFORMATION RATIOS 11

• Computing the transformation ratio ü based on the number of turns
• Computing the transformation ratio ü based on the voltages
Exercises
• Compute the transformation ratio based on the number of turns
• Measure the primary and secondary voltage and compute the transformation ratio
Compute the transformation ratio from the number of turns
NPri = 1311 turns
NSek = 2 x 682 turns
ü ≈ N Pr i _________
N Sek
12 ENT 5/2 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/TRANSFORMATION RATIOS

Experiment setup
L2
N
400V 115V 115V
230V
V V
UPRI USEK
Fig. 2.1
ENT 5/2 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/TRANSFORMATION RATIOS 13

Measure the primary and secondary voltages.
U1 = _________
U2 = _________
ü = U1 ü = _________
U2
Compare the two results for the transformation ratio?
14 ENT 5/2 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/TRANSFORMATION RATIOS

No-load characteristic
• Become familiar with the response of the transformer in no-load operation
Exercises
• Record the no-load characteristic for the transformer. Vary the input voltage with the
aid of a variable transformer and measure the input current
ENT 5/3 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTIC 15

Experiment setup
400V 115V 115V
230V
L1
A
I0 V
U0
N
Fig. 3.1
16 ENT 5/3 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LIOAD CHARACTERISTIC

U0 / V 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 230

I0 / mA 0 9 12 14 15 17 19 22 25
Explain the shape of the characteristic!
ENT 5/3 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTIC 17

18 ENT 5/3 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LIOAD CHARACTERISTIC

Current and voltage ratios under various loads
Student should accomplish the following:
• Determine the response of the transformer under different loads
Exercises
• Measure the output voltage and output current for no-load, resistive, inductive and
capacitive loads. Enter the values into the table at the end of the chapter.
ENT 5/4 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RATIOS 19

Experiment setup
No-load
L2
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
Fig. 4.1
20 ENT 5/4 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RATIOS

Resistive load
L2
N
400V 115V 115V
230V
ISEK A H2
V
USEK
Fig. 4.2

Inductive load
L2
N
400V 115V 115V
230V
L2
ISEK A
V
USEK
Fig. 4.3

Capacitive load
L2
N
400V 115V 115V
230V
ISEK A C2
V
USEK
Fig. 4.4

Load USec / V ISec / mA

No-load
Resistive load
Inductive load
Capacitive load
Resistive load Inductive load Capacitive load

I*XL
I*R
I*XL
I*R
I*XL
I*R
U2 U1
U1 U2
U2
U1
I
I
I
Simplified vector diagrams for various loads
How do the voltages and currents behave under varying loads?

Equivalent circuit diagram

Complete equivalent circuit diagram
With the aid of an equivalent circuit diagram it is possible to clarify the relationships and
simplify calculations involving the transformer. The following equivalent circuit diagram can
be constructed.
R
1
L
σ 1
L'
σ 2
R'
2
I
PRI SEK
I
U
PRI L
H
R SEK
U
FE
Where:
R1 Ohmic resistance of primary winding
Lσ 1 Leakage inductance of primary winding
RFe Represents iron losses
LH Magnetising inductance
Lσ′ 2 Leakage inductance of secondary winding normalised using the transformation ratio
R2′ Ohmic resistance of secondary winding normalised using the transformation ratio
In the following chapters the above quantities will be calculated.
ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 25

Copper losses
The student should accomplish the following:
• Determine the resistive component of the windings
Exercises
• Measure the resistances using a multimeter
• Calculate the normalised resistance of the secondary
Determine the winding resistances using a multimeter
R1 = _________
R2 = _________ (secondary windings connected together in series)
Compute the normalised resistance

2
R2′ = R N1 ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎜ = _________
N2 ⎠
2⎜
⎝
26 ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE-TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

No-load experiment
• Determine the quantities RFe and LH for the no-load setup
Exercises
• Operate the transformer without a load and measure the current, voltage, power and
power factor (cos ϕ) on the primary side

Experiment setup
L2
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
Fig. 5.1

In no-load operation the primary current is very low so that R1 and L1σ can both be neglected
in this treatment.
Note!
The measuring instrument SO5127-1Z can only accurately determine the power factor cos ϕ
for currents above 50 mA. However, the power levels determined are correct. For that reason
you have to determine cos ϕ from the power levels.
U1 = _________
I01 = _________
P01 = _________
S01 = _________
S
cos ϕ 01 = 01 = _________
P01
ϕ 01 = arccos ϕ 01 = _________
With the aid of the power factor you can determine the resistive and the inductive current
components
IX
H
= I 0 Pr i ⋅ sin ϕ 0 Pr i = _________
IR
Fe
= I 0 Pr i ⋅ cos ϕ 0 Pr i = _________
From this we can derive:
U Pr i
R Fe = = _________
IR
Fe
U Pr i
XH = = _________
IX
H
XH
LH = = _________
2πf

Short-circuit experiment
The student should be able to:
• Determine the short-circuit voltage and Lσ with a short-circuited setup
Exercises
• Operate the transformer with the secondary short-circuited and measure the current,
voltage, power and cos ϕ on the primary side

Experiment setup
400V 115V 115V
230V
L1
A V
Fig. 5.2

When the secondary winding of the transformer is short-circuited, large currents will flow that
could damage or destroy the transformer. To prevent this, the experiment is performed using
a reduced voltage.
Supply the transformer with power from the variable transformer. Short the secondary
winding. Now increase the primary voltage starting from zero until the transformer’s nominal
current flows.
Be careful not to damage the transformer.
UK1 = _________
IK1 = _________
PK1 = _________
cos ϕ K 1 = _________
ϕ K 1 = arccosϕ K 1 = _________
The power factor can now be used to determine the voltage drops across the leakage
inductance and the ohmic resistance component of the winding.
U R = U K1 ⋅ sin ϕ K1 = _________
U σ = U K1 ⋅ cos ϕ K1 = _________
From this we can derive:
Uσ
Xσ = = X σ1 + Xσ2 = _________
I K1
Xσ
X σ1 = = _________
2
X σ1
L1σ = = _________
2πf
Xσ
Xσ2 = = _________
2
Xσ2
X σ′ 2 = = _________
ü2
X σ′ 2
L2′σ = = _________
2πf

Autotransformer
Step-down operation
• Determine the primary and secondary voltage of an autotransformer with and without
load
Exercises
• Operate the autotransformer without a load and measure the primary and secondary
voltage
• Operate the autotransformer with a resistive load and measure the primary and
secondary voltage
ENT 5/6 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/AUTOTRANSFORMER 33

Experiment setup
No-load
L2
N
400V
230V
Fig. 6.1
The voltages when there is no load amount to:

U1 = _________
U2 = _________
34 ENT 5/6 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/AUTOTRANSFORMER

With load
L2
N
400V
230V
V
H2
Fig. 6.2
The voltages with the above load (1 lamp) amount to:

U1 = _________
U2 = _________

Step-down operation
The student should be able to:
• Determine the primary and secondary voltage of the autotransformer with and without
load
Exercises
• Operate the autotransformer without a load and measure the primary and secondary
voltage
• Operate the autotransformer with a resistive load and measure the primary and
secondary voltage

Experiment setup
Without load
L2
N
400V
230V
Fig. 6.3
The voltages when there is no load amount to:

U1 = _________
U2 = _________

With load
L2
N
400V
230V
V
H1 H2
Fig. 6.4
The voltages with the above load (2 lamps) amount to:

U1 = _________
U2 = _________

Three-phase transformers
Types of circuit, designations and vector groups
Three-phase transformers have three phase windings each on the primary and the
secondary side. These can each be operated in star or delta configuration. The following
table provides a summary of the various ways of connecting three phase transformers in a
circuit.
Circuit type Letter designation
Primary winding Secondary winding
Star Y y
Delta D d
Interconnected star Z z
Open circuit III iii
Neutral brought out N n
Different vector groups arise depending on which circuit is implemented on the primary or
secondary side. A distinctive number or index is also included in the designation of the vector
group. This number indicates the phase-shift of the input voltage with respect to the output
voltage. This distinctive number (or phase displacement index) is a multiple of 30° that
corresponds to the angle of the phase shift between the input voltage and output voltage
(e.g. an index of 5 signifies 5x30°, corresponding to a 150° phase shift).
ENT 5/7 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUPS 39

The subsequent table contains several examples of designations for various vector groups.
Vector group Vector diagram
Primary side Secondary side
1V 2V
Yy0
1U 1W 2U 2W
2U
1V
Yd5 2W
1U 1W
2V
1V 2W 2U
Yy6
2V
1U 1W
1V 2V
Yz11
2W
1U 1W
2U
1V 2V
Dd0
1U 1W 2U 2W
1V 2U
Dy5 2W
1U 1W 2V
40 ENT 5/7 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUPS

Determining the phase displacement index

A phase displacement angle can be determined for each vector group. This phase
displacement angle specifies by which angle the voltage direction of the secondary side lags
behind the primary side. The phase displacement index does not directly specify the angle,
rather it is a multiple of 30°. A phase displacement index of 1 corresponds to a phase angle
of 30°; a 2 corresponds to an angle 60° etc.
The two following examples should once again clarify how the phase displacement index is
determined.
1V 2W 2U
The two vector diagrams
show the primary and
secondary sides. To
obtain the phase shift
you can imagine lining
up 1V with 2V.
1U 1W 2V
2W 2U
Here we see 1V and 2V

joined together. If you
imagine a voltage vector 2V
from V1 to the star
(neutral) point and from 1V
V2 to the star point you
have two voltage vectors
1U 1W
The angle between the
two voltage vectors 2W 2U
gives the phase-shift
between the primary and
secondary sides, in this 2V
case 180°. From this we 1V 180°
obtain a phase
displacement index of 6
(6 x 30° = 180°) The
vector group is thus 1U 1W
designated Yy6.

The two vector

2V 2U
diagrams show the
primary and
secondary sides. To
obtain the phase 2W
shift we can
imagine that 1V is
joined to 2V. 1U 1W 1V
2U 2U
Here we see 1V
and 2V joined
together. To draw 2W 2W
the voltage vectors
in delta
configuration, a 1V 1V
virtual star point 2V 2V
must be drawn
inside the triangle to
obtain the two
voltage vectors
1U 1W 1U 1W
The angle between

2U
the two voltage
vectors gives the
phase-shift between 2W
the primary and
secondary sides, in
this case 150°. 1V
From this we obtain
a phase
2V 150°
displacement index
of 5 (5 x 30° = 150°)
The vector group is
designated Dy5.
1U 1W

Fuse protection for a transformer

The size of fuse required to protect the transformer can be determined from the power rating.
Using the experiment panel as an example the following calculation is carried out. The
calculation is representative for all cases.
SN = 100 VA
U = 3 x 400 V
For a star connection we obtain the following input current
SN 100VA
I Str = = = 0.14 A
3U 3 ⋅ 230V
Str


Vector group Yy
• Examine the response of the vector group Yy with symmetric and asymmetric loads.
• Examine the influence of the neutral connection on the output voltages
Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing vector group Yy0 and provide a purely resistive load that
is symmetric
• Measure the output voltages and the input currents
ENT 5/8 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUP Yy 45

L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V 115V 115V
230V
H2
400V 115V 115V
230V
H3
Fig. 8.1
Circuit diagram and setup only illustrate the circuit for one phase. For additional phases the circuit must be
rewired accordingly.
U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
46 ENT 5/8 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUP Yy

Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing the vector group Yy0 and subject the transformer to a
purely resistive load that is asymmetric. To do this remove the load in one phase.
L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V 115V 115V
230V
H2
400V 115V 115V
230V
Fig. 8.2

U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing the vector group Yy0 and subject the transformer to a
resistive load that is asymmetric. Operate the transformer with a load in only one
phase.
L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V 115V 115V
230V
400V 115V 115V
230V

Fig. 8.3
U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
How do the output voltages respond to various loads?
How do the input currents respond under various loads?
The circuit is not suitable for operation with asymmetric loads. Current linkages arise
in the transformer core, which cause losses outside the transformer core.

Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing the vector group YNy0 and subject the transformer to a
resistive load that is asymmetric. The neutral point on the primary side is connected
to the neutral conductor. Operate the transformer with the load in only one phase.
L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V 115V 115V
230V
400V 115V 115V
230V
Fig. 8.4

U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
Compare the measured values for the vector group without the neutral point connected?


Vector group Yz11
• Examine the response of the vector group Yz11 under symmetric and asymmetric
loads.
In the case of an interconnected star the transformation ratio deviates from the other circuits.
This is due to the fact that in the interconnected star the two voltages are combined
geometrically so that we obtain the following transformation ratio:
ü = 2 N1
3N 2
Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing the vector group Yz11 and apply a symmetrical resistive
load to the transformer.
ENT 5/9 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUP Yz11 53

L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V
115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V
115V 115V
230V
H2
400V
115V 115V
230V
H3
Fig. 9.1
U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
54 ENT 5/9 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUP Yz11

Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing the vector group Yz11 and apply a resistive load to the
transformer that is asymmetric. To do this remove the load to one phase.
L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V
115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V
115V 115V
230V
H2
400V
115V 115V
230V
Fig. 9.2

U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing the vector group Yz11 and apply a resistive load to the
transformer that is asymmetric. Operate the transformer with the load in only one
phase.
L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V
115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V
115V 115V
230V
400V
115V 115V
230V

Fig. 9.3
U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
How do the output voltages respond under various loads?
How do the input currents respond under various loads?
The circuit is well suited for operation with asymmetric loads. Due to the division of
the secondary winding into two segments any asymmetry in the load is compensated
for.


Vector group Dy5
• Examine the response of the vector group DY5 under symmetric and asymmetric
loads.
•
Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing the vector group Dy5 and apply a resistive load to the
transformer that is symmetric.
L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V 115V 115V
230V
H2
400V 115V 115V
230V
H3
ENT 5/10 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUP Dy5 59

Fig. 10.1
U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
Exercises
• Set up the vector group Dy5 and apply a resistive load to the transformer that is
asymmetric. To do this remove the load in one phase.
60 ENT 5/10 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUP Dy5

L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V 115V 115V
230V
H2
400V 115V 115V
230V
Fig. 10.2
U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________

Exercises
• Set up a circuit representing the vector group Dy5 and apply a resistive load to the
transformer that is asymmetric. Operate the transformer with a load in only one
phase.
• Measure the output voltages and input currents
L1
L2
L3
N
A 400V 115V 115V
230V
H1
V
400V 115V 115V
230V
400V 115V 115V
230V
Fig. 10.3
62 ENT 5/10 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/VECTOR GROUP Dy5

U2U = _________
U2V = _________
U2W = _________
I1U = _________
I1V = _________
I1W = _________
How do the output voltages respond to the various loads?
How do the input currents respond to the various loads?
The circuit is well suited for operation with asymmetric loads. The primary-side delta
connection compensates for asymmetry in the load.
The vector group Dy5 is used in distributor transformers where the neutral point is also
earthed.

Working together with you and for you:
Your personal experience and observations can contribute to improvements to this product
and the elimination of any errors. Your comments will be of considerable importance to us in
future revisions of our manuals.
We wish to thank you for your interest and your
cooperation.
Reg.: Manual
Notes:
Date:
Copyright © 2006 LUCAS-NÜLLE GmbH. All rights reserved.

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Address: Siemensstraße 2 • D-50170 Kerpen (Sindorf)
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Single-phase and three-phase

Lehr- und Messgeräte GmbH

Siemensstraße 2 • D-50170 Kerpen

Danger due to electrical current!

Life-threatening currents may arise if the training system is incorrectly earthed!

Danger due to electrical current!

Danger due to electrical current!

Danger due to electrical current!

Danger due to electrical current!

Danger due to electrical current!

Technical data for the transformer trainer

ENT 5/1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD VOLTAGE 7

A 400V 115V 115V

8 ENT 5/1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD VOLTAGE

The measured no-load current is:

ENT 5/1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD VOLTAGE 9

10 ENT 5/1 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD VOLTAGE

I1 = Current on the primary side

ENT 5/2 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/TRANSFORMATION RATIOS 11

12 ENT 5/2 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/TRANSFORMATION RATIOS

400V 115V 115V

ENT 5/2 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/TRANSFORMATION RATIOS 13

Measure the primary and secondary voltages.

Compare the two results for the transformation ratio?

14 ENT 5/2 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/TRANSFORMATION RATIOS

ENT 5/3 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTIC 15

16 ENT 5/3 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LIOAD CHARACTERISTIC

U0 / V 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 230

Explain the shape of the characteristic!

ENT 5/3 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LOAD CHARACTERISTIC 17

18 ENT 5/3 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/NO-LIOAD CHARACTERISTIC

Current and voltage ratios under various loads

ENT 5/4 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RATIOS 19

A 400V 115V 115V

20 ENT 5/4 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RATIOS

400V 115V 115V

ENT 5/4 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RATIOS 21

400V 115V 115V

22 ENT 5/4 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RATIOS

400V 115V 115V

ENT 5/4 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RATIOS 23

Load USec / V ISec / mA

Resistive load Inductive load Capacitive load

Simplified vector diagrams for various loads

How do the voltages and currents behave under varying loads?

24 ENT 5/4 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RATIOS

Equivalent circuit diagram

ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 25

Compute the normalised resistance

26 ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE-TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 27

A 400V 115V 115V

28 ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE-TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 29

30 ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE-TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 31

32 ENT 5/5 SINGLE-PHASE-TRANSFORMERS/EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ENT 5/6 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/AUTOTRANSFORMER 33

The voltages when there is no load amount to:

34 ENT 5/6 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/AUTOTRANSFORMER

The voltages with the above load (1 lamp) amount to:

ENT 5/6 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/AUTOTRANSFORMER 35

36 ENT 5/6 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS/AUTOTRANSFORMER