Project C​3​: Combustion, Contamination, and Cleansing

A Scientific Project Proposal Presented to the

(Community in Batangas)

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Research 3

Submitted by:

Alcazar, Juan Miguel M.

Galang, Christian Jeofferson L.

Hafalla, Nathaniel Philippe B.

Macababbad, Jose Manuel S.

Mendoza, Joshua Luke S.

Reyes, Hans Jeremy H.

Santos, Carlo Miguel S.

Submitted to:

Mr. Fritz M. Ferran

Research Adviser

December 2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 Assessment of the Community

Basing on a recent climate assessment made by PAGASA (2018), the

temperature in Luzon ranges from different such as Metro Manila (23.5°C - 36.4°C),

mountainous areas (14.5°C - 26.6°C), and the rest of Luzon (20.5°C - 38.7°C). Taking

into account of the landscape of Calatagan (flatlands), it is safe to assume that it is in

the region of the rest of Luzon.

Given the climate assessment, one of the actions that causes this temperature is

the expansion of greenhouse gas emissions. Shaftel, Jackson, & Callery (2018)

supported the last sentence by stating that the global warming dilemma is mainly

caused by the human expansion of the “greenhouse effect”. Furthermore said by the

previous source, there are certain chemicals (carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane,

and many more) that are results of a human activity such as burning leaves, trash, and

other materials—thus expanding the greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere.

 Figure 1.1: Survey result on ways to dispose the trash

The group of researchers have surveyed the inhabitants of Calatagan and they

got to extract useful information from the visit. Based on the survey, specifically Figure

1.1, there are people who still burn their trash although it has been stated that burning is

not allowed. To interpret the data in to percentage: forty-eight and thirty hundredths

percent of the inhabitants burn their trash, twenty-seven and sixty hundredths percent

dispose their trash in the respective areas such as trash bins and the like, and

twenty-four and ten hundredths percent recycles their trash. With the given data above,

this answers what do the people in Calatagan do when the municipal does not end up

picking up the trash.

 Figure 1.2: Open-burning site of trash

The greenhouse gas effect is a concern around the community due to multiple

trash burning sites observed around the vicinities. There has been many sighting, which

can be found in figure 1.2, of burning trash around the farms and the combustion of

waste gives a huge impact when it comes to the atmosphere, environment, and health.

Figure 1.3: Segregation plan Figure 1.4: Trash bins

 Some of the residents follow the segregation plan prepared by the municipality

which is the Figure 1.3 that is found above. There will be 4 trash bins: Biodegradable

(Green), Recyclables (Blue), Hazardous/Special Waste (Red), and Residual (Yellow).

The actual picture of the trash bins are shown in Figure 1.4. The biodegradable trash

bin is for the materials or wastes that can decompose easily and is organized into one

location so it would not spread throughout the area. The recyclable trash bin is for those

materials that have a chance to be recycled into a more usable, compared to its

usability when it was still a potentially dangerous waste to the environment. The

hazardous/special waste trash bin is for those trash that can spread dangerous

chemicals if it makes contact with life or it can leak out substances that bring about

devastating effects to the atmosphere, environment, and health of the people. Lastly,

the residual bin is used for those wastes that are leftovers of an item such as candy

wrappers, dirty plastic bags, cigarette butts, and many more. Furthermore, the reason

why they made this segregation strategy is to keep order among the organization of the

wastes within the community. To summarise this tactical plan for waste management,

the two categories of trash are expounded to different levels of trash starting

biodegradable up until the hazardous and residual wastes.

 Figure 1.5: Chart of the source of water

Basing on figure 1.5, which is located above this paragraph, twenty-two out of

twenty-five respondents which is eighty-eight percent utilises water pump for daily uses

of water in the barangay, eight percent uses other sources of water, and four percent

uses nearby sources of water.

 Figure 1.6: Water pump

The water pump they use is shown in figure 1.6. The water supply is limited so

and insufficient. This project assists the daily uses of water by not only providing a

healthier alternative for burning of wastes but also to provide access to usable water for

industrial and agricultural work. The usable water that was mentioned in the previous

statement is the water that came from the “poso” or faucet in the community, which is

their main supply of water that will soon be tested by the researchers in order to attain

accurate and relevant data.

To summarise the problems in this community with a broader context: the

dilemma revolving around the burning of trash still lingers to some of the inhabitants,

meaning that the situation has not yet been eliminated by the municipal. To recap and
support the last sentence, there are pictures and survey answers that prove that there

are a percentage that still burn their trash; forty-eight point twenty-seven percent, to be

exact, basing on the surveys.

1.2 Objectives of the Project

This section of the chapter offers the main objectives of the project. The

objectives are as follows:

● To advocate the technology of the P&G Purifier of Water packets

● To create a healthier environment when project is exposed to the community to

the point where greenhouse gas emissions in the area is reduced, along with the

consumable water supplies

● To reduce the harmful effects of gases produced from open-burning of wastes in

Calatagan

○ Basing on the surveys from the different barangays, there are inhabitants

that still burn their trash or leaves when either the municipal does not pick

the trash up or they need the leaf combustion for different purposes

● To provide a safer alternative for the burning of wastes

○ According to the surveys administered by the group of researchers,

unpleasant methods of waste management have been observed in the

community such as open-burning of trash and leaves around the area

These objectives will strive for the improvement of the environment and the

inhabitants’ health. In relation to the previous statement, the community of Calatagan is

encountering a situation that revolves around the combustion of waste which

contributed to the global problem of greenhouse gases; which leads to a diminishing

healthy lifestyle. To support the claim last stated, the group of researchers have

surveyed the different areas of Calatagan and have acquired ample information that it is

safe to assume that there are still problems in the community regarding the burning of

trash and leaves. With that said, the implementation of this project will further support

the progression towards a healthier environment. Furthermore, the implementation will

act as an alternative to their open burning of waste. To support the project

implementation, Ong (2015) stated that the burning of wastes is still ongoing and it

should be acted upon with immediate and careful choices made for the resolution of the

greenhouse gas dilemma. Basing from the same source, the government is losing

millions of pesos due to the hospital expenses spent to treat victims of those who

inhaled the gases sourcing from the burning of wastes. Ong (2015) also states that

victims of this situation develop symptoms such as respiratory problems (asthma,

coughing and etc.), cardiovascular problems (irregular heartbeat and more), and chest

pain.

1.3 Significance of the Project

This section provides a material that will help the researchers answer whether if

greenhouse gases have a significant relationship towards the health of the inhabitants

or not. Additionally, it displays the different essential purposes that the project contains.
 This project will have the potential to have sustained partnerships due to the

group of researchers utilising a company’s product and with the idea that can be shared

to the government in order to provide financial aid for the success of the project

proposal to the community. Not only it will be a new technology to use the product but

also it is an implementation of a proper system to burn wastes without having a large

amount of casualties due to the emitted greenhouse gases. With that said, the said

partnerships will further and constantly provide support to the idea and the development

and implementation of the conceptualized process.

Aim of the study. ​The aim or purpose of this project proposal is to create

alternatives on waste management while also solving the large volumes of trash that

gets handled. This project also focuses in creating an alternative to obtain usable water

for industrial and agricultural labor such as concrete mixing, farming, and many more.

Due to the multiple conversations that were initiated by the group of researchers with

the inhabitants, this project will focus on handling trash or waste in a way where it can

be beneficial to other aspects as well. For instance, this proposal acts as a another

method to lessen the large bulks of trash that will be picked up by the municipal.

​ he benefit of the project is the reduction of

Benefits provided by the project. T

greenhouse gas emissions to the environment that can avoid illnesses (cancer [lung

and colon cancer], asthma, constipation, shortness of breath, irritable bowel syndrome,

and many more) to the residents and prevent a harmful community. By using the

aforementioned processes which is Combustion, Contamination, and Cleansing, the

gases will be contained in the water which will avoid its emission to the environment.
The incinerator can be built and can be used the community to burn their wastes

(plastics, paper, leaves, leftover food, cardboard, and others) without the concern of

harming other people or the environment. This can also be utilized to avoid trashes

thrown in the sea.

Inhabitants of Calatagan, Batangas. ​The end-users of the incinerator will be the

residents of Calatagan, Batangas. The incinerators will serve as an alternative process

of burning wastes to reduce the amounts of greenhouse gases getting emitted. In order

to reduce the amount of casualties from the provinces as stated by Ong (2015), a

previously cited source, the incinerator will lessen the amounts of greenhouse gases

emitted from the burning of wastes.

Other communities have with similar dilemmas. Not only this project will serve as

a solution to one of the problems of Calatagan, but also it will assist in the waste

management of other locations, specifically other provinces found in the Philippines. To

further prove the previous statement in terms of the project acting as a solution for the

problem in Calatagan, forty-eight and twenty-seven hundredths percent of the

population that were surveyed stated that they burn their trash when the municipal does

not pick their trash up. This data can be found in figure 1.1, which is located in the

assessment of the community.

1.4 Scope and Delimitations of the Project

This chapter will provide the aim and purpose of this study and its limitations that

the researchers will avoid in order to gather accurate and appropriate data for the
project proposal. The development of the proposal is based on the multiple

experimentations and trials that were previously conducted by the group of researchers

to see if their conceptualized device and method is potent to purify water while also

remove greenhouse gases. There has been observations that in some areas of

Calatagan, there are open burning sites for the combustion of wastes around the farm

areas.

Before tackling the scopes and delimitations, those two are based on the surveys

and interviews administered by the group of researchers and the experimental

procedures that they conducted before commencing their immersion in the community

of Calatagan. The scope of this project is for the different communities that are currently

suffering the same situation as Calatagan. It is also to provide a different method on

how to manage the different kinds of waste while also satisfying the other aspects such

as usable water supplies, reduced greenhouse gas spread in the atmosphere, and the

reduced volumes of the wastes. The delimitations set for this project are the

inconvenience of the proposed and implemented project for the new waste

management program. Since there is a current project that the municipal is starting

regarding the proper segregation of trash, the group of researchers followed the

decorum and recorded every answer that they extracted from the survey period of the

work immersion, even though it is against their project proposal. Furthermore, there

were follow-up questions in order to get more understanding on the recent lifestyle that

the inhabitants are all under at the moment to see if the project is active on its progress

or procedure. From the experiment, the three phases: Combustion, Contamination, and
Cleansing provided the group of researchers positive results. In other words, they give

significant results, with that said, it can be easily determined if the experiment or

procedure actually feasible and effective enough to solve

The natural flow of gas is challenging to master and predict due to the

uncontrollable behaviour of gas towards life. In order to get as much gas as possible, an

electrically powered fan is one of the best options when it comes to controlling the flow

of gas. The fan would is not problematic that it would synthesis itself as a problem for

this procedure, this object may be an installment but it won’t generate a dilemma in this

project proposal.

1.5 Definition of Terms

This section of the chapter offers the description of unfamiliar terms that are

specified for the study conducted by the group of researchers. The following terms are

conceptually and operationally defined for better understanding of the readers:

Conceptual:

● Cleansing

- also known as “detoxification”, is the removal of toxins/chemicals in water.

● Combustion

- According to Helmenstine (2018) Combustion usually referred to as “

Burning “. Usually happens when a chemical reaction occurs between

combustible materials and oxidizer to form an oxidized product.

 ● Contamination

- According to Mosby (2018) Contamination happens when a pure

substance or environment gets exposed to harmful and hazardous

materials when practiced barrier techniques are not used.

● Greenhouse Gas

- According to Environmental Protection Agency (2018) Greenhouse gases

traps heat in the atmosphere, which makes the Earth warmer. There are

many gases that contribute to the greenhouse gas effect this is Carbon

Dioxide (CO​2​), Methane (CH​4​), Nitrous Oxide (NH​4​) and many fluorinated

gases.

Operational:

● Cleansing

- the P&G water packets will be poured in the water and the water will be

cleansed. By saying “cleansed”, it means that it is safe to dispose or use

for farming.

● Combustion

- the wastes will be burned which will emit fumes of smoke.

● Contamination

- the smoke/gases will travel to the container which contains water through

the pipe. The water and gas will mix which make the water contaminated.
 CHAPTER 2: PRELIMINARY WORKS

I. Introduction

This section of the chapter presents a concise definition of the topic

consideration of the project, the arguments of different literatures, and the general

findings of the review and experiment which will help to the development of the project.

Project C​3 which stands for Combustion, Contamination, and Cleansing, focuses

on these three processes that it is named after to be performed. Combustion is simply

the burning of waste, Contamination refers to the bonding of water and gas molecules,

and finally Cleansing is the process of reducing the chemicals present in the

contaminated water. These processes will be further explained in the proceeding

sections of this chapter which will include the scopes and findings of the previously

conducted experiment.

The different phases of the project (Combustion, Contamination, and Cleansing)

are scientifically proven conceptually through the statements included in different

literatures. Another study by ​Lumen (n.d.) supports the contamination by the different

chemical bonding which explains on how the gases bond or get captured by the water.

For the cleansing, a literature by Benedicto, De Guzman, Mansilla (2018) stated that

activated carbon material can assist the purification by acting as suspended matter in

order for the P&G (the main treatment) to work brilliantly in the cleansing process. All of
the literatures serve as a support for the feasibility of the implementation and the

probability of success of the project.

Table 2.1: pH level of water before and after the burning of leaves

Analysis on Table 2.1

Table 2.1 shows the pH level of

the water before and after the burning of

leaves. The pH level of the water was

tester 30 times before burning and after

burning the leaves.

From the analysis, the displayed

results further supports the conception

and development of the project proposal

by proving and validating the data and

hypothesis that the group of researchers

input in their research. The researchers’

hypothesis revolves around the

significant change of pH level before

and after the water contamination

 Table 2.2: pH Level of water before and after the water purifying process

Analysis on Table 2.2

Table 2.2 shows the pH level of

water before and after the water

purifying process. The pH level of water

was tested 30 times before and after the

water purifying process.

From the analysis of Table 2.2

The results provided the data needed

for the researchers to conclude whether

the pH level of water increased after the

water purifying process. The data

gathered supported the idea of using

P&G water purifier on the water after the

burning of trash for it to be usable for

daily uses.

In relation of the experiment and sources, the results of the procedure was

proven true conceptually and was validated through the multiple trials (refer to Table 2.1

and 2.2) that were conducted. The results or findings can be applied to the project’s
development by being a foundation of knowledge. To illustrate on the previous

statement, the gathered data was proven to be true once it compares with the concepts

of the sources such as convection currents, chemical bonding, adsorption, and the

chemicals from the purifier of water packets. The last stated examples are the validated

foundations that will assist in developing the project to its full extent. Furthermore, the

general findings of the previously conducted experiment is that the gas successfully

travelled through the pipe and was able to bond with the water (refer to Table 2.3). The

pH level of the water decreased upon bonding with the gas which means that the

containment of the gas in the water is successful. The pH level of the contaminated

water increased after applying P&G water purifier of water packets which means that

the cleansing process is successful. These findings helped in the development of the

project because the three processes included in the project was performed in the

experiment which shows a positive result.

2.1 Previously conducted experiment on the incineration

Presented in this part of the chapter are the findings of the experiment that can

be utilize for the development of the project. This part also shows if the project is

feasible and what the project is all about.

 Table 2.3: Mean and Standard Deviation of water before (Pretest A) and after (Posttest A) burning

Table 2.1 shows the mean of the pH level of the water before and after the

burning of leaves. The gases produced from the burning bonded with the water through

chemical bonding and dipole-dipole interaction. ​A study by Lumen (n.d.) stated that

Dipole-Dipole interactions are a type of intermolecular attraction between two

molecules. The molecules of the water and chemicals was attracted to each other

causing it to bond. This type of bonding is Chemical Bonding wherein two molecules

has an attraction to one another forming a chemical compound. ​The pH level of the

water decreased by approximately 1.55 (refer to table 2.3) after the interaction between

the water and the gas after the burning of the leaves which means the water absorbed

the gas which results to a pH decrease. This finding is important because it satisfies

one of the process in the project which is Containment. To assist with the feasibility of

the findings provided, a related study conducted by The Economist (2016) stated that

there is such thing as water contamination, which is termed as water acidification. With

that said, when comparing the processes of this procedure with the water acidification,

they both experience the same thing process, which is the absorption of gas in the body

of water. This study assists on the findings by proving it can be attained through

examining the water temperatures.

Table 2.4: Mean and Standard Deviation of water before (Pretest B) and after (Posttest B) the water purifying process

Table 2.2 shows the pH level of the water before and after the water purifying

process. The processes performed by the P&G water purifier is flocculation and

coagulation. ​Flocculation is the process of particles clumping together to create a floc.

According to Palta & Saroa (2018), coagulation is the process of a liquid turning into a

solid state through chemical reactions; commonly used in blood studies. ​In the case of

the experiment, the particles of the chemicals present in the water will clumped together

and can be filtered using a filtering paper. The result of the water purifying process

resulted to a pH increase (refer to table 2.2) which only means that the water purifying

process is indeed successful. The water purifying process is deemed successful

because the pH level of the water increased to neutral level (pH level of 7) after pouring

the P&G water purifier. This finding is important because it satisfies the last process of

the project which is Cleansing. The provided result serves as proof that the cleansing

process is feasible with gas contamination. Basing and relating on the literature of the

Procter & Gamble Company (2012), further proves that the result provided can reduce

the amount of bacteria, viruses, cysts, heavy metals, organics, and some pesticides.

The increase in pH doesn’t necessarily mean that it is safe to consume but it can be

used for daily use like laundry and dishwashing. In contribution with the comparison, the

Clean Water Project Team (2013) stated that certain chemicals such as calcium
hypochlorite and ferric sulfate are mainly responsible for the results of the governments

due to their impact with specific factors such as bacteria, heavy metals, cysts, and many

more.

These findings helped in the realization of the project by following these three

steps: Combustion, Contamination, and Cleansing. The combustion of the wastes is the

first step for it to produce gases and will now proceed to the next step which is

contamination. The experiment conducted shows that the water successfully contained

the gases produced from the burning. After the contamination, the project will now

proceed to its last phase which is cleansing. P&G water packets will be poured in the

contaminated water and based on the experiment, the water is successfully cleansed

which allows the water to be used or disposed. The purpose of the project is to reduce

the greenhouse gas emission that may affect the health of the residents of the

community. With the cooperation of the residents, the implementation of Project C​3 ​will

be much more easier. The construction of a bigger incinerator is the utmost priority to

be able to perform the processes of the project.

The feasibility of the project’s implementation is supported with scientific

concepts that have been validated through research and experiments to ensure the

understanding of the concept.

One of the feasibilities of this project supported is the gases that get emitted from

the combustion of wastes. To support the previous statement, Kirchhoff (2018) stated in
his article that the convection current is the concept responsible for the elevating of gas

with high temperature and the sinking of gas with low temperature. In relation to

absorbing the gas emitted from burning, the same source stated that when gas has high

temperature, its density decreases and will begin to elevate. To apply this in the project

proposal, when the wastes get combusted, the emitted gas will begin to elevate since it

already came from a combustion. The gas will now pass through the pipe and enter the

the second container with the water. Another feasibility is the contamination of the

water. According to Helmenstine (2018), covalent bonding is an equal share of

electrons between two nonmetals. Lumen (n.d.) discussed that dipole-dipole

interactions is a type of bonding wherein the attractions of a positive and negative

interact with each other—hence, dipole dipole interaction. To further support the second

feasibility of this project, the U.S Department of the Interior & U.S. Geological Survey

(2018) explained that water is the universal solvent due to its polarity which makes it a

matching solvent for almost any solute, in short, it is capable in dissolving more

substances compared to any other liquid. The three previous sources supports the

feasibility of contamination in this project due to the scientific background and

explanation on how each concept works. To illustrate a more lucid image, the bondings

(covalent bonding and dipole-dipole interactions) are the technical reasons why the

gases get absorbed by the water and the characteristic of water, on the other hand,

supports the bonding concept by discussing that water is the universal solvent due to its

polarity. The last feasibility of this project is the cleansing of the contaminated water.

eMedicalPrep (n.d.) defines adsorption as the accumulation of the molecules onto a

surface. The previous source applies to the mixing of activated charcoal powder to the

contaminated water before applying the P&G Purifier of Water packets. This source

explains that the contaminants present in the water gathers onto the surface of the fine

particles of the activated charcoal and this concept also aids in the process of cleansing

by acting as suspended matter for the P&G to be usable. The P&G, on the other hand,

basing from the study conducted by the Clean Water Project Team (2013), this sachet

works on suspended matter due to a chemical called ferric sulfate. Not to mention, there

are other chemicals (Calcium Hypochlorite and Clay & Polymer Buffer) that assists with

the expulsion of contaminant content such as cysts, bacteria, viruses, and many more

that is present in the polluted water. With all the chemicals said in the previous

statements, they cooperate together in order to purify or cleanse the contaminated

water that can be available for industrial or agricultural use. Once again, the feasibility of

this project is heavily supported by the scientific concept that go along with the

processes such as convection currents, chemical bonding, adsorption, and cleansing.

Figure 2.5: The Laboratory and field testing of the P&G packets
(The Procter & Gamble Company, 2012)
 To further clarify the data provided above by the P&G company in table 2.5, the

researchers consulted Doctor Virgilio C. Galang to answer a number of concerns

revolving around the project. He stated that the data that was provided by the P&G

company is already ample information for validation of the data results. He further

mentioned that as long as the product is tested, it is already sufficient for data

validation. With that said, it can be safely concluded that the experiments done by the

group of researchers can have supported gathered data due to the previous

experiments that were conducted by the company itself, using the same product as the

researchers.

The experiment conducted was the burning of leaves in an enclosed contraption.

The objective of the experiment is to contain the gases in the water to be able to reduce

the gases emitted to the environment that could be harmful also to the residents. After

containing the gases, the water will be contaminated with chemicals present in the gas.

For the water to be safer to use or dispose, the water will be cleansed with P&G water

purifier. The processes performed in the experiment resulted to the idea of Project C​3​:

Combustion, Contamination, Cleansing. The purpose of Project C​3 is to reduce the

greenhouse gas emissions in the community. These three aforementioned processes

will be the key factor for the purpose of the project to be achieved.

One commonality of this project is the supportive scientific background that

proves its potential to be successful through explanations and validations of different

literatures. Furthermore, the selected literatures also support each other’s statements

when it comes to the concepts and the validity on how this certain part happens. For

instance, the P&G concept is supported with another literature that states of molecules

gathering onto the surface of a substance—hence making P&G a feasible concept in

the process. Despite the fact that it is a strong and favorable commonality, the one that

is not in the project’s favor is the leakage of gases. There is a open area of the

combustion area in order to keep the fire burning due to the exposure of air. Due to the

openings, there are some gases that have a tendency to escape the combustion and

float freely in the atmosphere. Another unfavored commonality is the passageway of the

gases from the burning area to the water-filled container. At some trials, the gas does

not follow the path and does not directly travel through the tube and just stays in the

burning area which affects the effectiveness of the project. The literatures that was

utilised above supports on how the implementation of the project is feasible enough to

be a success. Such literatures revolve around the idea of convection currents, chemical

bonding (covalent and dipole-dipole interactions), adsorption, and the cleansing with the

use of the packets. Not only this project is feasible due to the scientific background but

also the process was validated through the trials and experiments that were conducted

by the group of researchers. To generalize the said literatures, the combustion is

validated with the concept of convection currents which in short with relation to the

project, gases with high temperature tends to elevate due to the loss of density—in

which explains why the gas travels upwards after it gets emitted from the combustion of

wastes. The contamination is supported by the chemical bonding such as covalent

bonding and dipole-dipole interactions. Covalent bonding is the equal bonding of two

non-metals and dipole-dipole interaction is the attraction of two opposite ends which are

the positive and negative charge. The cleansing is assisted by the concept of adsorption

and the P&G Purifier of Water packets, together with its chemicals that influence the

purification of contaminants. Adsorption, essentially, is the gathering of molecules on

the surface of a substance or phenomenon. While P&G, on the other hand, is a

technology suited for the purification of contaminated water that consists of certain

chemicals that expel suspended matter from the water content by solidifying them and

forming them into flocs or clumps.

Project C​3 which stands for Combustion, Contamination, and Cleansing.

Combustion is the first process in the project where the wastes are burned inside the

incinerator. It will produce gases that will pass through the pipe which is located on the

top of the first container that will lead to the second container that contains water in it.

According to UCSB ScienceLine. (2013), hot air rises because as the the temperature

increases, the air expands causing it to be less dense than the air that surrounds it that

will result for the hot air to rise and the colder air to sink. The second process is

Contamination. As the gas pass through the pipe, it will the fill the space of the second

container that contains water. According to Lumen (n.d.) and Chemistry LibreTexts

(n.d.), the water molecules and the gas molecules combines through Covalent Bonding

and Dipole-dipole interaction. The gas mixes with the water that results to the

contamination of the water with the gas which is proven with the decrease of its pH
level. The neutral pH level of water is 7 and anything higher than 7 is considered as

more base and anything lower than 7 is considered as more acidic. The last process of

the project is Cleansing. After the contamination of the water, the water will be cleansed

for it to be safely disposed or used by putting P&G water purifier. According to ​The

Procter & Gamble Company (2012), P&G water packets is a powdered water

purification technology that consists of various chemicals (Calcium Hypochlorite, Ferric

Sulfate, Buffer [Clay and Polymer], and many more) that cooperate together and

provide each other in order for the purification process to sustain and be successful. It is

proven that the water was cleansed because of pH increase which deems the findings

of the experiment to be useful for the proposed project.

CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT

This chapter offers the different aspects of the project that will be implemented to

the community. These different aspects consist of the overall design of the project,

together with the materials utilized and the methods that are conceptualized to make the

project feasible. This chapter will also state the strategy on implementing this project to

the community that is provided to them; specifically, the inhabitants of Calatagan. Not

only it will showcase the project implementation, but also the project validation, from the

conceptualized ideas until to the application of the project. Lastly, the group of

researchers will be able to validate the entire project with the assistance of experts in

their respective fields. These experts specialize in engineering, chemistry, and

medicine. Each expert will explain the different sections such as the engineer explaining

the materials and designing the project in order for it to be appropriate for its function as

a waste incinerator.

3.1 Design of the Project

Figure 3.1: Incinerator

Project C​3 aims to reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions, specifically in

Calatagan, Batangas. This has 3 main steps which the project name also stands for:
Combustion, Containment, and Cleansing. The combustion stage consists of the

burning of trash inside the incinerator while leading the gas emissions into a container.

This leads to the containment stage, wherein the gas and water are mixed thoroughly,

and which in turn will be chemically bonded according to Lumen (n.d.). This is also

supported by previously conducted experiments wherein the pH level of the water has

decreased. The last stage, cleansing, consists of using the P&G solution into the

contaminated water. According to previously done experiments, doing so will increase

the pH level back up to a neutral level which according to The Procter & Gamble

Company. (2012) means the water although not potable, is no longer toxic or harmful.

To further expound on the schematic diagram which is figure 3.1, it displays the

different materials utilised for the making of the project, the following descriptions will be

based on the design of the incinerator. In this case, the diagram gives more specific

descriptions of each material and on how they are connected to each other in order for

the incinerator to be functional. The stainless steel metal grate (The small section

between the red [fire bricks] and white [firepit] of the container on the left) is a

rust-resistant part of the incinerator which prevents the trash from covering up the

flame. A part or attachment of the metal grate is the brick housing (indicated as the red

part of the left container), this part is composed of firebricks, hence it being

heat-resistant and is affordable for the group of researchers to purchase it with a

reasonable price; Mr. Mendoza also has stated that bricks or the brick housing is a good

option for the building of the so called “combustion chamber”. The firepit (indicated as
the white region found in the bottom of the left container), which is another part of the

combustion chamber, gives accessibility for fuel input. After the combustion of wastes,

the gas goes through their respective pathway which is the metal pipe (the grey tubing

that connects the two containers), it is an enclosed circular tube that provides a path for

the gas to go from one container (combustion chamber [left container]) to the other

(water container [right container]). The exhaust fan (the enlarged area in the tube which

resembles the presence of the fan) is found at the end of the piping, this serves as the

material that attracts or sucks the gas emitted to move from the combustion chamber to

the water container. This is necessary because the law and nature of the gases cannot

be controlled therefore, there should be a tool or device that can ensure the movement

of the emissions from one place to another. To support the previous statement,

Stockton (2017), scientists are in the progress of controlling matter, however, at the

moment, there are factors that they can't control such as molecular activity (spinning of

electrons, chemical bonding, and many more). Furthermore from the stated source, in

this context, it proves that gas cannot be controlled naturally, together with its nature or

properties. Although the device (exhaust fan) is a support to this procedure, it can still

be prone to breaking by excessive usage. Lastly, the water container (the entire

container on the right including the lid) contains the sample water (faucet water and is

resembled as the blue color inside the right container) that was gathered from the

immersion of the researchers, and it is essentially a giant glass jar that is capable to

hold less than 10 liters. Additionally, the container is also comprised of a detachable lid

for making the mixing of gas and liquid and closing of the container conveniently.
 The scientific background of chemical bonding, adsorption, purification via P&G

Purifier of Water Packets, and convection currents support the findings that were

gathered from the group’s experimental procedure. Based on the concept of convection

currents written by Kirchhoff, H. (2018) hot air rises due to loss of density and the

opposite when it comes to cool air which explains the science behind the gases coming

from the combustion of wastes. Helmenstine, A. (2018) discussed the science that

backs up the mixing of gases with the water. Furthermore, from the previous source,

these processes are called covalent bonding and dipole-dipole interactions. Another

process was explained by the Clean Water Project Team (2013) which encompasses

the purification process. To expand the article of the last source, the chemical phases

that play a significant role in the purification stage are adsorption, coagulation, and

flocculation. In short, adsorption is essentially the gathering of molecules on a surface of

a particle, coagulation is the solidifying of contaminants in the water, and flocculation is

the forming of flocs made out of the coagulated contaminants. With all that said, the

experimental findings are supported by the related literature which further validates the

trials commenced.

This project aims to mainly address the situation of greenhouse gas emissions

and secondarily address the water dilemma. To clarify with the scopes previously

stated, this applies to other communities that share the same or similar problems as

Calatagan. In relevance to the previous statement, these scopes get aided by the
supporting literature which enhances the response to the problem in the community.

The group of researchers interviewed Dr. Virgilio C. Galang (​Appendix A​) to further

validate the lingering concerns that they have. Doctor Galang stated that there are

provinces that actually burn trash and have scarcity on water when the water supplies

are insufficient for the inhabitant consumption. He validated his answers through

multitudes of field work whenever he offers free medical service. To further enhance the

response to the situations of the community, Doctor Galang discussed that the

experiments that were conducted by the P&G company are ample information to

validate that their product (P&G Purifier of Water Packets) is feasible for the purification

process of the project.

3.2 Materials, Methods, and Implementation

This section of the chapter will state the materials used, methods conceptualized,

and the implementation and on how the concerns of this project will be covered up.

Table 3.1: Materials

1. Fire Bricks (Sydney Fire According to Engr.
Bricks, n.d) Lucrecio Mendoza
(Appendix B), it is
recommended for the first
container to be made out
of fire brick which is
commonly used in
fireplaces because it is
generally heat-resistant​.
 2. Stainless steel pipes For the pipes, it should be
(Valex, n.d) sturdy and does not easily
rust which makes stainless
steel one of the best option
for the tubing.

3. Stainless steel container The water container will be

Shiny stainless steel. (n.d.) made out of metal
preferably stainless steel
that does not easily rust so
that it can be used for big
operations and the long
run.

Figure 3.2: Exploded view of the Incinerator

The exploded view displayed above indicates the different materials and parts of the

incinerator. First of all, the left container consists of a grill, fire pit, trash container, and a
cover. Second, the connection between the two containers is a stainless steel pipe.

Lastly, the right container consists of an exhaust fan and a water container.

The project includes three processes which is Combustion, Containment, and

Cleansing. By constructing the incinerator, the first two processes will be performed

through burning and contaminating of water through the mixing of gas and liquid. The

first container which will house the wastes will be made out of bricks. The stainless pipe

will be connected from the first container to the second container which is made out of

metal. An exhaust fan will be placed before the entrance to the second container. A

paragraph and schematic diagram previously displayed supports the last sentence by

expounding the different purposes of each material utilised and the connection between

all of the materials in order for the project to be made work together smoothly. This will

make the gases produced from the burning transfer to the water container. Furthermore,

to support the materials that will be utilised for this operation, Engr. Mendoza (​Appendix

B)​ discussed in the consultation about the reasons on why to use this certain material.

He stated that bricks are known to be good insulators, in other words, they are heat

resistant and durable when it comes to high temperatures. For the tubing, it was

suggested that the group of researchers use stainless steel because it does not rust

easily. For the water container, it could be any metal material as long as it does not rust

easily and is sturdy enough. He lastly suggested cheap but rugged materials so the

resear
 The stakeholders of this project are the researchers. The needs of this project is

an expert in the field of engineering or architecture and financial support. The

researchers will be needing an expert for the construction of the incinerator and

financial support to be able to buy the materials required to build the device. The aim of

the project is to make an enclosed incinerator that will help reduce greenhouse gas

emissions in the environment. The secondary aim of this project is to give access to

usable water for the inhabitants that are scarce on water. Despite the need of

consultations from experts in their respective profession and financial support, another

necessity of this project is the cooperation of the residents in the community because

this projector process requires discipline and participation. The reason why discipline is

needed because the materials and ingredients of the entire process are not some things

to take lightly or to not be worthy of attention. Since this project involves minimal

amounts of manual work, cooperation or participation of the people is required to not

only ensure the feasibility of project’s implementation but to also provide success to the

project due to the procedure that will be taken care of by the community.

The methods on how the group of researchers will implement the reduction of

greenhouse gases using a leaf incinerator with the process of flocculation and

coagulation this project is through informing and influencing of the barangay officials of

Calatagan on the assistance that is taken for the implementation of this incinerator

project.
 Financial aid will conclude to a large amount of money if the group were to

commence the project with the actual price of the product, they will not only attempt to

synthesize a chemical replica of the product but also they will contact the company itself

to gain assistance when it comes to financials. To further support the previous

statement, the company has partnered up with different organizations or groups that

contributes to the spreading of the product, if they will manage to get the help of the

partners, the finances will be solved and answered by the company themselves since

their purpose for their product is to provide a better access to clean and healthy water.

Regarding the operation in the community, the group of researchers will inform and

present to them the conceptualized idea to burn wastes yet ending up with a better

access of water for the people to use. Furthermore, this will be the last step for the

implementation because the finances and support in power needs to be answered

before the group confronts the officials of Calatagan to ensure that the chances of

operating this project are high for it to be implemented.

3.3 Validation of the Project

There are multiple ways that the project’s feasibility can be validated. These

ways are supporting literatures, the positive feedback on the trial results, the validating

of information via the consultation of experts in a specific field (e.g. doctor and chemist).

The feasibility of this project can be further validated through the consultation with

Engineer Lucrecio Mendoza (​Appendix B​) . With the consultation with Mr. Mendoza

said, the certain materials that are to be utilised in the project implementation are
chosen carefully and are deemed sturdy and cheap. It was also mentioned that the

construction of the incinerator is possible depending on how big it is and the volume of

wastes to be burned. The chosen materials by Engr. Mendoza is cheap which makes

the constructions of the incinerator less costly and makes it more feasible to build.

To be able to implement the project successfully, the cooperation of the residents

is strictly needed and should be observed. The construction of the incinerator should be

prioritized because it is the main scope of this project. After constructing the incinerator,

the researchers will be explaining on how to properly use it. While explaining the

procedure, they will give demonstration to give a more lucid conception on how the

process flows.

The conversations and consultations with the experts stayed formal and

professional in order to extract all the answers that satisfies all the concerns of the

researchers. The procedures and protocols with a proper greeting with respectful

gestures and introducing themselves to the expert. After introducing themselves, they

explain and give a summary on what their project revolves around. Then they

commence with the questions that contains flow of intensity; in other words, the

questions begin lightly and escalates furthermore until it tackles community dilemmas or

global scale situations. To maximize the time and opportunity, the group of researchers

gave following questions that are in need of clarification to validate all of the gathered

info they got from the consultation. To conclude the meeting with the expert, they give
courtesy and gratitude for the time that the professionals used up specifically for this

matter.

CHAPTER 4: EXPERTS’ CONSULTATION TO REVIEW EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT TO

[C​3​]

This chapter in the project proposal completely revolves around the consultation

of multiple experts in their respective field of expertise. This constitutes the background

profile of the experts that assures their expertise, in respect to the feasibility of the

project. In ensuring the project’s feasibility, it also contains questions that concerns the

multiple curiosities that are required to be answered and the solution of this problem is

the consultations that are stated below.

Doctor Virgilio C. Galang is the first expert that the group consulted. He is a fitting

individual when regarding to the project’s feasibility because experimental results are

the not the only ones to be validated to ensure that the project is feasible (refer to

Appendix A: Interview with Dr. Virgilio Galang). Doctor Galang is a Physicist/Family

Doctor in the clinic, Galang Medical and Maternity Clinic located in Malibay, Pasay City.

He worked at a hospital as a certified doctor but due to complications with schedule, he

built a clinic instead nearby a place that inhabits people that are more potent to many

diseases. This profile of Doctor Virgilio assures his validity of being a certified

Physician/Family Doctor.
 In the process of consulting with Dr. Virgilio Galang, the researchers show the

act of courtesy as they approach and introduce themselves formally to the expert. They

showed their gratitude to him due to the efforts he exerted in order to make time for the

consultation. They gave a short description and background of the to make sure that

Doctor Galang currently has knowledge on the essential details of the research paper

and he can prepare information that associates with the project proposal. After the

whole introduction process, they proceed with the consultation and discussion proper.

During the proper, they ask follow-up questions that can further validate the data that

they need to prove. Lastly, they thanked Doctor Galang for the amount of effort he put in

the consultation and discussion proper and closed the consultation formally. In

accordance with the formal closing of the consultation, the researchers displayed a

gesture of courtesy (specifically, giving a token and firm handshake) and ended the

consultation proper from there.

Table 4.1: Doctor Virgilio C. Galang

Questions asked to the Expert’s response on the Actions made in the
expert questions. proposal paper
There are multiple effects that it
can bring to the human body, the
most common diseases that can
Cites the experts answer to the
be resulted are respiratory
Question 1: What are the effects concern of the effects of the
diseases. The well-known cause
of greenhouse gases to the greenhouse gases to the human
for this disease is Carbon
human body? body to clarify if it is really
Dioxide, it deprives the cells in
harmful or not.
the body due to lack of oxygen
and it will also provide shortage
of breath and asthma.
For water to be “potable”, it
should be checked with multiple It was stated and cited as
Question 2: What does it take for
categories like the viscosity, pH, validation that it takes more than
water to be consumable, usable,
clarity, and many more. Knowing pH to tell if a water sample is
or potable?
the pH may be important for potable or not
determining the safety of the
 water but of course, there are
other factors that can assist with
the claim that the water you have
is so called “potable”.
The chemicals in that mixture has
certain chemical reactions when
it contacts with contaminated
water and since it was already
experimented on, it is already
safe to tell that this mixture can
help with the cleansing of water. It was verified by the expert,
For the data provided from their known for his practicability and
Question 3: Can the results of
experiments, as long as they understanding to the world of
their experiment be reasonable
have experimented using it, it is research, the researchers input
enough for the validation of the
already ample information the gathered data from the
project’s findings?
because the company already consultation and cited the expert
tested it with similar samples in the respective statement.
which means that the product
that you have function properly.
This data is enough to validate
since the experiment even gave
information that tested the waters
of other countries.
When it comes to inhaling the
greenhouse gases, it is not a big
deal since we face it everyday
but if it’s continuous and the
diseases are chronic, it is best to It was just stated that inhaling
Question 4: When people inhale
attend medical attention before it greenhouse gases is dangerous
greenhouse gases, is it supposed
even gets more devastating for when symptoms start to appear.
to be taken lightly or should be
the victim. It should be taken The given answer was
taken seriously and be acted
lightly if it is not continuously appreciated and was stated and
upon immediately?
being inhaled but medical cited in the research paper
support or help is needed once
symptoms show up since they
are the indicators if you should
seek medical help or not.

Engr. Lucrecio Barrera Mendoza was the second expert consulted to determine

the feasibility of the project, specifically in terms of the construction and mechanical

aspects of the project(refer to Appendix B: Interview with Engr. Lucrecio Mendoza). He

was consulted due to his background in engineering. He is currently employed in

Integrated Micro-Electronics Inc. as the Head of Manufacturing Engineering in their

Asian based facilities. Previously, he studied in University of the Philippines Diliman in

batch 1978 with a BS in Electrical Engineering.

In the days preceding the interview with Mr. Mendoza, the researchers

respectfully asked via email if he would be willing to spare some of his time to help

them with their research due to his engineering background. After a back and forth

exchange in email between the two parties, Mr. Mendoza agreed to a date time, and

place for a live 1 on 1 interview with one of the researchers. At the beginning of the

interview itself, the interviewer introduced themselves, gave a background of the

research, and begun the interview while recording the audio with Mr. Mendoza’s

consent. During the interview itself, the researcher asked follow-up questions based on

Mr. Mendoza’s answers to extend the information gained in the consultancy. Once the

interview was finished, the researcher thanked Mr. Mendoza for his time and effort, then

offered proper courtesy befit to formally end the interview.

Table 4.2: Consultation with Engr. Lucrecio Barrera Mendoza

Questions asked to the Expert’s response on the Actions made in the
expert questions. proposal paper

Question 1: What are the
appropriate materials that can be
used for the construction of the
project?
Question 2: How can we apply
the exhaust fan to the pathway to
have a continuous supply of
oxygen(?) flowing to the other
container.
Question 3: What are the
dimensions that you can suggest
for the design in order for the
project to be feasible for the
implementation of the project?
Question 4: Is there a better
method or device for us to use
the fan to force the gas to move
to the other container?
Question 5: What is the best way
to construct the incinerator?
Bricks/ceramic for the incinerator,
heavy duty metal for the piping,
The materials mentioned by the
metal will do for the water
expert will be utilized for the
container. All preferably cheap
construction of the incinerator.
and very rugged due to nature of
operation.
Based on the response of the
Place exhaust fan at the end of expert, the fan will be placed
the pipe/opening of the water before the second container so it
container. can efficiently transfer the gas so
the water can absorb it.
The actual size will be depending
Practical size entirely depends on
on the amount of trash that will
both cost, and actual volume that
be burned and what suits the
we aim to burn.
community well.
I can’t really say, (the fan is) the
only one I that really think of right
now. But then if the smoke is so
There will be an exhaust fan to
heavy, that it settles down and
help carry the smoke to the other
doesn’t (flow through the
container.
chamber), then you really have to
force it. Otherwise, the fan is the
best.
Again, it depends on the amount
of trash. For example, the house:
how much do you fill up that trash The incinerator will be
can in a day? That tells you how constructed using the
much garbage you need to burn recommended materials and its
in one day so that the following size will be a proportional to the
day you (don’t have backlog). To amount of trash the community
burn that, you would need a produces a day.
decent size burner, it needs to
accommodate the trash.

Dr. Roman Bielski is a chemist part of the Chemical Consultants Network, he is

an organic chemist that earned his PhD in the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the

Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. He attained Master of Science (M.S) degree on

the Technology of Petrochemical Products, Department of Chemical Technology and

Engineering, Warsaw Institute of Technology. He has multiple fields of expertise, the

well-known expertise he has attained is Research and Development and Organic

Chemistry. He published three dozen works along with co-authoring with sixteen
patents. He has been invited to twenty presentations and edited multiple works of other

authors. He experienced being a professor, senior chemist, president and principal

chemist, and postdoctoral fellow.

Doctor Roman Bielski is an appropriate candidate for this consultation because

there are concerns that revolve around the field of subject that he majors in. He also

achieved multiple positions in different institutes, as of now, he is the research director

in the Department of Chemistry, Value Recovery Inc. His practices are fit to be an

expert that is worth consulting for the group’s project proposal.

Table 4.3 Consultation with Dr. Roman Bielski

Questions asked to the Expert’s response on the
expert
1. For gas that originated from
waste combustion and
transferred to another container
that is filled with water (remains
in room temperature), what are
the kinetics of mixing between
gas and liquid? The gases
consist of carbon dioxide, benzo
a pyrene, and other greenhouse
gas emissions. The water used is
distilled water and faucet water.
2. Can a mixture of Calcium
Hypochlorite, Ferric Sulfate, and
an appropriate buffer for the
chemicals (such as the product
named P&G Purifier of Water
packets) cleanse
gas-contaminated water (water
that contains greenhouse gas
emissions such as carbon
dioxide, benzo a pyrene, and the
like)?
Actions made in the
questions. proposal paper
“ A lot depends on solubility of
gaseous components in water.
Carbon dioxide does dissolve in
water, hydrocarbons including
greenhouse gases practically do
not. The temperature increase
Further noted and will be put into
will not change much. However, if
thought for the next experimental
other components are liquids you
procedure
may form an emulsion containing
tiny droplets of organic liquid) in
water. An addition of a surfactant
will help. Solids, if present, can
form a suspension of small
particles in water.”
“I am afraid that the short answer
is - no. Hypochlorite (similar to
bleach) will kill various
Had to be clarified with the
microorganisms but will not harm
missing details such as the
most of the compounds of your
addition of activated charcoal
interest. Ferric sulfate is to
powder which is the “organic
adsorb (on its surface) various
solvent” suggestion of his answer
solid particles.
when removing organic
If you want to remove CO2 you
compounds in the water.
should think of some solid
compound exhibiting a basic
character such as calcium
 acetate (CO2 plus water forms a
weak acid). After the process you
filter off the solid containing
absorbed CO2. To remove
organic compounds you may try
to take advantage of extraction
using organic solvents.
Alternatively, low molecular
hydrocarbons and even high
molecular organics can be
adsorbed using parafin.”
3. As a scientific researcher, is
one experiment but with multiple
trials (since it's about cleansing Cited in the previous chapter to
water) enough to validate our further validate the cited data to
“​Yes.”
experimental data revolving on prove the experimental data of
the cleansing of contaminated the previous conducted operation
water (slightly related to the
previous question)?

III. Conclusion

Before concluding to the notable commonalities of the experts, Expert one and

two are consulted through a personal one-on-one consultation, while Expert three is

contacted and consulted through email. Doctor Virgilio Galang mentioned and clarified

the common concerns in the group’s project proposal such as validating the

experimental data for further complications (for support to the final defense of the

project proposal). He also mentioned that when is the right time to worry when the

complications of the greenhouse gas emissions start to impact the overall health of the

human being. He suggested to reason out more to the validation of experimental data to

further ensure the feasibility of the project. Finally, Dr. Galang gave the group of

researchers an insight on the effects of the greenhouse gas emissions once inhaled by

the human.
 Engr. Lucrecio Mendoza recommended the materials to be used for the

construction of the incinerator. The first container should be made out of brick or

ceramic so it is sturdy and heat-resistant. The piping should be made out of heavy duty

metal for it to last long. For the water container, it should be made out of metal so it can

survive long operations. He also mentioned that all materials should be cheap and

rugged. For the exhaust fan, he stated that it should be placed at the end of the pipe

before the entrance of the water container so it can efficiently transfer the gas. Engr.

Lucrecio Mendoza suggested that the dimension off the incinerator should be

proportional to the volume of trash aimed to burn and should be modular.

Doctor Roman Bielski took the liberty to read every question and answer as

much effort as he can. He suggested that different methods on how to better achieve

the desired product we wish to make after the experimental procedure such as adding

organic solvents to involve organic compounds (for instance: Carbon DIoxide and

Hydrocarbons) in the purification process of the contaminated water. He clarified that

one experiment with multiple trials are ample for validating experimental data. He finally

explained the process of mixing when it comes to the gas and liquid mixing together

when they are in one container.

Although there are complications when the researchers did field work in

Calatagan, Batangas, the researchers will stick with their proposed. The method of

disposing trash is the proposed project (burning trash and purification of

gas-contaminated water which is caused by the mixing of gas and liquid in room

temperature) and should be implemented because it will be beneficial for the

environment and health of the residents. The harmful effects of greenhouse gases

affects the respiratory system of a human person that may cause complications and

illnesses. With the use of the incinerator, open-burning of trash will be avoided. This

proposed project has a high feasibility in being implemented and approved due to the

validated data gathered from online sources and experts which were consulted through

email and personal. With that said, the overall feedback is positive, in terms of the

feasibility and validation of information.

The researchers are ready to implement the said project to the community with

the guidance of the experts interviewed throughout the time given because due to the

experiences and comments of the experts on the researchers’ project proposal paper, it

is feasible to be implemented for the community to acknowledge and be put into use to

attain the paper’s objective which is to reduce the greenhouse gas emission and to

reduce the volume of trash that is being generated every trash collection conducted by

the municipal. With the help Dr. Roman Bielski, the whole process is feasible due to

scientific facts of combustion, contamination, and cleansing. Basing on the overall

suggestions that were provided by the experts, the feasibility of this project increases

due to the positive feedback which generally means that flow or pathway of project

implementation is going smoothly with the current data that the group of researchers

have.
 Letter sent to Expert 3

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