EE-213 Electrical Machines

Spring 2018

Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Abid

Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences

Islamabad, Pakistan
 Contents

Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 1
Laboratory Safety: .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Laboratory safety review questions.................................................................................. 5
1.2 Additional safety measures .............................................................................................. 7
Determining the transformation ratio of a single phase transformers............................................. 8
1.1 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Background ...................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Lab Work.......................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Proceedure ........................................................................................................................ 8
1.5 Report ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.6 Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 9
Determining equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase transformer ................................... 10
2.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Pre-Lab ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Proceedure ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Lab Report ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.6 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 12
Study working of autotransformer: connecting in step up and step down configuration ............ 13
3.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.4 Lab Report ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.5 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 14
Determine voltage regulation of a transformer ............................................................................. 15
4.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 15
4.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 15

1
 4.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 15
4.4 Lab Report ...................................................................................................................... 17
4.5 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 17
DC shunt-wound motors: connection and starting, rotation reversal and speed control .............. 19
5.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 19
5.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 19
5.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 19
5.4 Lab Report ...................................................................................................................... 21
5.5 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 21
Load characteristics of a DC shunt wound motor ......................................................................... 22
6.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 22
6.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 22
6.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 22
6.4 Lab Report ...................................................................................................................... 24
6.5 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 24
Load characteristics of DC shunt-wound generators, separately excited ..................................... 26
7.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 26
7.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 26
7.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 26
7.4 Lab Report ...................................................................................................................... 28
7.5 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 28
Load characteristics DC shunt-wound generators, self excited .................................................... 30
8.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 30
8.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 30
8.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 30
8.4 Lab Report ...................................................................................................................... 32
8.5 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 32
Load characteristics DC series wound motors .............................................................................. 33
9.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 33
9.2 Background .................................................................................................................... 33
2
 9.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 33
9.4 Lab Report ...................................................................................................................... 35
9.5 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 35
Load characteristics of DC compound wound motors for various compound ratios .................. 36
10.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 36
10.2 Background ................................................................................................................. 36
10.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 36
10.4 Lab Report .................................................................................................................. 39
10.5 Assessment ................................................................................................................. 39
Synchronization of synchronous generators to the mains............................................................. 40
11.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 40
11.2 Background ................................................................................................................. 40
11.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 40
11.4 Lab report ................................................................................................................... 42
11.5 Assessment ................................................................................................................. 43
Connection and starting, load charachteristics of Three phase Asynchronous motor .................. 44
12.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 44
12.2 Background ................................................................................................................. 44
12.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 44
12.4 Lab report ................................................................................................................... 47
12.5 Assessment ................................................................................................................. 47
Single phase motor with a bifilar winding, Rotation reversal, Load characteristics .................... 49
13.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 49
13.2 Background ................................................................................................................. 49
13.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 49
13.4 Lab report ................................................................................................................... 51
13.5 Assessment ................................................................................................................. 51
Universal motor: Wiring and starting, Rotation reversal, Load characteristics ............................ 53
14.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 53
14.2 Background ................................................................................................................. 53
3
 14.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 53
14.4 Lab report ................................................................................................................... 55
14.5 Assessment ................................................................................................................. 55
Annex-II Knowledge Domain .............................................................................................. 56
Annex-III Rubrics for Lab CLOs ........................................................................................... 57

4
 Laboratory Safety:

 Safety in the electrical engineering laboratory, as everywhere else, is a matter of the

knowledge of potential hazards, following safety regulations and precautions, and
common sense.
 Observing safety precautions is important due to pronounced hazards in any electrical
engineering laboratory.
 All the PIEAS Electrical Engineering Students, Teaching Assistants, Lab Engineers,
and Lab technicians are required to be familiar with the LABORATORY SAFETY
GUIDELINES FOR THE PIEAS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNDERGRADUATE LAB AREAS published on the department web-page.
 Practice electrical safety at all times while constructing, analyzing and
troubleshooting circuitry.
 Do not accompany any drinks or water with you inside the Lab.
 If you observed an electrical hazard in the lab area – NOTIFY THE
INSTRUCTOR/LAB ASSISTANT IMMEDIATELY!
 Acquaint yourself with the location of the following safety items within the lab.
o Fire extinguisher
o First aid kit
o Fire-exit
o Telephone and emergency numbers

Department/Person Telephone

Incharge CSD Lab 3440

Head DEE 3404/3401

PIEAS University Service /Security 3500

PIEAS Medical Clinic/ Emergency/ Reception 3034

1.1 Laboratory safety review questions

 YES or NO: Have you read the Laboratory Safety Guidelines for the PIEAS
Electrical Engineering Undergraduate Lab Areas?
5
 What should you do if an emergency situation occurs in the laboratory?
 In the event of a fire, police, or medical emergency do you know the emergency
telephone number? Write it down.
 TRUE or FALSE: There is an increased risk of electric shock if you enter the lab area
bare feet.
 TRUE or FALSE: There is no increased risk of electric shock and the equipment is
not affected in any way if food and drinks are allowed in the lab area.
 TRUE or FALSE: The students may be allowed to work alone in any lab area without
the supervision of Teaching Assistant (TA) or Course Professor.
 Fill in the blanks:
 Voltages above ________ Vrms AC are dangerous.
 Voltages above ________ DC are dangerous.
 TRUE or FALSE: In the event of fire emergency use elevator to evacuate faster.
 In the event of a fire, police, or medical emergency do you know the emergency
telephone number? Write it down.
 What should you do if an emergency situation occurs in the laboratory?
 In the event of a fire, police, or medical emergency do you know the emergency
telephone number? Write it down.
 What should you do if an emergency situation occurs in the laboratory?

6
1.2 Additional safety measures
 Familiarize yourself with the hazards of Electric Shock.
 Familiarize yourself with the location of the circuit breakers and know where to call
for help and what to do in case some colleague is injured.
 Never Work in the lab alone.
 Inspect all cords, plugs and equipment for possible damage, and notify your instructor
if you see any such damage.
 While making connection, keep power off.
 Do not touch bear wires and parts.
 Do not work when your skin is wet.
 Do not place drinks or food on your work bench.

7
Experiment No. 1.
Determining the transformation ratio of a single phase
transformers

1.1 Objective
 Operate a transformer as a single-phase transformer
 Compute the transformation ratio based on number of turns
 Be able to compute the transformation ratio based on the voltages

1.2 Background

1.3 Lab Work

1. Compute the transformation ratio based on the number of turns
2. Measure the primary and secondary voltage and compute the transformation ratio
3. Compare the two results for the transformation ratio?

1.4 Proceedure
1. Make connections as shown in Figure 1

8
 2. Measure the primary and secondary voltages.
3. Compare the two results for the transformation ratio.

Figure 1

1.5 Report
1. Report must include a detailed proceedure of performing the experiment

1.6 Assessment
CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators
 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
 Proper connections of the transformer
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in  Proper reading from the multimeters
CLO2 C3, P3 
the laboratory experiments Give correct comparison of results

Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the

CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Formulate to solve the engineering
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5 C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental  Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
CLO6 principles to design the system or C4 and experimental results
task based on the given  Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
specifications

9
Experiment No. 2.
Determining equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase
transformer

2.1 Objective
 Perform short circuit test and open circuit test on a transformer
 Determine transformer equivalent circuit parameters

2.2 Background
With the aid of an equivalent circuit diagram it is possible to clarify the relationships and
simplify calculations involving the transformer. The following equivalent circuit diagram can
be constructed.

Figure 2

2.3 Pre-Lab
 Study the equivalent cirecuit of a transformer
 Revise procedure to perform short circuit and opent circuit test from book and lecture notes.

2.4 Proceedure
 Make connections as shown in Figure 3 and Perform no-load (open circuit) test

10
 Figure 3

 Operate the transformer without a load and measure the current, voltage, power and power
factor (cos ϕ) on the primary side
 Determine the quantities 𝑅𝐹𝐸 and 𝐿𝐻 for the no-load setup.
 Make connections as in Figure 4 and perform short circuit test.

Figure 4

 When the secondary winding of the transformer is short-circuited, large currents will flow
that could damage or destroy the transformer. To prevent this, the experiment is performed
using a reduced voltage. Supply the transformer with power from the variable transformer.
Short the secondary winding. Now increase the primary voltage starting from zero until the
transformer’s nominal current flows. Be careful not to damage the transformer.
 Measure the current, voltage, power and cos ϕ on the primary side.
 Determine the short-circuit voltage and 𝐿𝜎 with a short-circuited setup

2.5 Lab Report

A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. LAb report must contain
 Theoretical background of the experiment

11
  Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 All the calculations performed to determine the equivalent circuit parameters
 Discussion on the results

2.6 Assessment

CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators

Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1
team members
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2
the laboratory experiments
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and
CLO4 effectively through presentation
and/or Report.
Formulate to solve the engineering
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5
solve the electrical engineering
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental
CLO6 principles to design the system or
task based on the given
specifications
 performs his/her part
A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
 Does not argue
 Proper connections of the transformer for open circuit
test
 Proper connections of transformer for short circuit
test
C3, P3  Proper reading of voltage, current, power and power
factor from multimeters
 Calculations to determine equivalent circuit
parameters
P2 As per rubric
 Report is structured properly
C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
 Language is clear
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
C2 in class
 Describe relevant mathematical equations
 Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
C4 and experimental results
 Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve

12
Experiment No. 3.
Study working of autotransformer: connecting in step up
and step down configuration

3.1 Objective
 Connect a transformer in auto-transformer configuration
 Determine the primary and secondary voltage of an autotransformer with and without load

3.2 Background
Section 2.9 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

3.3 Procedure
 Step-down operation: Make connections as shown in Figure 5. Operate the autotransformer
without a load and measure the primary and secondary voltages.

Figure 5

 Operate the autotransformer with a resistive load, as shown in Figure 6 and measure the
primary and secondary voltages.

13
 Figure 6

 Step-up operation: Operate the autotransformer without a load and measure the primary and
secondary voltage
 • Operate the autotransformer with a resistive load and measure the primary and secondary
voltage.

3.4 Lab Report

A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background of the experiment
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 All the measurements obtained from the experiment.
 Discussion on the results

3.5 Assessment

CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators

Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1
team members
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2
the laboratory experiments
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and
CLO4 effectively through presentation
and/or Report.
Formulate to solve the engineering
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5
solve the electrical engineering
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental
CLO6 principles to design the system or
task based on the given
specifications
 performs his/her part
A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
 Does not argue
 Proper connections of transformer in auto-
transformer configuration - step up configuration
 Proper connections of transformer in auto-
C3, P3 transformer configuration - step down configuration
 Proper reading of primary and secondary voltages
with and without load in both configurations
P2 As per rubric
 Report is structured properly
C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
 Language is clear
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
C2 in class
 Describe relevant mathematical equations
 Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
C4 and experimental results
 Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve

14
Experiment No. 4.
Determine voltage regulation of a transformer

4.1 Objective
 Determine the response of the transformer under different loads
 Determine the voltage regulation of transformer with resistive, inductive and capacitive loads

4.2 Background
Section 2.7 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

4.3 Procedure
 Make connections of the transformer as shown Figure 7 and measure the output voltage and
output current for no-load.

Figure 7

 Add resistive load to the secondary side as shown in Figure 8 and measure the output voltage
and output current for no-load.

15
 Figure 8

 Add inductive load to the secondary side as shown in Figure 9 and measure the output
voltage and output current for no-load.

Figure 9

 Add capacitive load to the secondary side as shown in Figure 10Figure 9 and measure the
output voltage and output current for no-load.

16
 Figure 10

4.4 Lab Report

A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background of the experiment
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 All the measurements obtained from the experiment and the resulting phasor diagrams
 Results of voltage regulation of the transformer in all cases.
 Discussion on the results

4.5 Assessment

CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators

 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
 Proper connections of transformer for no load,
resistive load, inductive load and capacitive load
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2 C3, P3  measurement of primary and secondary voltages
the laboratory experiments  Phasor diagram for all cases
 Voltage regulation for all cases
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Formulate to solve the engineering
Report  Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5 C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations
problems.
CLO6 Design and evaluate operational C4  Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation

17
performance: Use the fundamental and experimental results
principles to design the system or  Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve

task based on the given

specifications

18
Experiment No. 5.
DC shunt-wound motors: connection and starting, rotation
reversal and speed control

5.1 Objective
 Identify the terminal connections of the motor and operate the motor as a shunt-wound motor
 Read the nominal data of the motor based on the rating plate
 Be familiar with how the starter works
 Put the motor into operation in both rotation directions

5.2 Background
Section 9.4 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

5.3 Procedure
 Read the name plate of motor and enter the nominal data for the DC machine in the following
table.

Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagram of

 Figure 11 and set-up instructions

 Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the armature circuit
 Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
 Put the shunt-wound motor into operation with Starter at minimum value (0 Ω), DC power
supply unit: 220V
 Complete the following table

19
 Figure 11

 Apply the brake to slow the motor down to nominal speed

 In the process of braking measure the armature current
 Complete the following table.

20
5.4 Lab Report
A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed tables as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Discussion on the results

5.5 Assessment

CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators

Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1
team members
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2
the laboratory experiments
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and
CLO4 effectively through presentation
and/or Report.
Formulate to solve the engineering
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5
solve the electrical engineering
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental
CLO6 principles to design the system or
task based on the given
specifications
 performs his/her part
A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
 Does not argue
 Proper connections of transformer for no load,
resistive load, inductive load and capacitive load
C3, P3  measurement of primary and secondary voltages
 Phasor diagram for all cases
 Voltage regulation for all cases
P2 As per rubric
 Report is structured properly
C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
 Language is clear
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
C2 in class
 Describe relevant mathematical equations
 Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
C4 and experimental results
 Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve

21
Experiment No. 6.
Load characteristics of a DC shunt wound motor

6.1 Objective
 Record the motor's load characteristic
 Determine the highest degree of efficiency
 Recognize how the motor responds to loads

6.2 Background
Section 9.4 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

6.3 Procedure
 Assemble the circuit as specified in the following circuit diagram and setup instructions

Figure 12

 Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the armature/exciter circuit

22
 Switch the brake on too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
 Required setting:
Brake: Industrial series: "PC Mode"
Classic series: "PC Mode"
DC power supply unit: (armature & exciter circuit) 220V
 Start the "ActiveDrive/ActiveServo" software
 The motor is to be loaded up to its nominal torque
 Label the diagram as given in the placeholder
 The following parameters should be recorded:
The degree of efficiency
the armature current
the power output
and the speed
 Before starting the measurement you must have answered the question concerning the
nominal torque, which you should have determined in the "speed control" experiment
 After completing the measurement export the generated graph and copy it into the
corresponding placeholder below
 Determine from the diagram the highest degree of efficiency obtainable

23
 Figure 13

 Answer the following questions

What is the nominal torque?
What is the maximum efficiency "η" for the shunt-wound motor?

6.4 Lab Report

A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of DC shunt motors
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Answers to the questions.
 Discussion on the results

6.5 Assessment

CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators

 performs his/her part
GRS CLO1 Teamwork: Work effectively with A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas

24
 team members
Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2 C3, P3
the laboratory experiments
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and
CLO4 effectively through presentation
and/or Report.
Formulate to solve the engineering
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5
solve the electrical engineering
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental
CLO6 principles to design the system or
task based on the given
specifications
 Does not argue
 Proper connections of DC shunt motor
 Complete the figure of load charachteristics
 Answer the questions
P2 As per rubric
 Report is structured properly
C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
 Language is clear
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
C2 in class
 Describe relevant mathematical equations
 Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
C4 and experimental results
 Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
25
Experiment No. 7.
Load characteristics of DC shunt-wound generators,
separately excited

7.1 Objective
 Connect the machine as a separately excited DC shunt wound generator
 Recognize which variables affect the output voltage of the generator
 Record and interpret the load characteristics of a DC shunt-wound generator
 Understand the relationship between the generator voltage, armature current, exciter current
and speed

7.2 Background
Section 9.13 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

7.3 Procedure
 Assemble the circuit as specified in the circuit diagram and set-up instructions

 Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the exciter/armature circuit

26
 The armature circuit is to be ted to the load resistor
 In this experiment the brake is used as a drive motor
 Required settings:
Brake mode: "Speed Control"
DC power supply unit: (exciter circuit) 220V
Field regulator: minimum setting (0 Ω)
Load resistor: maximum
 The drive motor is to be run up to a speed of 2000 rpm with the generator operating without a
load (load resistor set to maximum)
 Record the load characteristics based on the armature currents specified in the table with 2
different nominal exciter currents (50% and 100% of the nominal exciter current)
 Measure the variables UG (generator voltage) and P2 (power output) when the armature
current IG is increased step by step
 Increase the armature current by reducing the load resistance
 Calculate the power output and enter all the measured values into the tables

27
7.4 Lab Report
A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of DC shunt generators - seperately excited
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Discussion on the results

7.5 Assessment

CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators

 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in  Proper connections of DC shunt generatorsr
CLO2 C3, P3  Complete the figure of load charachteristics
the laboratory experiments
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Report
Formulate to solve the engineering  Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
CLO5 problems: formulate and analyses to C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations

28
 problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental  Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
CLO6 principles to design the system or C4 and experimental results
task based on the given  Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
specifications

29
Experiment No. 8.
Load characteristics DC shunt-wound generators, self excited

8.1 Objective
 Recognize how the generator voltage results from the polarity of the exciter winding and the
generator's rotation direction
 Record and interpret the load characteristics for a self-excited DC shunt-wound generator
 Understand the relationship between the generator voltage, exciter current and speed

8.2 Background
Section 9.12 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

8.3 Procedure
 Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagram and set-up instructions below

Figure 14

 Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the armature circuit

 Include an ammeter in the exciter circuit
 Connect the armature circuit to the load resistor

30
 In this experiment the brake is used as a drive motor
 Required settings:
Brake mode: "Speed Control"
Field regulator: minimum setting (0 Ω)
Load resistor: maximum ( Note: 0.3 kW class ~ approx. 1 kΩ; 1 kW class ~approx. 440 Ω)
 Put the generator into operation
 First run the drive motor up to a speed of 2000 rpm
 Make sure that you have the correct rotation direction of the motor, as determined in the
experiment "rotation direction and polarity"
 Now the nominal exciter current must be set using the field regulator
 Reduce the resistance in consistent intervals
 In the process measure the generator voltage UG, the armature current IG and use these
measurements to compute the power output P2
 Transfer all of these values into the table

Figure 15

31
8.4 Lab Report
A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of DC shunt generators - seperately excited
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Answers to the questions
 Discussion on the results

8.5 Assessment

CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators

Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1
team members
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2
the laboratory experiments
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and
CLO4 effectively through presentation
and/or Report.
Formulate to solve the engineering
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5
solve the electrical engineering
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental
CLO6 principles to design the system or
task based on the given
specifications
 performs his/her part
A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
 Does not argue
 Proper connections of DC shunt generatorsr
C3, P3  Complete the figure of load charachteristics
P2 As per rubric
 Report is structured properly
C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
 Language is clear
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
C2 in class
 Describe relevant mathematical equations
 Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
C4 and experimental results
 Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve

32
Experiment No. 9.
Load characteristics DC series wound motors

9.1 Objective
 Identify the terminal connections of the motor and operate the motor as a shunt-wound motor
 Be familiar with how the starter works
 Analyze and understand the relationship between the load of the series-wound motor and its
speed and armature current

9.2 Background
Section 9.7 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

9.3 Procedure
 Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagram and set-up instructions below
 Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the motor circuit
 Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
 Required setting:
Brake: Industrial series: "PC Mode"
Classic series: "PC Mode"
ActiveDrive / ActiveServo: Setting -> Operating mode -> Speed control
DC power supply unit: (motor circuit) 220 V
 Start the "ActiveDrive / ActiveServo" software
 Make sure that you start the brake at 3000 min-1 prior to switching on the motor, as
otherwise the motor might "race"
 The motor should be braked from 3000 min-1 to 1600 min-1 in 20 discrete steps using the
ramp function
 Label the graph as given in the placeholder below
 In the first graph the following parameters should be plotted: the motor current I(M), the
motor voltage U(M) and the torque M(M)
 In the second graph the following parameters are to be plotted: the consumed electical power
and the mechanical output power (P1(M), P2(M)) as well as the resulting efficiency η(M) (η
=> "Eta")
 Determine the highest possible efficiency from the second graph

33
Figure 16

34
  What is the maximum efficiency "η" for the series-wound motor?

9.4 Lab Report

A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of DC shunt generators - seperately excited
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Answers to the questions
 Discussion on the results

9.5 Assessment
CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators
 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
 Proper connections of DC series motors
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2 C3, P3  Complete the figure of load characteristics
the laboratory experiments  Answers to the questions
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Formulate to solve the engineering
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5 C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental  Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
CLO6 principles to design the system or C4 and experimental results
task based on the given  Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
specifications

35
Experiment No. 10.
Load characteristics of DC compound wound motors for
various compound ratios

10.1 Objective
 Be able to operate motor as a DC compound-wound motor
 Record the load characteristics for different series-wound components
 Identify the difference between over-compounded, normal and under-compounded motors
 Compare the response of a compound-wound machine with series and shunt-wound machines

10.2 Background
Section 9.7 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

10.3 Procedure
 Assemble the circuit as specified in the following circuit diagram and set-up instructions

Figure 17

 Include an ammeter and voltmeter in the motor circuit

36
 Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
 Required settings:
Brake: Industrial series: "PC Mode"
Classic series: "PC Mode"
DC power supply unit: (motor circuit) 220 V
Multimeter measurement method: arithmetic mean
 Start the "ActiveDrive/ActiveServo" software
 The motor should be subjected to a load up to 1.5 times its nominal torque
 Label the graph as specified in the placeholder below
 You should perform three measurements for different compound winding ratios (100%, 70%,
30% series-wound component) recording two graphs, each with different parameters
 In the first graph the following parameters are to be plotted: the motor current I(M), the motor
voltage U(M) and the speed n(M)
 In the second graph the following parameters should be plotted: consumed electrical power
and the mechanical power output (P1(M), P2(M)), as well as the resulting degree of
efficiency η(M) (η => „Eta“)
 Export the plotted graph and copy it into the placeholder below
 Determine the optimum efficiency in each case from the second graph

37
38
10.4 Lab Report
A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of DC compound wound motors
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Answers to the questions
 Discussion on the results

10.5 Assessment
CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators
 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
 Proper connections of DC compound wound motors
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2 C3, P3  Complete the figure of load characteristics
the laboratory experiments  Answers to the questions
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Formulate to solve the engineering
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5 C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental  Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
CLO6 principles to design the system or C4 and experimental results
task based on the given  Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
specifications

39
Experiment No. 11.
Synchronization of synchronous generators to the mains

11.1 Objective
 Put three phase synchronous machine as synchronous generator
 Mains synchronization with the help of three lamp method
 Determination of synchronization time point

11.2 Background
Section 5.9 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

11.3 Procedure

40
41
11.4 Lab report
A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of DC compound wound motors
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Answers to the questions
 Discussion on the results

42
11.5 Assessment
CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators
 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
 Proper connections of DC compound wound motors
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2 C3, P3  Complete the figure of load characteristics
the laboratory experiments  Answers to the questions
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Formulate to solve the engineering
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5 C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental  Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
CLO6 principles to design the system or C4 and experimental results
task based on the given  Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
specifications

43
Experiment No. 12.
Connection and starting, load charachteristics of Three phase
Asynchronous motor

12.1 Objective
 Identify the terminal connections of the motor and operate the motor as a three-phase
asynchronous motor
 Put the motor into operation in star and delta configurations
 Put the motor into operation in both rotation directions
 Record the load characteristics of the motor
 Determine the nominal torque
 Determine the highest degree of efficiency
 Study how the motor responds to loads

12.2 Background
Section 7.5 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

12.3 Procedure
 Enter the nominal data for the asynchronous machine

 Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagram Error! Reference source not
found. and set-up instructions
 Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
 Put the asynchronous motor into operation in star configuration

44
 Put the asynchronous motor into operation in delta configuration

Figure 18

 Load characteristics
 Assemble the circuits as specified in the following circuit diagram and set-up instructions.
 Switch the brake on too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.
 Start the "ActiveDrive/ActiveServo" software
 Select the operating mode "automatic speed control"
 Apply the brake to the motor in 20 discrete steps until the motor ceases to turn ( Note: in the
"ActiveDrive / ActiveServo" software enter the corresponding number of steps before this
occurs under "Settings" ->"Presets" -> "Ramp")
 The load characteristics of the asynchronous motor are to be recorded for both star as well as
delta connection. Begin with a star connection. For each operating mode two graphs are
plotted

45
 After completing the measurement, export the plotted graph and copy it in place of the
placeholder below
 Determine the the highest possible efficiency η(n) for each operating mode based on the
second graph

46
12.4 Lab report
A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of thre phase induction motors
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Answers to the questions
 Discussion on the results

12.5 Assessment
CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators
 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
 Proper connections of three phase induction motor
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2 C3, P3  Complete the figure of load characteristics
the laboratory experiments  Answers to the questions
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Report Formulate to solve the engineering
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5 C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations
problems.

47
 Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental
CLO6 principles to design the system or
task based on the given
specifications
 Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
C4 and experimental results
 Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
48
Experiment No. 13.
Single phase motor with a bifilar winding, Rotation reversal,
Load characteristics

13.1 Objective
 Identify the terminal connections of the motor
 Read the nominal data of the motor based on the rating plate
 Operate the motor in both directions
 Determine the motor's response to various loads

13.2 Background
Section 10.3 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

13.3 Procedure
 Read the name plate of the motor and enter the nominal data for the motor:

 Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagram Error! Reference source not
found.and set-up instructions
 Switch on the brake. This does not yet subject the motor to any load
 Operate the single-phase motor with an auxiliary resistance winding and record its load
characteristic
 Required settings:
Brake mode: Speed control
 Start up the motor and observe its response.
 Use the brake to run the motor at the speeds specified in the table.
 Measure the motor current and torque in each case.

49
Figure 19

50
13.4 Lab report
A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of Single phase induction motors
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Answers to the questions
 Discussion on the results

13.5 Assessment
CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators
 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
GRS  Proper connections of single phase induction motor
Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2 C3, P3  Complete the figure of load characteristics
the laboratory experiments  Answers to the questions

51
 Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Formulate to solve the engineering
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5 C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental  Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
CLO6 principles to design the system or C4 and experimental results
task based on the given  Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
specifications

52
Experiment No. 14.
Universal motor: Wiring and starting, Rotation reversal,
Load characteristics

14.1 Objective
 Read the nominal data of the motor based on the rating plate
 Operate the motor with direct current and alternating current
 Determine the motor's response to various loads

14.2 Background
Section 10.1 of book S. J. Chapman, "Electric Machinery Fundamentals", 4th edition, McGrawHill,
2010

14.3 Procedure

 Assemble the circuits as specified in the circuit diagram Figure 20 and set-up instructions.
 Switch on the brake too. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.
 Start the ActiveDrive/ActiveServo software.
 Select speed control mode.
 The motor is to be slowed down in 20 steps from 4000 rpm till 2000 rpm (
 Note: enter the required number of steps in the ActiveDrive/ActiveServo software under
"Settings" => "Default" => "Ramp")
 The following parameters are to be recorded:
Torque M(n)
Mechanical power P2(n)

53
Figure 20

54
14.4 Lab report
A lab report must be hand written and must be submitted before 4:00 pm one week after the
lab. Lab report must contain
 Theoretical background on load charachteristics of universal motors
 Detailed procedure of the experiment alongwith the connection diagrams.
 Completed Figures as mentioned in the experiment procedure.
 Answers to the questions
 Discussion on the results

14.5 Assessment
CLO CLO Attributes Bloom Performance Indicators
 performs his/her part
Teamwork: Work effectively with
CLO1 A1, A2  Listens to other’s ideas
team members  Does not argue
 Proper connections of universal motor
GRS Skills: Utilize techniques and skills in
CLO2 C3, P3  Complete the figure of load characteristics
the laboratory experiments  Answers to the questions
Ethics and Safety: Adhere to the
CLO3 P2 As per rubric
instructions of laboratory safety
Written: express points clearly and  Report is structured properly
CLO4 effectively through presentation C1  Figures and Graphs annotated
and/or Report.  Language is clear
Formulate to solve the engineering
 Relate experiment with theoretical concept discussed
problems: formulate and analyses to
CLO5 C2 in class
solve the electrical engineering  Describe relevant mathematical equations
Report
problems.
Design and evaluate operational
performance: Use the fundamental  Discuss discrepancies between theoretical, simulation
CLO6 principles to design the system or C4 and experimental results
task based on the given  Possible sources of discrepancies and ways to improve
specifications

55
Annex-II Knowledge Domain

COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE PSYCHOMOTOR

DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN

C1 Knowledge A1 Receiving P1 Perception

C2 Comprehension A2 Responding P2 Set
C3 Application A3 Valuing P3 Guided
Response
C4 Analysis A4 Organization P4 Mechanism
C5 Synthesis A5 Characterization P5 Complex Overt
by a Value or Response
Value Complex
C6 Evaluation A6 P6 Adaptation
P7 Origination

56
 Annex-III Rubrics for Lab CLOs

1 2 3 4 5
COMPONENT CLO-DETAILS
(VERY WEAK) (WEAK) (MODERATE) (STRONG) (VERY STRONG)
Teamwork Attend the lab 15 Attend the lab 10 Attend the lab 5 Attend the lab on Attend the lab
minutes late minutes late minutes late time before time
Skills Cannot use the Used the Used the Used the Can use the
technology/tools technology/instrum technology/instrum technology/instrum technology/tools
and instruments at ents tools explain ents tools explain ents tools explain and instruments
GRS all and demo by and demo by by instructor ( 1 without guide from
instructor (more instructor ( 1 time time only ) instructor
than 2 times ) only )
Ethics and safety Without safety Without safety Without jacket Dress according to Dress according to
shoes and jacket shoes the lab dress code the lab dress code
and neat
written Not included at all Demonstrates Improper format Minor errors or Presented in a chart
minimal effort and major errors or omissions table or graph
omissions includes an
appropriate title
and is accurate,
complete, and
properly labeled
Identify the The purpose of the The purpose of the The purpose of the The purpose of the The purpose of the
engineering lab or the question lab or the question lab or the question lab or the question lab or the question
problems to be answered to be answered to be answered to be answered to be answered
LAB REPORT during the lab is during the lab is during the lab is during the lab is during the lab is
irrelevant erroneous partially identified identified and is clearly identified
and is stated in a stated in a and stated
somewhat un clear somewhat un clear
manner manner
Apply fundamental Report illustrates Report illustrates Report illustrates a Report illustrates an Report illustrates an
knowledge irrelevant inaccurate limited accurate accurate and
understanding of understanding of understanding of understanding of thorough
basic concepts basic concepts basic concepts most basic concepts understanding of
underlying the lab underlying the lab underlying the lab underlying the lab the basic concepts
underlying the lab

57