SSKC Pre University College, K.

R Pete
ii puc chemistry reorganised syllabus
UNIT-I Solid State 8 hrs
General characteristics of solids: amorphous and crystalline solids – examples, differences.
Classification of crystalline solids – based on binding forces: molecular solids – (non-polar,
polar, H-bonded), ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent or network solids – examples for all.
Definitions – lattice point, crystal lattice, unit cell, coordination number. Parameters of a unit
cell, names of seven crystal systems , calculation of number of atoms in a cubic unit cell – simple
cubic, bcc, fcc. Close packing in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices - brief
information, voids - types of voids, tetrahedral and octahedral and their relative numbers,
calculation of the formula of the compounds based on the number of voids filled. Packing in
solids - calculation of packing efficiency- fcc/ccp, bcc, simple cubic. Formula to calculate the
density of the unit cell to be assumed- use the formula to calculate a, d , z , M , NA. Numerical
problems.
Point defects-types, a brief account of Frenkel and Schottky defects, metal excess defect and
metal deficiency defect with examples.
Electrical properties: classification into conductors, insulators and semiconductors - their
comparison based on band theory of metals, n- type and p-type semiconductors – differences and
examples. Magnetic properties of substances – paramagnetism, diamagnetism and
ferromagnetism, examples.

UNIT-II Solutions 9 hrs

Types of Solutions – binary – gaseous, liquid and solids, expressing the concentration of a
solution of a solid in a liquid mole fraction, molarity and molality. Solubility, solubility of a gas
in a liquid – Henry’s law, graph of partial pressure of a gas vs its mole fraction in solution, effect
of pressure, temperature, applications of Henry’s law.
Solution of liquid in liquid – Raoult’s law- statement, mathematical expression, numerical
problems, ideal solution – characteristics, graph, non - ideal solution –types - their
characteristics and differences, examples, azeotropes – types, examples.
Solution of a solid in a liquid – Raoult’s law – colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour
pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point, graphs for elevation in boiling
point and depression in freezing point, SI units for Kb, Kf , osmosis – osmotic pressure, isotonic,
hypertonic, hypotonic solutions, reverse osmosis – application in desalination of water.
Numerical problems on determination of molar mass using colligative properties.
Abnormal molar mass, van’t Hoff factor i, value of i for non-electrolytes and solutes that
associate or dissociate in dilute solution.
UNIT-III Electrochemistry 9 hrs
Redox reaction – As fundamental reaction in electrochemical cells, electronic and electrolytic
conductors – differences, strong and weak electrolytes, examples-Ionic conductance- factors
affecting ionic conductance, conductivity and molar conductivity of electrolytic solutions-
definitions, mathematical expressions, relationship between them, SI units, numerical problems.
Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, graph for variation of m vs
0
c for strong and weak electrolytes using equation m m A c (measurement of
conductivity from Wheatstone network not included), limiting molar conductivities, Kohlrausch
0
law and applications, numerical problems on calculation of m for weak electrolytes.
Electrolysis –Faraday’s laws of electrolysis (elementary idea) , concept of nF required to
discharge one mole of Mn+ ions, numerical problems on I law.
Galvanic cells : Electrode potential , half cell concept, standard electrode potential, galvanic cell,
Daniell cell, cell potential, EMF (emf), E0 = E0R E0L . Measurement of electrode potential – SHE
- diagram, half cell representation, half cell reaction, E0 taken as 0.0 V (at all temperatures).
Measurement of E0 of Zn and Cu using SHE (experimental details not expected) numerical
problems on E0 = E0R E0L , importance of standard electrode potentials- to decide and compare
the strengths of oxidizing and reducing agents . Nernst equation (derivation not required) :
Nernst equation at 298 K for single electrode potential and cell potential, numerical problems to
calculate half cell and cell potentials (only for metal electrodes). Relationship between
0
equilibrium constant and Ecell (derivation not required), numerical problems. Relationship
0
between standard Gibbs energy and Ecell ,numerical problems.
Factors affecting the products of electrolysis, examples – molten and aqueous solution of NaCl
only.
Batteries: types-difference, examples, Leclanche cell (dry cell) and Lead acid battery–anode,
cathode, electrolyte, reactions at anode and cathode (diagram not required), Fuel cell – definition
– examples, H2-O2 fuel cell – schematic diagram, anode, cathode, electrolyte, reactions at anode
and cathode.
Corrosion – rusting of iron- anodic, cathodic reactions, composition of rust, methods of
prevention.
UNIT-IV Chemical Kinetics 9 Hrs
Rate of a reaction – average and instantaneous ,with graphs, SI unit, rate of a reaction expressed
as rate of change in molar concentration of reactants and products using balanced equation,
factors affecting rate of a reaction, dependence of rate on concentration – rate expression (rate
law),specific rate constant, order, units for rate constant of zero, first and, second order reactions.
Molecularity – uni, bi and termolecular reactions – examples.
Derivation of integrated rate equation for the rate constant of zero and first order reactions,
graphs for zero and first order reactions-analysis, half life – derivation of relationship between t1/2
and k for zero and first order reactions. Numerical problems on first order and half life, Pseudo
first order reaction- examples.
Temperature dependence: Arrhenius equation – activation energy, energy distribution curve
showing temperature dependence of the rate of the reaction, problems based on
 k2 Ea T2 T1 1
log , graph of ln k vs with intercept and slope. Effect of catalyst,
k1 2.303R T1T2 T
explanation with graph. An elementary idea of collision theory, criteria for effective collision –
threshold energy and orientation factor.
UNIT-V Surface chemistry 6 hrs
Adsorption: adsorbate, adsorbent, examples, distinction between adsorption and absorption. H,
S and G for adsorption of gas on a solid. Physisorption and chemisorption-characteristics and
differences. Factors affecting adsorption of a gas on a solid. Applications (to be mentioned).
Catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, examples, activity and selectivity of a
catalyst ,examples, shape selective catalysis, examples. Enzyme catalysis: examples,
characteristics (to be mentioned), mechanism.
Colloids: colloidal state-distinction of true solution, colloids, and suspension based on particle
size.
Classification of colloids-types of colloidal systems- examples, lyophilic and lyophobic—
differences and examples, macromolecular, multimolecular and associated colloids, examples,
formation of micelle, cleansing action of soaps. Preparation of colloids-chemical methods-
sulphur and ferric hydroxide sols, Bredig’s arc method for metal sols, peptisation. Purification–
dialysis, electro-dialysis, ultrafiltration (in brief).
Properties of colloids: Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles,
examples, electrophoresis, coagulation – methods of coagulation of lyophobic sols, Hardy-
Schulze rule-examples, coagulating value. Protective colloid - example. Applications: In
industries, medicines, purification of drinking water.
Emulsions : types , examples.
UNIT–VI General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 5 hrs
Principles and methods of extraction: concentration of ores – hydraulic washing, magnetic
separation, froth floatation, leaching -of alumina from bauxite, roasting and calcination –
examples. Occurrence (ores) of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe. Principles of extraction of aluminium, copper,
zinc, iron: highlight the principle of extraction of iron from its oxide using Ellingham diagram.
Extraction of iron from its oxides - blast furnace – diagram, reactions, equations as:
C + O2 CO2 CO2 + C 2CO,
Fe2O3 + CO 2FeO + CO2, FeO + CO Fe + CO2
CaCO3 CaO + CO2, CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3.
Extraction of copper from sulphide ore containing iron impurity, extraction of zinc from zinc
oxide, extraction of aluminium from purified alumina, oxidation-reduction - extraction of gold.
Refining: principles and examples each for distillation, liquation, electrolytic method, zone
refining, vapour phase refining- details for Mond’s and Van Arkel processes.
UNIT – VII p-Block Elements 11 hrs
Group 15 elements - General introduction, occurrence, electronic configuration, oxidation states,
anomalous behavior of nitrogen with reasons, trends in physical and chemical properties -
reactivity towards hydrogen and oxygen.
Dinitrogen: preparation- from (NH4)2Cr2O7, laboratory method from NH4Cl, properties and uses.
Compounds of nitrogen: ammonia – manufacture by Haber’s process, properties – basic
character, reaction with ZnSO4 and Cu2+ ion. Nitric acid – manufacture by Ostwald’s process ,
laboratory method – from NaNO3, properties – oxidizing properties – dilute HNO3 with Zn and
Cu, concentrated HNO3 with Cu, Zn, I2 and carbon , passivity with Al and Cr with reason, Brown
ring test. Oxides of nitrogen – structures for NO, NO2 and N2O5 only.
Phosphorus: allotropic forms – white and red (brief account), phosphine – laboratory preparation,
properties – basic nature, PCl3 and PCl5 – preparation from dry chlorine, properties- action on
water (hydrolysis). Oxoacids: hypophosphorous acid, orthophosphorous acid, orthophosphoric
acid –formula, structure, reducing property, basicity.
Group 16 elements - General introduction, occurrence, electronic configuration, oxidation states,
anomalous behaviour of oxygen with reasons, trends in physical and chemical properties,
reactivity with hydrogen and halogen.
Dioxygen - preparation from KClO3, properties- reaction with Al, CH4, C, uses. Oxides – simple
oxides – classification – acidic, basic and amphoteric, examples.
Ozone: preparation, properties, oxidising properties - with PbS and NO.
Sulphur: allotropic forms - brief account of rhombic and monoclinic.
Compounds of sulphur : SO2 - laboratory preparation from SO32 , properties – reaction with
NaOH, Cl2, reducing property – with Fe3+ and Mn O4 , uses, sulphuric acid: manufacture by
contact process – flow chart and equations, properties- acidic, dehydrating and oxidizing,
reaction with metal halides (halide = F,Cl), uses.
Oxoacids of sulphur: sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, peroxodisulphuric acid and pyrosulphuric
acid – formula, structure.
Group 17 elements: General introduction, occurrence, electronic configuration, oxidation states,
trends in physical and chemical properties, anomalous behaviour of fluorine with reasons,
reactivity towards hydrogen and oxygen.
Chlorine: preparation– from HCl with KMnO4, properties – reaction with Al, S8, H2S, NH3,
NaOH, Ca(OH)2 , oxidising property – with FeSO4, Na2SO3, bleaching property, uses. Hydrogen
chloride: laboratory preparation, properties – acidic nature, reaction with NH3, aqua regia, uses.
Oxoacids of halogen: names, formulae and structures of oxoacids of chlorine only.
Interhalogen compounds: Preparation of ClF3, ICl, BrF5, properties- reactivity compared with
halogens, hydrolysis – general equation.
Group 18 elements: General introduction, occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in
physical and chemical properties – reason for their inertness, formation and formula of Bartlett
compound, preparation of XeF6 and XeO3, XeO2F2(by hydrolysis of XeF6), uses of noble gases.
UNIT VIII d and f Block Elements 9 hrs
General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals (d-block) -
variation in atomic and ionic size.
Electronic configuration of 3d series elements, general trends in properties of the first row
transition metals (3d series) – metallic character, ionization enthalpies, oxidation states, magnetic
properties, colour, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
Potassium dichromate: preparation from chromite ore (FeCr2O4). Properties – oxidizing property
– with I , H2S, Sn2+, Fe2+, interconversion of chromates and dichromates in aqueous solution
depending on pH.
Potassium permanganate: Preparation from MnO2 by fusion with KOH and acidification.
Properties-action of heat, oxidising property- oxidation of I , Fe2+, C2O 42 , H2S in acidic
medium, S2O32 , I , in neutral / alkaline medium.
f-block elements: Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, atomic size- lanthanoid contraction and
its consequences ,oxidation states, chemical reactivity –general characteristics.
Actinoids: electronic configuration, ionic size – actinoid contraction – compared to lanthanoid
contraction, oxidation states– general characteristics compared with lanthanoids.
UNIT-IX Coordination Compounds 7 hrs
General introduction to salts, difference between double salt and coordination (complex salt)
compound with respect to their ionization in water, with an example.
Coordination entity, central metal ion, coordination number, coordination sphere, oxidation state
of central metal ion, homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes , examples. Ligands -types-
unidentate, didentate, polydentate, ambidentate, examples.
Nomenclature of coordination compounds – mononuclear compounds.
Werner’s theory – postulates, limitations. VBT : salient features, application of VBT for the
formation of - [CoF6]3 , [Co(NH3)6]3+, [NiCl4]2 , [Ni(CN)4]2 , magnetic properties – low spin and
high spin complexes with examples, limitations of VBT.
CFT (crystal field theory): crystal field splitting-meaning, crystal field splitting in octahedral and
tetrahedral coordination entities using energy level diagram and their comparison.
Spectrochemical series, compare weak field ligand – strong field ligand with respect to d4 ions in
octahedral field ( 0 < P, 0 > P). Explanation for colour of complexes using CFT, examples.
Isomerism: Structural – linkage, ionization, solvate, coordination – definition and examples.
Stereoisomerism – geometrical and optical, examples, facial and meridional as geometrical
isomers- example.
Importance of coordination compounds: In biological systems, qualitative analysis, extraction of
metals, examples.
UNIT-X Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 7 hrs
Classification based on hybridization of carbon to which halogen is bonded-alkyl halides
(haloalkane), allylic, benzylic, vinylic, aryl halides. Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl
halides, nomenclature, nature of C X bond.
Preparation - From alcohols- using HCl / ZnCl2, PX3 (Cl, Br), PCl5, SOCl2 - general reactions
and examples with R = CH3, C2H5, Halogen exchange method- Finkelstein reaction – general
equation and examples with R = CH3, C2H5, X = Cl, Br, Swarts reaction – statement, example.
Physical properties – density, melting point, boiling point, solubility.
Reactions of haloalkanes: Nucleophilic substitution reactions: with aqueous KOH / NaOH,
alcoholic KCN, alcoholic AgCN, R COOAg , general reactions, examples (R as CH3 and C2H5).
Mechanisms - SN1 and SN2 - HO and CH3Cl for SN2, OH and tertiary butyl bromide for SN1 as
examples. Trend in reactivity towards SN1 and SN2 - 1°, 2°, 3° haloalkanes and R I, R Br , R
Cl, with reasons. Optical isomerism - optical activity, d form (+) and l form ( ) isomers,
chirality, enantiomers, racemic mixture, racemisation, examples. Reaction at a chiral carbon –
inversion, retention, racemisation . Stereochemistry of 2-bromobutane and 2-bromooctane in SN1
and SN2 reaction, respectively.
Elimination reaction ( elimination)- dehydrohalogenation- general reaction, Zaitsev rule –
statement, example taking 2-bromopentane. Reaction with metals – organo - metallic compounds
- Grignard reagent,(RMgX) ,general reaction, its preparation fromCH3Br and C2H5Br,
importance of dry ether.
Haloarenes: Nucleophilic substitution reactions: reasons for haloarenes to be less reactive ,
replacement of Cl by hydroxyl group in chlorobenzene and nitro substituted chlorobenzenes to
compare the reactivity when NO2 group/s are in o- and p- positions .
Electrophilic substitution reactions for chlorobenzene - chlorination, nitration, sulphonation,
Friedel-Crafts reaction (alkylation, acetylation).
Reaction with metals - Wurtz-Fittig reaction – statement – general reaction, example (R= CH3
and C2H5). Fittig reaction – statement, example – formation of biphenyl.
Uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane,
iodoform, freons and DDT.
UNIT – XI Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 8 hrs
Classification: mono, di, tri ,allylic, and benzylic alcohols, mono, di and trihydric phenols and
cresols. Ethers – simple and mixed, nomenclature of alcohols, phenols, ethers.
Preparation of alcohols: by acid catalysed hydration of alkene, general reaction and examples, by
hydroboration-oxidation of propene, from carbonyl compounds: hydrogenation of aldehydes,
ketones, reduction of carboxylic acids and using Grignard reagent- general reactions and
examples (R as H, CH3 and C2H5 wherever applicable.
Preparation of phenol: From i) benzene via sulphonation ii) diazonium salt iii) cumene.
Physical properties of primary alcohols and phenol: Boiling point and solubility.
Chemical properties of primary alcohols and phenol: discuss and compare acidic nature of
alcohol and phenol ,with reasons. Effect of electron withdrawing groups(EWG) E.g.: NO2 and
electron donating groups (EDG) E.g.; CH3, on acid strength of phenol, with reasons.
Esterification and acylation of alcohols/phenols- general reactions, examples with R=CH3, C2H5,
conversion of salicylic acid into aspirin. Dehydration of alcohols, oxidation using PCC -general
reactions, examples with R = CH3, C2H5. Mechanism of dehydration of ethanol into ethene.
Identification of 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols: Lucas test–observation and inference, reaction in presence of
heated copper, equations .Uses: methanol and ethanol
Reactions of phenol: 1) Electrophilic substitution: a) with dil. HNO3 and conc. HNO3 b) Br2 in
CS2 (0°C) and Br2 / water c) Kolbe’s reaction d) Riemer-Tieman reaction 2) Reaction
of phenol with zinc dust 3) Oxidation of phenol by air and by chromic acid.
Uses of phenols.
Ethers: Preparation - by dehydration of ethanol, Williamson’s ether synthesis – general reaction
- for aliphatic and phenolic ethers, examples- giving reason for proper choice of reactants
wherever applicable.
Physical Properties: boiling points and solubility.
Chemical reactions: discuss the reaction of ethers with HX (reactivity of HX to be compared).
Electrophilic substitution reaction for anisole: bromination, nitration, acetylation, alkylation
(methylation). Uses of ethers.
UNIT-XII Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids 9 hrs
Aldehydes and ketones: nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group.
Methods of preparation: Aldehydes- Stephen reduction – general reaction and examples (R=CH3
and C2H5). Preparation of benzaldehyde -Rosenmund reduction, Etard reaction and Gatterman
Koch reaction. Ketones-from RCOCl with dialkyl cadmium, Friedel-Crafts reaction – general
reactions and examples (R=CH3 and C2H5).
Physical properties: boiling points and solubility.
Chemical properties: Nucleophilic addition reactions- HCN and NaHSO3- general reaction,
and examples, -mechanism of addition (HCN) .
Condensation reactions with derivatives of ammonia- NH2OH, NH2NH2, NH2NHC6H5, 2,4-
DNPH, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions -general equations and examples by taking
HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3COCH3, C6H5CHO. Tests to distinguish aldehydes from ketones -
Tollens’ reagent and Fehling’s solution (equation not required). Addition of alcohol to aldehyde
(to form an acetal) and ethylene glycol to ketone –general equations and examples.
For ketones: Haloform reaction for methyl ketones – general reaction, examples with
CH3COC6H5, CH3COCH3.
Reactions due to -hydrogen:
1. Reason for acidic nature of -hydrogen
2. Aldol reaction: addition and condensation for CH3CHO, CH3COCH3
3. Crossed aldol condensation: between benzaldehyde and acetophenone
Cannizzaro’s reaction (disproportionation reaction) for HCHO and C6H5 CHO.
Electrophilic substitution reaction: nitration of C6H5CHO. Uses of aldehydes and ketones.
Carboxylic acids:
Nomenclature, acidic nature of COOH group (reaction with Na, NaOH, NaHCO3)- with
reasons, effect of EDG, e.g.: CH3 and EWG, e.g.: Cl on acid strength, with reasons.
Compare acid strengths among: i) formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid
ii)formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid
iii)chloro, fluoro, bromoacetic acids
iv) acetic acid, mono, di, and trichloroacetic acids
Methods of preparation: oxidation of primary alcohols and toluene using alkaline KMnO4/
H 3 O+ , hydrolysis of nitriles, amides and esters and from Grignard reagent - general reactions
and examples (R=CH3, C2H5,C6H5).
Physical properties: boiling points and solubility.
Chemical properties: reaction with PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2, with ammonia, decarboxylation,
halogenation (X = Cl ,Br)– HVZ reaction- general reactions for all and examples with R=CH3,
C2H5, C6H5 (wherever applicable).Nitration and bromination of benzoic acid.
Uses of carboxylic acids.
UNIT-XIII Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 6 hrs
Amines:
Structure of amines, classification- 1°, 2°, 3° and aryl amines, nomenclature
Methods of preparation: Reduction of nitrobenzene, reduction of nitrile and amide - general
reactions and examples (R=CH3, C2H5), ammonolysis of alkyl halides -general reactions only –
upto quaternary ammonium salt, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis -general reaction and example
with R=CH3, Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction -general reaction and examples
(R=CH3, C6H5)
Physical properties:
1. Compare boiling point and solubility of 1°, 2°, 3° amines ,with reasons
2. Compare base strength of NH3, CH3NH2 and C6H5NH2 in aqueous medium,with reasons
3. Compare the trends in the base strength of methyl substituted amines in gaseous state and in
aqueous medium ,with reasons
Chemical properties: Acylation – acetylation for 1° and 2° amine using CH3COCl, Carbylamine
reaction (test for 1° amine), and reaction with nitrous acid – general reaction and examples
(R=CH3, C2H5 ,C6H5)
Reaction with Hinsberg’s reagent to identify/ distinguish 1°, 2°, 3° amines.
Electrophilic substitution reactions for aniline: bromination, nitration (significance of acetylation)
and sulphonation.
Cyanides and isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places in context
Diazonium salts: General formula ArN 2 X . Example: C6H5 N 2 Cl , C6H5 N 2 H SO 4 Preparation
from aniline-diazotisation, chemical reactions: Sandmeyer’s reaction -replacement of diazo group
by Cl , Br , CN , replacement of diazo group by I and H (reduction using H3PO2).
Retention of diazo group: coupling reaction- formation of azo dyes, example - C6H5N2Cl with
aniline and phenol. Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT-XIV Biomolecules 7 hrs
Carbohydrates: classification-based on hydrolysis – mono, oligo and polysaccharides-
examples, monosaccharides - aldoses and ketoses, examples, reducing and non-reducing sugars-
examples.
Glucose: occurrence, some reactions of glucose- with HI, NH2OH, acetic anhydride, Br2/ water –
their significance with respect to the structure of glucose. Open chain structure of glucose-
compared with glyceraldehyde for D and L configuration. Haworth’s (pyranose) structure of α
and β-D (+) glucose. Fructose: occurrence, Haworth’s (furanose) structure for α and β-forms.
Disaccharide: examples, glycosidic linkage - and .
Maltose, lactose and sucrose- monosaccharide units, type of glycosidic linkage, reducing
property with reasons, Haworth’s structures. Invert sugar – composition.
Polysaccharides: Starch – monomer units, glycosidic linkage, components-difference in their
structure (explanation only) and solubility in water. Cellulose and glycogen– monosaccharide,
glycosidic linkage, structure (explanation only). Importance of carbohydrate.
Proteins: α- amino acids , general formula, zwitter ion form of α- amino acid, general formula.
Classification of α-amino acids: acidic, basic, neutral - examples, essential and non-essential-
examples. Configuration of optically active α-amino acids (found in proteins). Peptide bond and
dipeptide, formation with equations. Number of peptide bonds in di, tri, tetra and pentapeptides.
Polypeptides.
Proteins: classification based molecular shape –fibrous and globular, examples. Structure of
protein – qualitative idea about primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures (diagrams
not required). Denaturation of protein – examples. Enzymes as biocatalysts – examples.
Hormones: definition, importance, types, functions, examples
Type Example Function
Polypeptide Insulin, glucagon Maintains blood sugar level
Epinephrine Brings out response to stimuli
Amino acid
Thyroxine (iodine
derivatives Growth and development
containing hormone)
Steroids Estrogen and androgens Development of secondary sex characters
Vitamins: definition and importance.
Classification: water soluble and fat soluble-examples. Diseases due to deficiency of vitamin- A,
D, C, and B12 to be mentioned.
Nucleic acids: polynucleotides, components of DNA and RNA, formation of nucleoside and
nucleotide, formation of dinucleotide. (structures of these not included)
Poly nucleotides-RNA, DNA. Structure of DNA and RNA (diagram not required)
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
UNIT-XV Polymers 5 hrs
Definitions: Polymer, monomer, polymerization, macromolecule.
Classification: based on source, structure, types (mode) of polymerization and molecular
forces- examples for each type.
Methods of polymerization: Addition, condensation and copolymerization an example for each
with equation.
Name of monomer/s and partial structure for the polymers polythene, polyamides – nylon 6,
nylon-6,6 , polyesters-terylene (Dacron), bakelite .
Rubber: types natural, synthetic -examples
Natural rubber: monomer, partial structure of natural rubber, Vulcanisation.
Preparation of synthetic rubbers: Neoprene, Buna-N.
Non-biodegradable polymers , biodegradable polymers (examples).
UNIT-XVI Chemistry in Everyday Life 5 hrs
1. Chemicals in medicines: drugs, chemotherapy - different classes of drugs- antacids,
tranquilizers, analgesics, antihistamines, antimicrobials, antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants,
anti-fertility drugs-examples for all.
2. Chemicals in food: artificial sweetening agents, preservatives, antioxidants (elementary idea)
- examples for all.
3. Cleansing agents: soaps, process of saponification with equation, synthetic detergents-
examples, cleansing action of soap and detergents, biodegradable detergent (soap) –
elementary idea.
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER-1
Time: 3.15 Hrs. Max. Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. The question paper has four parts: A, B, C and D. All parts are compulsory.
2. Write balanced chemical equations and draw diagrams wherever required.
3. Use log tables and simple calculator if necessary. (Use of scientific calculator not
allowed).
PART – A
I. Answer all the following questions. 1 x 10 = 10
1. The experimental value for the molar mass of a non-volatile solute is twice the
theoretical value. What is the Van’t Hoff factor for the solute?
2. Define ppm.
3. Which of the following has a higher value for molar conductivity under similar
conditions? 0.1M KCl or 0.01 M KCl.
4. The rate equation for the reaction A + B → P is rate = K [A]1 [B]2. By how many times
does the rate of reaction increase when concentrations of A & B are doubled?
5. Name the biocatalyst involved in the conversion of glucose into ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
6. Write the formula of the volatile compound formed during the purification of nickel by
Mond’s process.
7. What is geometry of the oxide of xenon formed when XeF6 is hydrolysed?
8. Between chlorobenzene and chloroethane, which is more reactive towards nucleophilic
substitution reaction?
9. Pentan-3- one does not undergo iodoform reaction. Give reason.
10. Name the nitrogenous base present in DNA but not in RNA.
PART – B
II. Answer any five of the following questions. 5 x 2 = 10
11. i) What type of vacancy defect is shown by a crystal of sodium chloride?
ii) Which of the following is an example of a molecular solid?
Diamond, ZnS, Solid Iodine, gold

12. i) According to the equation Cu2++2e 

 Cu, how many moles of copper are
deposited when 965C of electricity is passed through a solution of Cu2+ ions?
(1F=96500 C).
ii) Mention any one application of Kohlrausch law.
13. Derive the relation between half life and initial concentration of a zero order reaction;

R 
 P.
14. What is the common oxidation state shown by Lanthanoids? Mention any one
consequence of Lanthanoid contraction.

15. C2H5OH + Na(Metal) 

 X: X + C2H5Br 
 Y. What are X and Y?
Williamson reaction

16. Explain the Wolff-Kischner reduction of acetone and write the equation for the same.
17. i) Give an example of ‘a narcotic’ analgesic.
ii) Based on theraupatic action, to which class of drug does ranitidine belong to?
18. i) What is the role of aspartame in the food industry?
ii) What is saponification?
PART – C
III. Answer any five of the following 5x3= 15
19. Write the equations for the reactions involved in the leaching of alumina from bauxite
ore.
20. In the manufacture of ammonia by Haber’s process:
i) Mention the optimum temperature and optimum pressure employed. 2
ii) What is the role played by potassium oxide (K2O)? 1
21. a) Complete the following equations:

i) PbS(s) + 4 O3 (g) 
 1

ii) 2 NaOH + SO2 

 1
b) Write the structure of oleum (H2S2O7) 1
22. a) Give reason:
i) Fluorine exhibits only one oxidation state whereas other halogens exhibit
multiple oxidation states. 1
ii) Most of the reactions with fluorine are exothermic. 1
b) Write the missing product:

NH3 + 3 Cl2 (excess) 

 ? + 3 HCl. 1
23. Explain the preparation of potassium permanganate from MnO2. Write the balanced
chemical equations for the reactions involved.
24. a) Give reasons:
i) Generally there is increase in density along 3d series of transition metals.
ii) Third ionisation enthalpy of manganese is unusually high. 2
b) Which of the following ions is coloured in aqueous solution?
i) Sc3+ ii) Co3+ iii) Cu+ 1
25. Using valence bond theory account for the geometry and magnetic nature of [NiCl 4]2
ion. (Atomic number of Ni = 28).
26. a) In the complex compound represented by CoCl3.4NH3, how many ammonia
molecules satisfy the secondary valence of cobalt if one mole of the compound upon
treatment with excess AgNO3 produces one mole of AgCl(s)? 1
b) What type of structural isomerism is exhibited by the complex [Co (NH3)5 NO2]2+?1
c) Between t2g and eg sets of d-orbitals of a central metal in an octahedral complex,
which set has higher energy? 1
PART – D
IV. Answer any three of the following questions. 3x5=15
27. a) Calculate the packing efficiency in a simple cubic lattice. 3
b) An element crystallizes in a fcc lattice. The edge length of the unit cell is 400 pm.
Calculate the density of the unit cell. (molar mass=60 g mol1)
(Avogadro number = 6.02  1023) 2
28. a) 24 g of a non–volatile, non–electrolyte solute is added to 600 g of water. The boiling
point of the resulting solution is 373.35K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute
(Given boiling point of pure water = 373 K and Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol1). 3
b) i) A non ideal solution has H mixing > 0. What type of deviation does it show from
Raoult’s law?
ii) What is an azeotrope? 2
29. a) Calculate the e.m.f. of the cell represented below:
Ni(s) | Ni02.1M || Ag 0.01M | Ag(s) at 298 Given, Ecell
0
= 1.05 V; 3

b) i) What is the composition of the cathode in the lead storage battery?

ii) Name the product discharged at the anode during the electrolysis of an aqueous
solution of sodium chloride. 2
30. a) Derive the integrated rate equation for expressing the rate constant of a first order
reaction R 
 P. 3
Ea Ea
 
b) In the equation; rate = ZAB  e RT
, what does the term e RT
represent? 1
c) What is the effect of a catalyst on G of a reaction? 1
31. a) i) What type of adsorption involves Van der Waal’s forces of attraction?
ii) Give an example for homogeneous catalysis. 2
b) i) What is peptization?
ii) What is the dispersed phase in a gel?
 iii) Which one of the following electrolyte is required in the smallest quantity to
precipitate a negative sol.? MgCl2. AlCl3, NaCl. 3
V. Answer any four of the following : 4x5=20
32. a) Discuss the mechanism of the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide. 2
b) Identify the missing reactant / product in each of the following:
i) 2-Bromopentane + alc. KOH 
 A + KBr (where A is the major product)
dry ether
ii) 2 ‘B’ + 2 Na  C4H10 + 2NaBr. 2

c) Between and which is an allylic chloride?

33. a) Write the equations involved in the preparation of phenol from cumene. 2
b) i) Give the IUPAC name of the product formed when tertiary butyl alcohol is
passed over copper heated to 573 K. 1
ii) Arrange the following in the increasing order of acidity and justify the same:
(CH3)3 COH, CH3OH, (CH3)2CHOH 2
34. a) Explain Stephen’s reduction with an example. 2
b) Complete the following equations: 3
i) 2 HCHO + conc. KOH 

ii) CH3CHO + NH2OH 

iii) CH3COOH + PCl5 

35. a) Explain Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction and write the general equation
for the reaction involved. 2
b) i) Give reason: Aniline is a weaker base than ammonia.
NaNO2 Cu2 Cl2
ii) C6H5 NH2 
HCl, 273K
 X 
HCl
 Y . Write the formula of X & Y. 3

36. a) Write the Haworth structure of D-sucrose. Why is it a non-reducing sugar? 2

b) i) How many peptide bonds are in a hexapeptide?
ii) Write the general structure of the Zwiter ionic form of an -amino acid.
iii) Deficiency of which vitamin causes pernicious anemia? 3
37. a) i) Name the polymer whose partial structure is represented by
ii) What are the monomers of Nylon 6,6? 3
b) i) Name the catalyst used in the manufacture of high density polythene. 2
ii) What is the configuration at the carbon- carbon double bonds in natural rubber?
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER – 2
Time: 3.15hrs Max Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. The question paper has four parts: A, B, C and D. All parts are compulsory.
2. Write balanced chemical equations and draw diagrams wherever required.
3. Use log tables and simple calculator if necessary. (Use of scientific calculator not
allowed).
PART-A
Answer each question in one word or in one sentence: 1x10=10
1. 68% aqueous nitric acid cannot be concentrated by further fractional distillation. Give
reason.
2. The cryoscopic constant and freezing point of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol1 and 278.6 K
respectively. At what temperature will one molal solution of benzene containing a non-
electrolyte (i=1) freeze?
3. E° of three metals A, B, C are +0.44 V, +1.37 V and 1.35 V. Arrange the metals in
increasing order of their reducing power.
4. Mention one difference between a catalyst and a inhibitor.
5. Write the mathematical expression for Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
6. Name the purest form of commercial iron.
7. A noble gas has the property to diffuse through rubber. Name the noble gas.
8. Write an equation for Swartz reaction.

9. CH3CHO   X. Give the IUPAC name of X.

1) dil.NaOH
2) 

10. Name the sugar moiety present in RNA molecule.

PART-B
Answer any five questions: 5 × 2 = 10
11. a) What do you mean by anisotropic solid?
b) When is ferrimagnetism observed in a substance?

12.  m of 0.05 M weak electrolyte is 50 Sm2 mol1,  0m of it is 440 Sm2 mol1. Calculate 

(degree of dissociation) of the electrolyte.

13. Draw a plot of ln[R] versus t for a first order reaction. What is slope of the line equal to?
14. Give reason: i) Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element.
ii) Actinoids show variable oxidation states.
  R   COOH
15. HCHO 
1. RMgX, ether
2. H O 2
 X 
H
 Y. What are the structures of X and Y?

16. Complete the equation and name the reaction:

17. Give reasons: i) Aspirin finds use in prevention of heart attacks.

ii) Sodium laurylsulphate is a anionic detergent
18. What is a broad spectrum antibiotic? Is penicillin a broad spectrum or a narrow
spectrum antibiotic?
PART-C
Answer any five questions: 5 × 3 = 15
19. Complete the following equations:

a) 2Cu2O + Cu2S 

b) ZrI4  
heat on
Tungsten

c) ZnO + C   coke

1673K

20. Give reasons: i) Nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecule

ii) Nitrogen cannot form a pentahalide
iii) Aluminium does not dissolve in conc. HNO3
21. Write the three steps (with conditions) involved in the manufacture of sulphuric acid by
contact process.
22. Complete the following equations:

i) Cl2 + 2F 

ii) 6NaOH (hot and conc.) + 3Cl2 

iii) XX' + H2O 

23. Give reasons:
i) Cu+2 (aq) is more stable than Cu+
ii) Ionisation enthalpy increases along transition elements from left to right
iii) Zn has highest value for E° (M3+ / M2+) among 3d series elements
24. a) Write the two steps involved in the commercial process of converting MnO 2 to
potassium permanganate. 2
b) Write the structure of chromate ion. 1
25. Explain the hybridisation, geometry and magnetic property of [Ni(CN)4]2 using VBT.
26. a) What type of isomerism is exhibited by the square planar complex of type MABXY?
How many of these isomers are possible? 2
 b) How is a metal-carbon  bond formed in metal carbonyls? 1
PART-D
IV. Answer any five of the following questions: 5 × 5 = 25
27. a) Calculate packing efficiency in CCP unit cell. 3
b) Explain with an example how impurity defect develops in NaCl crystal. 2
28. a) Calculate the mole fraction of CO2 in one litre of soda water sealed under a pressure
of 3.5 bar at 298 K. KH = 1.67  103 bar. 2
b) What are these? 3
i) solid solutions ii) colligative properties iii) isotonic solution
29. a) i) Name the product liberated at anode when dil. H2SO4 is electrolysed. 2
ii) What Faraday of current is required to electrolyse one mole of water?
b) i) Between mercury cell and nickel-cadmium cell, which is a secondary cell? 2
ii) Mention one advantage of H2O2 fuel cell.

c) Write Nernst equation for the cell represented as : Mg(s) | Mgaq2  || Al3aq  | Al (S) 1

30. a) Show that for a first order reaction, t99.9% = 10 t½. 3

b) In the graph drawn what does A and the shaded region B represent? 2

31. a) Name the phenomenon / process involved 3

i) mixing of hydrated ferric oxide (+ve sol) and arsenious sulphide (ve sol)
ii) An impure sol is purified by removing dissolved particles using suitable
membrane
iii) Movement of dispersion medium is observed in an electric field.
b) Mention any two characteristic of enzyme catalysis. 2
32. a) Write the equation for SN2 mechanism between CH3Cl and OH. What is the
stereochemical aspect of SN2 reaction? 2
b) i) Aryl halide with sodium in dry ether undergoes Fittig reaction. Write the
equation and name the product. 2
ii) Arrange the following in the increasing order of their reactivity towards
nucleophilic substitution reaction. 1
33. a) What is the organic compound formed in the following: 3

b) Give reason: 2
i) o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol can be separated by steam distillation.
ii) There is a large difference in boiling points of alcohols and ethers.
34. a) Write the structure of P and Q? Name the reaction that gives the product P. 3

b) Explain decarboxylation with an example. 2

35. a) Name the products X and Y? 2

b) Between methyl amine and ammonia which has lower pKb value and why? 2
c) Name the final product of ammonolysis of an alkyl halide. 1
36. a) Write the Haworth structure of -D() fructofuranose. 1
b) i) Pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxyl amine. What does this
indicate about the structure of glucose. 3
ii) Which is the most abundant polysaccharide in plants?
iii) Name the neutral -amino acid that is not optically active.
c) What major molecular shape does the tertiary structure of protein lead to? 1
37. a) What is a homopolymer? Give an example. 2
b) Write the equation for the formation of the polymer by the interaction of ethylene
glycol and terephthalic acid. Name the polymer. 2
c) Molecular mass of polymers are expressed as an average. Give reason. 1
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER-3
Time: 3.15 Hrs. Max. Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. The question paper has four parts: A, B, C and D. All parts are compulsory.
2. Write balanced chemical equations and draw diagrams wherever required.
3. Use log tables and simple calculator if necessary. (Use of scientific calculator not
allowed).
Part-A
I. Answer ALL of the following. 1 x 10 = 10
1. Name the phenomenon involved: A raw mango in a concentrated salt solution loses
water and shrinks.
2. How does the solubility of a solute vary with increase in temperature if the dissolution
process is exothermic?
3. What is the oxidising agent in mercury cell?
4. Half life period of a reaction is directly proportional to initial concentration of the
reactant. What is the order of this reaction?
5. What should be the value of 1/n in the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, to show that
adsorption can be independent of pressure ?
6. An ore contains PbS and ZnS. Sodium cyanide is used as depressant. Which of these
sulphide comes with the froth?
7. Which noble gas has lowest boiling point?
8. What is retention of configuration?
9. Name the type of carbonyl compound which on oxidation gives a carboxylic acid with
lesser number of carbon atoms.
10. Name the element of group 17 present in Thyroxine hormone.
Part-B
II. Answer any FIVE of the following. 5x2=10
11. Mention the two crystal systems in which all edge lengths in their unit cell are the same.
12. A fuel cell generates a standard electrode potential of 0.7 V, involving 2 electrons in its
cell reaction. Calculate the standard free energy change for the reaction. Given F =
96487 C mol1.
13. The ratio of rate constants of a reaction at 300K and 291K is 2. Calculate the energy of
activation. (Given R = 8.314JK1mol1).
14. i) Write the general electronic configuration of tripositive lanthanoid ion.
 ii) Name the element of lanthanide with maximum paramagnetic property.
15. Complete the following:
PCC
i) CH3 –CH = CH CH2OH  

16. Write the chemical equation to convert acetic acid to monochloro acetic acid. Name this
reaction.
17. a) What do we call a drug that binds to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function
b) What is the therapeutic use of iodoform ?
18. Classify the following into cationic and anionic detergents: Sodium
dodecylbenzenesulphonate and Cetyltrimethyammonium bromide.
Part-C
III. Answer any FIVE of the following. 5x3=15
19. a) Name the reducing agent used in the extraction of zinc from zinc oxide. Write the
chemical equation for this reaction. 2
b) Write the composition of copper matte. 1
20. In the manufacture of nitric acid by Ostwald’s process, Write
a) the catalyst for the oxidation of ammonia by atmospheric oxygen. 1
b) the chemical equation for the dissolution of NO2 in water. 1
c) the dehydrating agent used to convert 68% by mass of HNO3 to 98%. 1
21. Complete the following equations: 3
i) NO + O3 

ii) 5SO2 + 2MnO4- + 2H2O 

iii) C + 2H2SO4 (conc.) 

22. a) Write the balanced chemical equation for the oxidation of acidified ferrous sulphate
solution by chlorine. 1
b) Give the composition of carnallite. 1
c) Fluorine does not exhibit positive oxidation state. Why? 1
23. a) Why VO2+ has lesser oxidizing power than Cr2O72? 1
b) What is the oxidation state of nickel in Ni(CO)4? 1
c) Write the unit for magnetic moment. 1
24. Write the chemical equations involved in the manufacture of potassium dichromate
from chromite ore. 3
25. With the help of VBT, explain the type of hybridization, geometry and magnetic property
of [Co(NH3)6]3+. 3
26. a) Explain synergic effect in the formation of metal carbonyls. 2
b) Give one example for a heteroleptic complex. 1
Part-D
IV. Answer any THREE of the following. 3x5=15
27. a) Calculate the packing efficiency of particles in a body centred cube. 3
b) Atoms of element B form hcp lattice and those of element A occupies 2/3rd of
tetrahedral voids. Calculate the formula of the compound formed by A
and B. 2
28. a) 18g of glucose is dissolved in 1000g of water at 300K. At what temperature does this
solution boil? (Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol1. Molar mass of glucose is 180 g mol1,
boiling point of water = 273.15 K) 3
b) What are the conditions of pressure and temperature under which solubility of
carbon dioxide in water can be increased? 2
29. a) For the electrochemical cell represented as: Cu(s) |Cu2+(aq) ||Ag+(aq) |Ag(s), write the
half cell reaction that occurs at (i) anode (ii) cathode 1+1
b) Write the relationship between equilibrium constant of the reaction and standard
potential of the cell. 1
c) Resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.1M KCl solution is 100 . Cell constant
of the cell is 1.29 /cm. Calculate the conductivity of the solution at the same
temperature. 2
30. a) Derive an expression for half life period of a first order reaction. 2
b) Explain the influence of a catalyst on rate of a reaction. 2
 2HI, the rate of disappearance of H2 is 1  104 Ms1.
c) For the reaction, H2 + I2 
What is the rate of appearance of HI. 1
31. a) What is Brownian movement? How is it caused? 2
b) Write the difference between physisorption and chemisorption with respect to
i) type of attractive forces between adsorbate and adsorbent
ii) number of layers of adsorption. 2
c) Name the enzyme that catalyses the reaction: H2NCONH2 +H2O 
 2NH3+CO2. 1
V. Answer any FOUR of the following questions. 4x5=20
32. a) Write SN1 mechanism for the hydrolysis of 2-Bromo-2-methyl propane. Why are SN1
reactions generally carried in polar protic solvents? 3
b) In the preparation of aryl halides by Sandmeyer’s reaction, name the
i) catalyst used ii) gas liberated. 2
33. a) Write the chemical equation for the conversion of,
i) phenol to salicylaldehyde ii) Salicylic acid to aspirin. 2
b) Explain Williamson’s ether synthesis. 2
c) Which class of alcohols do not readily form turbidity with Lucas reagent? 1
34. a) Explain Clemmensen reduction with an example. 2
b) Name the reaction to obtain benzaldehyde from:
i) toluene ii) benzene iii) benzoyl chloride. 3
35. a) How are primary amines prepared from nitro compounds? Write the equation. 2
b) How does Hinsberg’ s reagent react with ethyl amine? Write the equation. 2
c) Write the IUPAC name of 1

36. a) Name the water insoluble component of starch. 1

b) Name the type of linkage between two nucleotides in nucleic acid. 1
c) With respect to proteins, what do you mean by
i) primary structure ii) denaturation 2
d) Write an equation for the formation of a dipeptide between (glycine)
and (alanine) . 1

37. a) What is addition polymerization? Give one example for a copolymer. 2

b) Write the name of monomers required to manufacture Buna-N rubber. Write the
polymerization reaction for the same. 2
c) What is Zeigler-Natta catalyst? 1
 MODEL ANSWER WITH VALUE POINTS FOR QUESTION PAPER-1

Q.No PART-A Marks

1 Half or ½ 1
2 Number of parts of the component 1
ppm = 106
Total number of pats of all components

3 0.01M KCl 1
4 8 times ( or rate increases 8 times) 1
5 Zymase 1
6 [Ni(CO)4] 1
7 Pyramidal geometry 1
8 Chloroethane 1
9 It is not a methyl ketone 1
10 Thymine 1
PART-B
11 (i) Schotty defect (ii) solid iodine 2
12 i) 0.005 mol 1
ii) any one of the following:

in determination of limiting molar conductivity ( 0m ) of a weak electrolyte, in 1

determination / calculation of degree of dissociation (α) OR / acid dissociation constant

(Ka) of a weak electrolyte.
13 For a zero order reaction

k=
R   R
0
At t = t½ , [R] =
1
[R0]
t 2 1
1
R   2 R 
0 0 R 
k=  t½ =
0 1
t1 2 2k

14 +3 : 1
Consequence :
4d and 5 d series transition elements have almost identical size / radii OR
Zr – Hf / M0 – W occur together in nature / difficult to separate. 1
15 X = C2H5ONa (sodium ethoxide) 1
Y = C2H5OC2H5 (ethoxy ethane) 1
16 Acetone is reduced to propane using NH2-NH2 followed by heating with KOH

CH3COCH3 1)NH2 NH2

  CH3CH2CH3 2
2)KOH/ethylene glycol,heat

OR self explanatory equation

17 i) Morphine / codeine 1
ii) antacid 1
18 i) Artificial sweetner / sweetening agent 1
ii) Formation of sodium salts of fatty acid upon heating a fat with sodium hydroxide. 1
PART - C
19 Al2O3(s) + 2NaoH(aq) + 3H2O 
 2 Na [Al(OH)4](aq) 1

2 Na [Al(OH)4](aq) + CO2(g) 
 Al2O3 x H2O(s) + 2NaHCO3(aq) 1

Al2O3 x H2O(s) 1470

 K
 Al2O3 + x H2O(s) each equation - 1M 1

20 i) Optimum temperature -  700 K OR 427C 1

Optimum pressure - 200 x 105 Pa OR 200 atm 1
ii) increase the rate of attainment of equilibrium / promoter / increase the activity of the 1
catalyst
21 a) (i) Pb S(s) + 4O3(g) 
 PbSO4(s) + 4O2(g) 1

ii) 2NaOH + SO2 

 Na2SO3 + H2O 1

22 a) (i) absence of d orbital in the valence shell 1

ii) Due to small size and strong bond formed by fluorine with other elements 1
iii) NH3 + 3Cl2(excess) 
 NCl3 + 3HCl OR NCl3 OR nitrogen trichloride
1
23 KMnO4 is prepared by the fusion of MnO2 with an alkali metal hydroxide / KOH, followed by
disproportionation 1
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 
 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O 1

3Mn O42 + 4H+ 

 2Mn O4 + MnO2 + 2H2O 1

OR Self explanatory equations

24 a) (i) Decrease in metallic radius coupled with increase in atomic mass causes increase in
density 1
ii) since d5 configuration in Mn2+ is disturbed 1
iii) Co3+ 1
25 Orbitals of Ni2+ ion :

Geometry : Tetrahedral 1
Magnetic property : Paramagnetic due to unpaired electrons 1
26 i) 4 1
ii) linkage isomerism 1
iii) eg 1
PART-D
27 a) In a simple cubic edge length a = 2r 1
Volume of one atom in unit cell of simple cube 1
Packing efficiency =  100%
Volume of unit cell

4 3
r
=3 3
(2r)
1
= 52.4%

zM 1
b) d = =
a3NA
4  60
d= 10
(400  10 cm)3  6.022  1023
d = 6.22 g cm–3 1
28 1000Kb w 2 1000  0.52  24 2
a) Molar mass of solute M2 = =
Tb  w1 0.35  600 1
M2 = 59.42 g mol1
b) i) positive deviation 1
ii) binary mixture having same composition in both liquid and vapour phase and boils at 1
constant temperature
29 0.059 [Ni2 ] 1
a) Ecell = Eocell  log
2 [Ag  ]2
0.059 0.1 1
= 1.05  log
2 (0.01)2
Ecell = 0.96 V 1
b) i) Pb, PbO2 1
ii) chlorine or Cl2 1
30 a) Consider a first order reaction: R 
 P. Let [R0] be the initial concentration and [R] be
the concentration of the reactant at time t.

dR 1
For the first order reaction, = k[R]1
dt
d R  dR 
We have
R 
1
= k dt Integrating on both sides:  R =   k dt 1
ln [R] = kt + I --- (1) where I is constant of integration
When t = 0 [R] = [R0] ; I = ln [R0]
 Equation 1 becomes ln[R] = kt + ln[R0]
1
kt = ln
R 
0
k=
1 R0 
ln
R t R
[R] = concentration of R at time t, [R0] = initial concentration of R

(b) e-a/RT represents the fraction of molecules having energy equal to or greater than Ea. 1
(c) Catalyst has no effect on G of a reaction. 1
31 a) (i) physisorption / physical adsorption 1

(ii) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)   2SO3(g)

(g) NO

OR CH3COOCH3(l) + H2O(l)   CH3COOH(aq) + CH3OH(aq)

(l ) HCl
1
OR C12H22O11(aq) + H2O(l)  
  C6H12O6(aq) + C6H12O6(aq)
2 4(l ) H SO

1
(b) (i) process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with small amount of
an electrolyte 1
1
(ii) liquid

(iii) AlCl3

32 a) Formation of t-butyl carbocation – step -1

followed by attack of nucleophile – step 2
1

b) (i) A = Pent -2-ene OR CH3-CH=CH-CH2CH3 2

(ii) B = C2H5Br
1

c) is allylic chloride
33 2

(b) i) 2-methylpropene
ii) (CH3)3C-OH < (CH3)2CH-OH < CH3OH 1
As number of CH3 groups increases 1
Polarity of O-H bond decreases 1
 346 a) Reduction of nitriles to aldehydes using SnCl2 / HCl 2
CH2OH

O H H
5
CH3OCN +H SnCl2 
 CH3CHO
H
4 1
H
1 OH H
(b) i) 2HCHO conc
  HCOOK + CH3OH
KOH
- 1
OH OH OH

ii) CH3CHO + NH2OH   CH3-CH=N-OH

3 2

OH
2
H OH 1
iii) CH3COOH + PCl5   CH3COCl + POCl3 + HCl
-H2O
1
35 O 2
6
OH RCNH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH 
CH2OH
 RNH2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O
5
O H H O H

1
4 Conversion of
H
1
amide to amine upon treatment with Br2 / NaOH
H OH H

O (b)
3
(i) Lone
2
OHpair density on nitrogen is less available than in aniline / due to +R effect / 1
2
Hresonance / delocalization 1
OH OH

ii) X = C6H5 – N  NCl (o r C6H5N2Cl)

MALTOSE
Y = C6H5Cl 1

36
H CH2OH

1 H O H
H
OH H 1
OH
2
H -H2O OH O 1
6
H OH
CH2OH
O
OH
 H OH 
OH 
H  
CH2OH
 H
CH2OH OH
H SUCROSE

Both the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycoside bond formation 1

b) (i) five (5)

1
ii) R
1
H3+NCHCO O 1
iii) vitamin B12
37 a) i) Polyacrylonitrile 1
2
ii) hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid OR H2N (CH2)6–NH2 and COOH – (CH2)4-COOH

b) i) Zeigler – Natta catalyst

1
ii) Cis configuration 1
 MODEL ANSWER WITH VALUE POINTS FOR QUESTION PAPER - 2
QNo PART-A Marks

1 It is an azeotrope. 1
2 273.48 K 1
3 B<A<C 1
4 A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction but a inhibitor reduces the rate of a reaction. 1
5 x 1 1
 kp n
m
6 Wrought or malleable iron 1
7 Helium or He. 1
8 CH3 Br + AgF 
 CH3F + AgBr 1

9 but-2-enal 1
10   D – ribose 1
PART-B
11 a) These are solids for which some physical properties have different values in different 1
directions.
b) When magnetic moments of the domains are aligned parallel and in anti parallel directions in 1
unequal numbers.
12 m 50
= = = 0.1136 2
m
0
440

13

14 i) Due to poor shielding by 5f electrons 1

ii) 5f, 4d, 6s have nearly same energy. 1
15 X = R – CH2OH 1
Y = R|-COOCH2R 1
16 RCOONa + CHCl3 Haloform reaction 2
17 i) It has anti blood clotting action 1
ii) The anion of it has cleansing action 1
18 An antibiotic that kills or inhibits a wide range of Gram-positive and negative bacteria. 1
Penicillin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic. 1
 PART-C
19 i) 6Cu + SO2 1
ii) Zr + 2I2 1
iii) Zn + CO 1
20 i) It forms stable pπ – pπ multiple bond with itself. 1
ii) Due to non availability of ‘d’ orbitals in its valence shell. 1
iii) Due to the formation of passive film of oxide on the surface. 1
21 Burning of sulphur or sulphide ore in air to generate SO2 1
Conversion of SO2 to SO3 by its reaction with O2 in presence of V2O5 at 2 bar pressure and 720K 1
Absorption of SO3 in conc. H2SO4 to get oleum, which is diluted with water to get H2SO4 1
22 i) 2Cl + F2 1
ii) NaClO3 + 5NaCl + 3 H2O 1
iii) HX' + HOX 1
23 i) Due to much more negative  Hhyd
0
of Cu2+ 1

ii) Due to increase in nuclear charge as electron fill the inner ‘d’ orbitals. 1

iii) Due to the removal of the electron from stable d10 configuration of Zn2+ 1

24 fuse with KOH

a) MnO2 
oxidised by air or KNO3
Mn O24 1

Mn O24 
Electrolytic oxidation in
alkaline solution
Mn O4
1

25
1
2
Spin pairing and dsp hybridization

2
Geometry : tetrahedral, Magnetic property : diamagnetic
26 a) Geometric or cis – trans isomerism 1
3 isomers 1
b) M-C π bond is due to the donation of electron pair from filled ‘d’ orbital of the metal into 1
vacant antibonding π* orbital of CO.
 PART D
27 Volume of 4 spheres in a unit cell 1
a) Packing efficiency =  100%
Total volume of unit cell
4r 1
In CCP, a = or 2 2 r, volume = a3
2
4
4  r 3
Packing efficiency = 3  100% = 74%
  1
3
2 2r

b) SrCl2 is added to molten NaCl and crystallized. Some Na+ sites will be occupied by Sr2+. Each
2
Sr2+ replaces two Na+ ions and thus cationic vacancy is produced for every Sr2+ ion added.
28 pCO2
a) x CO2 
KH 1
3.5 1
x CO2  = 2.095  103
1.67  103
b) i) A binary solution in which the solvent is a solid. 1
ii) Property of the solution that depends only on the number of solute particles and not on 1
their nature relative to the total number of particles in solution. 1
iii) Two solutions that have same osmotic pressure at same temperature.
29 a) i) Oxygen gas 1
ii) 2 or TWO 1
b) i) Nickel – cadmium 1
ii) Efficiency is more than in thermal power plants 1
3
0 0.059 Mg2 
c) Ecell = E cell  log 2 1
6  Al3 

30 2.303 100 2.303 100 1

a) log =k; log =k
t99% 1 t1/2 50

Equating both
2.303 2.303 1
log 100 = log 2
t99% t1/2

2 0.3010
=
t99% t1/2

t99% = 10 t½ 1
b) A is most probable kinetic energy 1
B is fraction of molecules having kinetic energy  Ea. 1
31 a) i) Mutual coagulation 1
ii) dialysis 1
iii) electro osmosis 1
b) Highly efficient, highly specific in action, highly active under optimum temperature or pH (any
2
two)
32 1

1
inversion of configuration

1
1
diphenyl or biphenyl

33
1

b) i) o-nitrophenol is steam volatile but p-nitrophenol is not. 1

ii) molecules of alcohol are associated through H-bonding. 1
34
a) P = Q= Gattermann Koch reaction 3

b) Carboxylic acid lose CO2 to form hydrocarbon when their sodium salts are heated with 1
sodalime.
NaOH CaO
CH3COONa 
heat
 CH4 + Na2CO3 1
 HO C H
4
OH H C OH
5
OH H C OH

6 CH2OH
H2OH

D-(+)-glucose D-(-)-fructose

6 1
O H
35 a)CH
X OH
= aniline or benzenamine
2
CH OH 2 1
O

Y =Hacetanilide or 2N-phenylethanamide 1
1
H 5 OH
OH
2 H 4
b) MethylamineH – ItOHis a stronger base than ammonia 2
3
OH
OH
yraranose -D (-)-fructofuraranose
-
c) Quarternary ammonium salt 1
36
6
CH2OH OH
O
O OH
1
 H OH 

H
H  
CH2OH
H
2 OH H

OH
b) i)-D
Glucose does not have a free aldehydic group 1
-
ranose (-)-fructofuraranose

ii) Cellulose 1

O
1 iii) Glycine
H
6
OH 1
CH2OH O
H

OH 2 5 iv) Fibrous
H
H
or globular
OH
2 1
OH
3
37 a)OHPolymer
4 made
3 up of only one type of monomer. CH2OH
1 1
H OH H

se Teflon, PVC, Polythene, Polystyrene, Nylon6, Natural rubber

-D-(-)-fructopyranose 1
1

Terylene or dacron or PETP 1

c) A polymer contains chains of different lengths. 1
 MODEL ANSWER WITH VALUE POINTS FOR QUESTION PAPER - 3

Q.No PART-A Marks

1 Osmosis 1
2 It decreases 1
3 Mercury (II) oxide or HgO 1
4 Zero order 1
5 Zero or 0 1
6 PbS 1
7 Helium or He 1
8 No change in the configuration at asymmetric carbon during a chemical reaction 1
9 Ketones 1
10 Iodine 1
PART-B
11 Cubic and rhombohedral (or trigonal) 2
12 G° = nFE0 =  2  96487  0.7 = 135 kJ 2
13 k2 TT 1
Ea = 2.303  8.314  log  1 2
k1 T2  T1

2.303  8.314  log2  300  291 1

Ea = = 55.9 kJ
9
14 i) 4fn where n = 1 to 14 1
ii) Neodynium 1
15 i) CH3CH = CH  CHO 1

16 i) Cl2 , red P
CH3COOH   Cl  CH2  COOH 1
ii) H2 O

1
Hell-Volhard -Zelinsky
17 a) Antagonists 1
b) Antiseptic 1
18 Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate - anionic 1
Cetyltrimethulammonium bromide - cationic 1
 PART-C
19 a) Carbon (coke) : ZnO + C 
 Zn + CO 2
b) Cu2S + FeS 1

20 a) Pt / Rh gauze 1
b) 3NO2 (g) + H2O (l) 
 2HNO3 (aq) + NO (g) 1
c) conc. H2SO4 1

21 i) NO + O3 
 NO2 + O2 1

 5 SO24 + 4H+ + 2 Mn2

ii) 5SO2 + 2Mn O4 + 2H2O  1
1
iii) C + 2 H2SO4 
 CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
22 a) Cl2 + H2SO4 + 2FeSO4 
 Fe2 (SO4)3 + 2HCl 1
b) KCl MgCl2 6 H2O 1
c) It is the most electronegative element 1

23 a) Cr is more stable in lower oxidation state 1

b) Zero or 0 1
c) Bohr magneton or BM 1
24 4FeCrO4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 
 2Fe2O3 + 8Na2CrO4 + 8CO2 1

2Na2CrO4 + 2Cl+ 
 Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O 1

Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl 
 K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl 1

25

1
Geometry : Octahedral
1
Magnetic property : Diamagnetic
26 a) Metal-carbon has both  and  bond between them.
MC  bond by donating electron pair from C to metal 1
MC  bond by donating electron pair from filled d of metal to * of carbon
Thus MC bond is strengthened. This is synergic effect. 1

b) [Pt (NH3)2Cl2] or any other. 1

PART-D
27 volume occupied by two spheres in the unit cell 1
a) Packing efficiency =  100%
Total volume of the unit cell
 4r
Volume of the unit cell = a3 ; a =
3 2
2   4 / 3 r 3
Packing efficiency =  100% = 68%
 
3
 4 / 3 r
 
2
b) B1 A2x2/3 = B3A4
28 a) Tb = Kb  m 1
18 1000 1
Tb = 0.52 +  Tb = 0.052 K
180 1000
Boiling point = 273.15 + 0.052 = 273.202 K 1
b) High pressure, low temperature 2
29 

a) anode : Cu (s)  2 
 Cuaq + 2e ;

cathode 2Ag aq 

+ 2e  2Ag(s) 2

0 0.059
b) Ecell = log K
n 1
cell constant 1.29
c) k = k= = 1.29  102 S cm1
resistance 100 2
30 2.303 R0  R  1
a) k = log ; when t = t½ [R] = 0
t R 2

k=
2.303
log
R0  1
t1/2 R0  / 2
0.693
k=
t1/2

b) A catalyst provides an alternate path of low activation energy. Lowering of activation 2

energy, increases the rate of the reaction.
c) rate of appearance of HI = 2  104 Ms1 1

31 a) Zig zag movement of colloidal particles in a medium. 1

Unbalanced bombardment of colloidal particles by particles of the dispersion medium. 1
b)
Physisorption Chemisorption
i) Van der Waal's forces Chemical bond formation 2
ii) Multi molecular layers Unimolecular layer.

c) Urease 1
32 

a) (CH3)3CBr  +
 (CH3)3 C + Br

 (CH3)3 C+ + OH 
 (CH3)3 C  OH 2
Protic solvents solvate halide ion and provide energy 1
b) i) Cu2 X2 ii) Nitrogen 2

33
1

b) Alkyl halide react with alkoxide to form ether

2
RX + NaOR' 
 ROR' + NaX
c) Primary alcohols 1

34 a) Reduction of carbonyl group with Zn-Hg / conc. HCl to methylene group 2

Zn Hg
CH3COCH3 
conc.HCl
 CH3CH2CH3

Acetone propane
b) i) Etard reaction ii) Gatterman Koch iii) Rosenmund's 3

35 H2 /Ni
a) RNO2   RNH2 2

 C2H5NH  SO2 C6H5 + HCl

b) C2H5NH2 + C6H5SO2Cl  2

N-ethylbenzenesulphonamide
c) N, N - dimethylbenzenamine 1

36 a) Amylopectin 1
b) Phosphodiester bond 1
c) i) It refers to the sequence of -amino acids in its polypeptide chain. 1
ii) Loss in biological activity due to uncoiling of its globular or helical structure is
denaturation. 1

37 a) Linking large number of monomers by addition reaction 1

Nylon 6, 6 1
b) 1, 3 - butadiene and acrylonitrite 1

c) TiCl4 and triethyl aluminium. 1