UNIT (14) : Disease Of Genital Tract & Breast & mitosis.

On separate sections adenous complex grows

through cystic wall. Specify the tumor. (p=3)
452. Name types of ectopic pregnancy? (p=3)  papillary cystoadenocarcinoma
 tubal
 ovarian Unit (15) : Diseases of Endocrine
 abdominal
453. Name types of tubal pregnancy according to sites of fetus 381. Which are typical microscopic changes in thyroid gland in
implantation. (p=3) Basedov’s
 ampular disease [Grave’s disease]? (p = 4)
 interstitial  star shaped follicles (hypertrophy & hyperplasia of follicular
 frimbrial epithelium)
454. What is placenta polyps? (p=3)  papilla of epithelium projecting into follicular lumen
 tissue masses of variable size with polypous structure  pale colloid
 surrounded by hyperplastic trophoblast may have necrosis  lymphoid infiltration of stroma
 projects into myometrium
455. What is hiditidiform mole? How does it affect pregnancy? (p=3) 382. Name histology types of colloid goiter. (p = 3)
 gestational trophoblastic disease  microfollicular
 appear as mass of hydrophic swelling [swollen]  macroflollicular
 cystically dilated chorionic vili covered by proliferating  mixed
cytotrophoblast and 383. Name causes of death with patients of Basedov’s disease. (p = 4)
syncytial trophoblast.  heart insufficiency
 fetus is absent is called complete hitidiform mole: or dying not  liver failure during toxic hepatitis
later than 4th month of gestation called partial hyditidiform  acute adrenal insufficiency during thyroectomy
mole.  cacchexia

456. Describe microscopic composition of the choriocarcinoma. (p=5) 384. Name common symptoms of diabetes mellitus. (p = 6)
 choriocarcinoma is malignanization tumour develop from  hyperglycemia
complete  polyuria
hyditidiform mole. from artificial abortion or after normal  glucosuria
pregnancy.  polydypsia
 only epithelial cells with anaplastic cuboidal syncytiotrophoblast  ketonuria, ketoacidosis
and  hyperlipidemia
cytotrophoblast with tissue atypism.  polyphagia
 stroma vessel and vili are absent
 invading surrounding structure with hemorrhage and necrosis. 385. Name changes of Langerhan’s islets found in diabetes mellitus. (p
*457. Specify most typical complications of uterus carcinoma. (p=6) = 2)
 cachexia  decrease number of beta-cells
 hemorrhage  atrophy
 thrombosis of pelvic vein
 peritonitis 386. Name causes of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. (p = 4)
 appearance of uterus fistula  diabetic coma
*458. Peritoneal pregnancy was found. Identify possible variants of its  sepsis
origin. (p=2)  heart failure
 uremia
387. Name clinical morphologic changes of Icenko-Cushing’s disease.
(p = 6)
 coentaneous striae
459. During vagina examination there is found a broad bright red  arterial hypertension
crown near  glucosuria
External orifice of cervix .the crown does not give hemorrhages  hyperglysemia
by
 hirsutism
Instrumental spatula touch. During microscopic examination
 polydipsia
there are
columnar epithelial cells covering vaginal surface with numerous  weight gain (buffalo hump)
glands in its  arrested sexual development
thickness. Give your diagnosis. (p=2) 388. Give the definition of “parathyroid osteodystrophy” concept. (p =
 Diagnose:endocervicosis of neck of uterus 4)
 parathyroid osteodystrophy is a disease associated with increase
parathyroid hormone production.
 disturbance in calcium and phosphate exchangelead to
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: hypercalcemia & hypophosphataemia.
1. In post-mortem examination of elderly man there are found  marked destruction of bony tissue and defect of bone structure(
the enlargement of the prostate to marked degree and its osteodystrophy).
compression of urethra lumen. Mucous membrane of the
bladder is dull.hyperemic with hemorrhages. The ureter is *389. Specify basic changes in bone tissue in hyperparathyreosis. (p =
enlarged.pelvis are filled with pus.on cut surface of the 6)
kidney small abseccess are observed.what is the disease of
urinary tract described here.what is the pathogenesis”?
(p=3)
 disease: ascending pyelonephrits
 pathogenesis: stagnation of urine and nodular hyperplasia of
prostate.

2. Specify preinvasive form of exocervical carcinoma in the

uterus. (p=1) 390. 55 yrs old male of 112cm height is proportionally built and his
 Cancer in situ mental progress is
3. The ovary has been supplied as a biopsy samples. It is adequate to his age. Give your diagnosis. Specify the character
presented by gross cyst about 20 cm in diameter with fluid and the localization
& heavy pappilary projection with white cauliflower tissue of pathologic process. (p = 6)
remainder. Microscopically papillaries of the tumor are  diagnosis: pituitary dwarfism
covered by columnar epithelium with nuclear hyperchromia  characteristic: decrease production of growth hormone by
somatotrophic producing cells
  localization: anterior pituitary gland 344. Specify results of connective tissue disorganization within the skin
 causes: -pituitary tumour in childhood due to scleroderma.(p=2)
-necrosis in pituitary in childhood  Sclerosis
-hemorrhage into pituitary in childhood  Hyalinosis
-retarded sexual development, but normal intelligence  Petrification of heart

UNIT (16) : Rheumatic fever & Congenital heart disease 345. What are LE-cells?(p=2)
 Lupus cells are leukocytes with autoimmune antinuclear
332. Give definition of rheumatism.(p=3) antibodies.
 rheumatism is an immunologically mediated inflammation with  Take up calls with destroyed DNA.Usually found within vesicle
systemic disorganization of connective tissue. of phagocytic macrophages.
 as acute and chronic disease with damage of many organs but
prefers cardiovascular system.
346. Specify diseases leading to the formation of valvular heart
333. Specify clinical anatomic forms of rheumatism.(p=4) disease.(p=6)
 cardiovascular form  Rheumatism
 cerebral form  Athesclerosis
 arthritic form  Brucellosis
 nodosal form  Trauma
 Mitral valve prolapse
334. What is the main organ involved in rheumatic pathology.(p=1)  Systemic lupus erythromatosus with Libman’s Sacks lupus
 heart endocarditis
 Arterial endocarditis
335. Designate forms of rheumatic endocarditis according to the
process localization and to the character of morphologic changes.(p=7) 347. Name most frequent forms of congenital heart disease.(p=4)
 According to localization:  Stenosis of pulmonary artery
 Valve  Tetralogy of fallots
 Chordal  Pathologic patent ductus arteriosus (channel between pulmonary
 Visceral artery and aorta)
 According to morphologic changes:  Atrial and ventricle septal defect
 Valvulitis
 Fibroplastic endocarditis 348. Name anatomic changes of the heart with tetralogy of fallot.(p=4)
 Acute verruceous endocarditis  Dextra position of aorta
 Recurrent verruceous endocarditis
 Stenosis of pulmonary artery
 Ventricular-septal defect
336. Name thromboendocarditis types.(p=2)
 Hypertrophy of right ventricle myocardium
 polypous-ulcerate
 verruceous
349. During postmortem examination,sclerosis and growth into one of
cusps are found in mitral valve.The obliteration of pericardial cavity
337. What is valvulitis?Give its morphologic signs.(p=6) with calcified deposits in the lesion are found.Name changes found and
 valvulitis is diffuse endocarditis characterized by dystrophic disease to developed them.(p=3)
changes in valvular CT without affecting endothelium , no Changes:
thrombus formation.  Obliteration of pericardial cavity with connective tissue.
 morphologic sign:
 Petrification of Calcium in pericardium(shell heart)
 inflammation
 Endocarditis lead to stenosis
 sclerosis
Disease: rheumatism
 mucoid & fibrinoid swelling (in vessel)
 fibrinoid necrosis
350. During postmortem examination of the child there are found
stenosis of pulmonary artery,hypertrophy of the right ventricular
338. Show most typical localization of rheumatic granulomas in the
myocardium,ventricular septal defect and dextraposition of
myocardium.(p=1)
aorta.What is your diagnosis?
 At perivascular connective tissue(in the auricle of left atrium)
 Tetralogy of fallot
OR left ventricular auricle,posterior wall of left ventricle and
ventricle septa.
Unit (17) : Arterial Hypertension.Hypertension
339. Give forms of rheumatic myocarditis.(p=2)
disease.Cerebrovascular disease.
 Nodular proliferative inflammation (granulomatous)
324. Give the definition of the hypertonic crisis. (P=4)
 Local and diffuse exudative interstitial  Exacerbation of hypertension
*340. Name formation stages of rheumatic valve disease.(p=4)  Characterized by rapid elevation of in arterial hypertension due
to generalized spasm of arterioles which leads to morphological
changes in wall of arterioles.
 Characterized by rapid elevation in arterial blood pressure with
lesion of the organ, especially within brain.

325. Name stages of hypertensive disease (primary arterial

341. Specify clinical anatomic forms of rheumatic mitral valve
hypertension). (P=3)
disease.(p=2)
 Functional changes of arteries and small arterioles
 Stenosis mitral valve
 Mitral insufficiency  Changes in walls of small arteries and arteriole
 Changes within organs
342. Specify forms of rheumatic aortic valve disease leading to the
hypertrophy of left ventricular of the heart.(p=2) 326. What morphological changes in small vessels of the brain due to
 Stenosis of aortic valve hypertensive disease (primary arterial hypertension). (P=4)
 Insufficiency of the valve  Increase vascular permeability with plasmorrhagia
 Fibrinoid necrosis of wall
*343. Specify forms of valve insufficiency according to the
 Microaneurysm
pathogenesis.(p=2)
 Hemorrhage
 Vasospasm
327. Name outcome of arterial changes of hypertensive disease
(primary arterial hypertension). (P=2)
 Hyalinosis
 Sclerosis (atherosclerosis)
 Lipidosis and narrowing of lumen
328. Name signs that are typical for malignant hypertension having in
mind; the frequency of crisis; the nature of morphological changes in
small vessels; cause of death. (P=3)
 Frequency: Often crisis
 Nature of morphological changes in small vessels:-
- Fibrinoid necrosis
- Microaneurysm
- Increase permeability with plasmarrhagia
 Cause of death : Uremia, Ischemic infarct of brain.
329. Give the definition of hypertensive disease (primary arterial
hypertension). (P=4)
 Chronic disease with elevation of arterial pressure
 When relationship btw blood volume and total peripheral
resistance is altered
 Without connection with lesion of organs
 Due to disturbances of nerve regulation, due to constriction of
artery and alteration of vessels, insufficiency mechanism of
vascular dilatation
330. What are the most frequent causes of death due to hypertensive
disease (Primary arterial hypertension)? (P=3)
 Cardiac insufficiency/ cardiac failure(acute,chronic)
 Uremia
 Stroke (Cerebral vascular accident)
331. In anamnesis, the patient had firm elevation of blood pressure
during of long duration with repeated crisis of the brain has right sided
hemiplegic. Death is of heart decompensation. What is the disease
described here? What possible macroscopic (gross) changes are found
in the heart, the brain? What is the localization of changes in brain?
(P=6)
 Disease: Hypertension (primary arterial hypertension)
 Macroscopic changes:-
-Heart: hypertrophy of left ventricle and myogenic dilatation,
fatty dystrophy
-Brain: hemorrhagic infiltration and hematoma with cyst
formation
 Localization of changes in brain: Left Hemisphere due to right
sided hemiplegia.
UNIT (17) : Atherosclerosis & Ischemic heart disease
314. Give the definition of atherosclerosis. (p=6)
 Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease with abnormal
lipid and protein metabolism
 and destruction of large artery & aorta(elastic &
myoelastic type)
 with formation of atherosclerotic plaque called fibro-
fatty plaque in the intima of muscular elastic artery
(large artery : aorta)
315. Give successive names of progress stages of atherosclerosis
according to the view of scientists supporting infiltrate
(combinative) theory of atherosclerosis. (p=6)
 Prelipidosis
 Lipidosis
 Liposclerosis
 Artheromatosis
 Ulceration
 Artherocalcinosis
316. Give pathological anatomic characteristics of the
atherosclerotic plaque and specify its localization. (p=5)
 Cells components (smooth muscle cells,
macrophages, leukocytes)
 Extracellular matrix (collagen, elastic fibres,
proteoglycans)
 Intracellular & extracellular lipids
Localization: aorta & large arteries (elastic & myoelastic
type)
317. Specify histological findings in atherosclerotic (primary
wrinkled) kidney. (p=4)
 Atherosclerotic plaque in large arteries
 Sclerosis of stroma
 Narrowing of lumen
 Hyalinosis & sclerosis of small arteries

318. What are complications connected with the ulceration of
atherosclerotic plaques on the aorta? (p=4)
 Aneurysm of aorta
 Rupture of aorta with hemorrhage
 Thrombosis & thromboembolism
 Cholesterol embolism
319. What is the ischemic heart disease? (p=3)
 Ischemic heart disease is group of closely related
disease with abnormality of cardiac blood circulation
 Caused by imbalance between myocardium oxygen
demand & blood supply (absolute relative
insufficiency)
320. What coronary arteries changes lead most frequently to the
progress of myocardial infarction? (p=4)
 Stenotic atherosclerosis
 Thrombosis
 Spasm of vessel for long time
 Embolism
321. Specify results of myocardial infarction. (p=4)
 Acute aneurysm (necrotic tissue undergoes rupture at
any case)
 Rupture of heart with hemorrhage into pericardial
cavity
 Chronic aneurysm (connective tissue)
 Post infarction cardiosclerosis
322. What are typical changes of the brain due to atherosclerosis
of the cerebral arteries? (p=2)
 Ischemic white infarction of brain
 Atrophy of brain (with encephalopathy &↓ memory)
323. During postmortem examination fluid blood and clots of the
blood are found in pericardial cavity. Heart weights 650g.
The thickness of the wall of left ventricle is 2.5cm. vast
section of the wall is near the top of the heart and is gray-
yellow color, soft consistency, blood-layered.
→What is the disease described here according to modern
international classification of diseases? →What is its
manifestation of this case?
→What is the direct cause of death?
→Name background disease. (p=6)
 Disease: ischemic heart disease
 Manifestation: transmural myocardial infarction with
rupture of heart
 Direct cause of death: from hemotamponade of heart
 Background disease: hypertension
Additional Question
1. Name forms of valvular heart deficiency according to the
pathogenesis. (p=2)
 Functional
 Organic
Unit (18) : Renal Disease
351. Name two basic groups of diffuse nephropathies. (p=2)
 Tubulopathy
 Glomerulopathy
352. Name general mechanisms of glomerulonephritis development.
(p=3)
 Deposit of immunocomplex (circulation/ cell-mediated) or
antibodies
 Glomerulosclerosis
  Leukocytes infiltration  Hemolytic & Massive loss of blood
 Trauma
353. Specify typical renal symptoms of the glomerulonephritis. (p=4)  Burn
 Nephrotic syndrome  Sepsis
 Proteinuria  poisoning
 Hematuria
 Casturia
364. Name stages of development of acute renal failure. (p=4)
354. Specify typical extra renal symptoms of the glomerulonephritis.  Initial
(p=6)  Oliguria (maintainence)
 Hypoalbuminemia  Polyuria
 Hypertension  Recovery
 Azotemia & Uremia 365. Specify causes of death patients with necrotic nephrosis. (p=2)
 Generalized edema  Uremia
 Hyperlipidemia  Acute heart insufficiency
 edema
366. Designate microscopical renal changes typical for acute renal
355. Specify forms of the glomerular nephritis according to the process failure of toxic nature:
localization. (p=2) a) bleeding filling in the cortex, b) the condition of interstitial
 Intracapillary tissue, c) the condition
 Extracapillary of epithelial cells in the convoluted tubules, d) the condition of the
tubular lumen.
356. Name morphologic phases of development of acute ( p=4)
glomerulonephritis. (p=3)  a) ischemia of cortex
 Changes to chronic glomerulonephritis  b) edematous of interstitial tissues
 Sclerosis of kidney  c) epithelial cells of proximal tubular are necrosis
 Recovery  d) granular casts are seen in the enlarged tubular lumen

357. Name basic morphologic types of chronic glomerulonephritis. *367. Name most frequent types of chronic hereditary tubulopathies.
(p=6) (p=3)
 Membranous proliferative glomerulonephritis  cystiuria
 Mesengial proliferative glomerulonephritis  phosphatic diabetes
 Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis  oxcalaturia
 Mesengial capillary glomerulonephritis  syndrome of Debra de Toni Fancon
 Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
 Glomerulonephritis associated with nephrotic syndrome 368. Give the definition of the pyelonephritis. (p=4)
 Pyelonephritis is renal disorder with purulent inflammation
358. Name glomerulopathies of non inflammation character frequently affecting stroma, calyx,tubules, interstitial and renal pelvis.
found in clinic  Cause by bacteria infection
and accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. (p=3)
 Nephropathy during pregnancy 369. Name diseases frequently leading to ascending pyelonephritis.
 Diabetic nephropathy (p=4)
 Amyloidosis  Stones of ureter
 Constriction of ureter
359. Define morphologic substrate of primary nephrotic syndrome  Sclerosis of ureter & urethra
(lipoid nephrosis) .(p=3)  Hypertrophy of prostate
 Characterized by minimal changes of glomerular filtration  Tumor in urethra, ureter or prostate
 Expressed by loss of podocytes and small branches
370. Name most severe manifestations of acute purulent pyelonephritis.
360. Give the characreristics of basic electronic microscopic sign of (p=3)
membranous  Pyonephrosis
glomerulopathy. (p=4)  Urogenic sepsis
 Membranous transformation associated with deposition of  Papillonecrosis
immunocomplex in the epithelial cells of the basal membrane  Suppurative paranephritis
 Aponematous nephritis
361. What is the renal amyloidosis? What are renal structures with
amyloid deposition? *371. Give the definition of urolithias disease. (p=5)
What are groups of symptoms to give clinical manifestations of
this process? (p=7)
 Renal amyloidosis is a disease with deposition of amyloid into
the renal structure.
 Structure: - glomerular
- vessels
- stroma (interstitial peritubular tissue)
 Symptoms: - chronic renal failure
- nephrotic syndrome 372. Specify stones structures most frequently found in the kidney
- hypoalbunemia according to their
- hyperlipidemia composition.( p=3)
- edema  Calcium oxalate and phosphate stone
-uremia  Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
 Uric acid stone
362. Name most frequent renal diseases that leading to secondary  Cystine stone
contracted kidneys.
( p=3) 373. Name variants of macroscopic (gross) types of kidney with the
 Chronic glomerulonephritis urolitiasis. (p=5)
 Chronic pyelonephritis
 Amyloid nephrosis  Hydronephrosis
 Chronic renal failure  Atrophy
 Purulent nephritis
363. Specify most frequent causes of development of acute renal  Pyonephrosis
failure. (p=5)  Replacement of kidney with fatty tissue
 observed.
374. Name most frequent renal diseases that leading to nephrosclerosis. → What is the disease of urinary tract described here?
(p=7) → What is the pathogenesis? (p=3)

 Chronic glomerular nephritis

 Interstitial nephritis
 Pyelonephritis
 Atherosclerosis
 Amyloid nephrosis
 Hypertension
 Diabetes mellitus *380. Give the definition of Addison’s disease. (p=3)

375. Give the definition of the uremia. (p=4)

 Uremia is a pathologic condition associated with azotemia and a

constellation of clinical signs and symptoms of organs and
biochemical alteration (including uremic gastroenterocolitis,
neuropathy, uremic fibrinous pericarditis).
Additional Questions:
376. Due to teminal stage of the glomerular nephritis, patient had
oliguria and azotemia.
1. What are typical morphologic manifestations of acute
He died. During postmortem examination, there were found very
exudative and proliferative
small contracted
intracapillary glomerulonephritis? (p=3)
kidneys, fibrinous tracheal bronchitis, pericarditis and
enteroclolitis with effects of
 Development of pathological process in the vessels of
hemorrhage diathesis.
glomerular
→ What is the designation of renal complication?
→ What is the origin of mechanisms?  Proliferation of cells in glomerular
→ What is the term for renal changes? (p=3)  Leukocytic infiltration

 Designation: Chronic renal failure 2. What exudative glomerular nephritis types do u know?
 Origin of mechanism: Kidneys can’t regulate volume and (p=3)
soluble composition of urine
 Serous
 Glomerular filtration rate is less than 20%
 Renal changes: secondary wrinkled kidney  Fibrinous
 Hemorrhagic
377. After taking the solution of sublimate by mistake patient has
anuria , very high urea 3. Give the definition of nephrolithias disease. (p=5)
and creatinine.
→ What disease is it?  Nephrolithias disease is chronic disease
→ What are microscopic changes of renal structures?  Formation of stones in kidney calyces, pelvis, ureter
→ Where are they involved? (p=4)  Stones is of different sizes, structure and chemical composition

 Disease: necrotic nephrosis 4. Name of 2 general theories of stone formation in urinary

 Microscopic changes : tract. (p=2)
- dystrophy of tubular
- necrosis of the epithelial cells  Matrix
- cylinder /cast in glomerular and tubular  Colloid crystal
- edema of stroma

378. For histology essay, extracted kidney was delivered. There is super
enlarged kidney.
On cut it is expressed by multichamber formation. Chambers are filled
with slightly turbid fluid. Parenchyme of kidneyis thinned replaced by
fibrous tissue. In the enlarged pelvis and cups, partially the stone goes
into ureter mouth. Pelvis membrane has hyperemia, it is rough and
dull.
→ Give your diagnosis.
→ What is process most frequently associated by that disease?
→ What is microorganism most frequently induces it?
→ Name renal changes according to the process.
→ What is common diseas with the source as this associated
process? (p=6)

 Diagnose: Hydronephrosis
 Microbes: E.coli
 Kidney changes: pyelonephritis, pyonephrosis
 Common disease: -calculi
- tumor
- congenital atresia of urethra
- spinal cord damage with paralysis of
bladder
 General disease: Urosepsis

*379. During postmortem examination of elderly man, there are found

the enlargement
of prostate to marked degree and its compression of urethra
lumen. Mucous
membrane of the bladder is dull, hyperemic with hemorrhages.
The ureter is
enlarged. Pelvis is filled with pus. On cut surface of the kidney
small abscesses are