Lecture 10

y From mechanics of materials:

A
DF = kyDA
x The resultant force is:
R = ò ky dA = k ò y dA
F=kyA
First moment of area

The resultant moment is:

M = ò ky dA = k ò y dA
2 2

Second moment of area / moment of inertia

2
 Moment of inertia about the x-axis:
y

Ix = òy 2
dA
x dA
Moment of inertia about the y-axis:
y

x
Iy = òx 2
dA
 •Geometric property and
depends on its reference axis.
 the smallest value occurs at the
axis passing through the centroid.

•It measures the ability of

x cross-section to resist bending.
 the larger the moment of inertia
Which has the largest moment of
the less bending will occur
inertia about the x-axis?
Which is harder to rotate about
•It measures the resistance to
the x-axis? rotation about an axis
4
 Choosing a strip such that the
y distance of all parts of the strip
y1 to the axis is constant. (Strip is
parallel to axis)
x1 dy
I x   y 2 dA
x2   y 2 x2  x1 dy
y2
y2 y1

Ixy   xel dA
2

NOTE: x or y here is not the y-coordinate of the

 x1  x2 
centroid! In this derivation, all x or y in the strip 2

 x2  x1 dy
x2

for the term x2 or y2 should be at the same
distance from the axis 
x1
 2 
y y1 Similarly

ò
Iy = x 2 dA

=ò
x2

y2 x1
x 2
[ y2 - y1 ] dx
dx

x1 x2
x
y y

dA=ydx

dx
x x dy
dy y
y
y
dA=(a-x)dy
x dx x

dI x  y dA
2
x dI y  x 2 dA
dy
dI y  x 2 dA
y
x
a
dI x  y 2 dA 7
 Find the moment of inertia of a rectangle with
y respect to one of its base
All parts of the strip must have the same
distance to the axis

I =x ò y dA 2

ò
h
h
dy = y bdy2
0
y 1 3
x
= bh
3
b
Recall that the moment of inertia of a rectangle wrt its base is (1/3)bh3
The moment of inertia of a differential strip is then:
y
y

dy x
y

dx x x
a
1 3
dI x = y dx 1
3 dI y = x 3dy
3
Only when one of the sides lies on the axis in which AMOI is determined
y
JO = ò r dA 2

x dA Polar moment of inertia wrt pole O

r y
JO = ò ( x + y ) dA
2 2

JO = ò x dA + ò y dA
2 2

x
O JO = I x + I y
•It measures the resistance to rotation about a point
 y y

kx
O x
x

Concentrating the area into a strip such that it has the same
moment of inertia wrt x-axis as the original,

Ix = k A 2 Ix
x kx = Radius of gyration wrt y-axis
A
 y y

ky
O x
x

Similarly, for the y-axis

Iy = k A2 Iy
y ky = Radius of gyration wrt x-axis
A
 y
y

ko

O x
x

Similarly, concentrating the area into a ring such that it has the
same polar moment of inertia as the original,

JO = k A JO
k = k +k
2
ko =
2 2 2
o o x y
A
 y

Find the polar moment of inertia of a circle with

respect to its center r du

dJO  u dA 2 u
x
O

dA  2udu

2
J   dJ   u (2udu )  2 0 u du
r r 3
o o 0


JO  r 4

2
14
y
Y2 = kx

Find the moment

100 mm of inertia of the
100 mm x
shaded area about
the x-axis.
100 mm

15
y
Y2 = kx

100 mm

x
100 mm
100 mm
 Find k.
y At x = 100, y = 100, thus k = 100
X = ky2
I x   y dA 2

A
y
x
I x   y (100  x)dy
100
100
2

2
y
I x  100 y (100 
100 2
)dy
100
ANSWER: I x  26.67 x10 mm6 4

17
y
Determine the
moment of inertia
of the shaded area
about the x-axis.
y2 = 100 - x
x

100 mm

18
y I x   y dA 2

ò
10
Ix = y2 (100 - (100 - y2 ))dy
0

I x   y dy 10
0
4

y
y2 = 100 - x
ANSWER: I x  20 x10 mm3 4

19
y

75 mm Find the moment of

inertia of the shaded
area about the y-axis.

Use horizontal strips.

x2 = 25y

20
y
Find the moment of
75 mm
inertia of the shaded
area about the y-axis.

x2 = 25y
Use horizontal strips.
x

21
 1 3
y dI y = x dy
75 mm
3
Iy = ò ( (25y) ) dy
225 1 1/2 3
0
3

x2 = 25y ANSWER: I y  12.66 x10 mm6 4

22
y

75 mm Find the moment of

inertia of the
shaded area about
the y-axis.
x2 = 25y
Use vertical strips
x

23
y I y   x dA
2

A
x
I y   x (225  y)dx
75
0
2

2
x
I y  0 x (225  )dy
75 2

x2 = 25y 25
x ANSWER: I y  12.66 x10 mm
6 4

24
y
Find the moment of
y = 2 sin x
inertia of the shaded
area about its vertical
centroidal axis.
x

0

25
26
 Assume x is a centroidal axis
y’ Inertia of the shaded area about the x’ axis is
x’

a
y I X '   ( y ' ) dA
2

A
x dA
C r y Since y’ = y + b, then
z x

d b y’
I X '   ( y  b) 2 dA
A

z’
x’   y 2 dA  2b  ydA  b 2  dA
A A A

Parallel-axis theorem always involves one

centroidal axis! I X '  I X  Ab 2
y’ Similarly
x’

a
y
I y '  I y  Aa 2

C
x
r y
dA
x
Since
J z '  I x '  I y ' , then
z

d b y
’
J z '  ( I x  I y )  A(a 2  b 2 )

z’
x’
JO ' = J O + Ad 2
 Since integration is a summation
of small areas, composite areas
can be used
n
I ( Specified Axis ) Total  I1  I 2  I 3  ...   I i
i
The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis
is obtained by adding the moments of inertia of the
component areas A1, A2, A3, ... , with respect to the same axis.
29
 0.9 m
Find the moment
of inertia of the
1.5 m composite area
about the x-axis.
x

1.8 m

30
 0.9 m Find the moment
of inertia of the
1.5 m
composite area
about the x-axis.
1.8 m
x

31
Solution
I x  I x1  I x 2
I xi  I xi  Ai di
where 2
0.9 m

Components:
1.5 m PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

I x1  I x 
2
1
A1d1
1.8 m

I x 2  I x  A2 d 2
2
2

32
Solution I x  I x1  I x 2
bh3 bh
I x1   (1.8) 2
36 2
(1.8)(0.9)3 (1.8)(0.9)(1.8) 2
I x1    2.66085m 4
36 2
bh3
I x2   bh(0.75) 2
12
(1.8)(1.5)3
I x2   (1.8)(1.5)(0.75)  2.025m
2 4
12

ANSWER: I x  4.68585m 4
33
 y

Determine the
radius of gyration
100 mm of the shaded area
with respect to y-
axis.
100 mm

34
 y

Solution
100 mm I yT  I y1  I y 2
I yi  I yi  Ai di
where 2
100 mm

Components: PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

1 2
bh3 bh  100 
I y1  I y 
2
A1d1 I y1      16.67 x106
36 2  3 

 (100) 4
2 I y2  I y I y2   39.27 x106
8
35
Solution
I yT  I y1  I y 2 I yT  55.94 x106

I yT
Radius of Gyration ky  AT  A1  A2
AT

(200)(100)  (100) 2
AT    25.71x103
2 2
55.94 x106
ky  3
 46.65mm
25.71x10

ANSWER: k y  46.65mm

36
y
150 mm 75 mm
Obtain the
moment of
50 mm inertia of the
composite area
about the y-axis
100 mm

60 mm

37
y
150 mm 75 mm Solution

50 mm I yT  I y1  I y 2  I y3
I yi  I yi  Ai di
2
where
100 mm

PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

60 mm
b1h13
1
I y1  I y  A1d12 I y1   b1h1d12
12
b2 h23
Components: 2 I y2  I y I y2   b2 h2 d 2 2
12

I y 3  I y  A3d3 2 r 4 r 2
3
I y3   d 32
8 2
38
Solution
(150)(150)3
I y1   (150)(150)(75) 2  168.75 x106
12
(100)(75)3
I y2   (75)(100)(187.5) 2  267.1875 x106
12
 (60) 4  (60) 2
I y3   (60) 2  25.447 x106
8 2

I yT  I y1  I y 2  I y3  410.5x106 mm 4

ANSWER: I yT  410.5 x10 mm 6 4

39
y
150 mm 75 mm
Determine the moment
of inertia of the area
50 mm with respect to the x-
axis.

100 mm

60 mm

40
 For the semicircular area, find the
moment of inertia with respect to
y the axis containing the centroid of
150 mm 75 mm the semicircle.

I xcentroid = I x1 - Ad12
50 mm Use parallel axis theorem again to
x
find I of the semicircle wrt to x.

d2
I x = I xcentroid + Ad12
100 mm Parallel axis theorem formula
between x and x1 is invalid. Why?
xcentroid
d1
x1
60 mm After using composite areas,

I x,total =160x106 mm4

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