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STANDARDS HANDBOOK
Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Mill Products
Part 3—Terminology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL
INTRODUCTION I
PURCHASE ORDER INFORMATION II
TERMINOLOGY
Product Classification 1
Definitions 2
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INTRODUCTION
The Standards Handbook for Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Mill
Products is published by Copper Development Association Inc. as a
technical service to the customers of the copper and brass industry. The
Handbook has been prepared with the help of technical experts in the
industry and is based on years of experience in the production,
specification and purchase of copper mill products. This 1968 issue of
the Handbook is the sixth edition of a publication that first appeared in
1941.
The standards and other data presented in this edition of the Handbook
apply to wrought mill products of copper and copper alloys, including
plate, sheet, strip, rod, bar, wire, pipe, tube and shapes —the products
usually referred to as brass mill products. The Standards Handbook does
not cover wire and cable for electrical transmission (wire mill products)
nor does it cover foundry products.
Part 1 — Tolerances
Part 2 — Alloy Data
Part 3 — Terminology
Part 4 — Engineering Data
Part 5 — Sources
Part 6 — Specifications Cross Index
Further information on definitions and terms can be obtained from any supplier of
brass mill products or from Copper Development Association Inc., 405 Lexington
Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017. Telephone (212) 953-7300.
4. Product, such as sheet, strip, plate, bar, rod, shape, wire, pipe, tube.
See TERMINOLOGY.
* * *
Example: (1) 1000 pounds; (2) Copper Alloy No. 360 (Free-cutting Brass);
(3) Hexagonal; (4) Rod; (5) 0.75” distance between parallel surfaces; (6)
Straight lengths; (7) Specific lengths 20’-O”; (8) Commercial tolerances; (9)
Half-hard temper; (10) Commercial finish; (11) ASTM B16-52; (12) Ship
January 2, 19—; (13) To be used in screw machine production of hexagonal
nuts.
*For an Application Data Sheet covering the Standard Designations for Copper and
Copper Alloys, please write: Copper Development Association Inc., 405 Lexington
Avenue, New York, New York 10017.
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TERMINOLOGY
PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION
STRIP (a)
Up to .188 incl. FLAT WIRE (b) STRIP SHEET
(including Square Wire)
(a) A product originally produced with slit, sheared or sawed edges, whether or not such edges are subsequently rolled or drawn
(b) A product with all surfaces rolled or drawn, without previously having been slit, sheared or sawed.
(c) When Bar is ordered it is particularly desirable that the type of edge be specified. See Table 3, below, and TERMINOLOGY
Section, page 2. Drawn or rolled edge Bar may have been previously slit sheared or sawed. The dimensional limits shown
above for Bar do not apply to Copper Bus Bar Stock, which is a special product used for electrical purposes and is available
in a greater range of thickness. See TERMINOLOGY Section, page 2. Bar, Bus Stock.
SOLID SECTIONS
Round, Hexagonal, or Octagonal Other TUBULAR
Note: The listing of a product in the above diagram does not necessarily signify that the edge indicated is commercially available
in the complete size range for that product.
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Aluminum Bronze (Copper Alloy Nos. 606 Arsenical Tough Pitch Copper (Copper
to 644 incl.) See Copper Alloy. No. 141) See Copper.
Angle A shape consisting of two straight legs As-Extruded A condition of a metal mill product
resulting from hot extrusion; soft, not cleaned
meeting in a right angle, usually but not
nor drawn or rolled to size. See Extrusion.
necessarily of equal length and with a sharp
or slightly rounded corner and with or without
fillets. See Figure 1. As-Hot-Rolled A condition of a metal mill
product resulting from hot rolling: soft, not
cleaned nor drawn or rolled to size.
Billet A solid cylindrical casting used for hot Bright-Annealed Finish See Finish.
extrusion into rod, bar, tube, or shape or for
hot piercing into tube. Bright Dip See Dip Solution.
Blank A piece from any wrought product Bright-Rolled Finish See Finish.
intended for subsequent fabrication by such
operations as forming, bending, cupping, Brinell Hardness See Tests.
drawing, hot pressing.
Bronze Originally a term for copper alloys having
Blanking The process of cutting metal blanks tin as the only or principal alloying element. In
by a die and punch set in a press, or by modern usage the term “Bronze” is seldom
sawing or shearing. used alone, and the terms “Phosphor Bronze”
or “Tin Bronze” is used for indicating copper-
Blister A void in, or raised spot on the surface of tin alloys. In fact, the term “Bronze,” together
a metal, caused by expansion of entrapped with a suitable modifying adjective has in
gas in the metal. recent years been extended to apply to any of
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Buck A device on which flat wire and strip are Bus Bar and Bus Conductor Rigid, high
wound to facilitate handling and shipping. See conductivity copper
Figure 3, below.
Bus Conductor Stock A bar, rod, shape, or tube
of high conductivity copper used for
manufacture of bus conductor or bus bar.
Buckle Alternate bulges and hollows recurring Camber This term not recommended. See
along the length of a flat product with the “Edgewise Curvature”.
edges remaining relatively flat. See Figure 4,
below. Capacitor Plate Stock Strip manufactured to
special flatness and thickness tolerances for
use in electrical variable condensers.
Buffed-Surface Finish See Finish. Cartridge Brass, 70% (Copper Alloy No. 260)
See Copper Alloy.
Buffing The finishing of metal surfaces by
rubbing with a compound applied to the Cast Shell Process A process for making
pliable rim of a wheel usually consisting of a seamless brass tube whereby the brass is
large number of treated or untreated muslin cast in the form of a shell or tube and
discs sewed together, and which rotates at subsequently reduced to the finished size by
high speed. Coloring and cutting are two types a series of suitable alternate cold drawing
of buffing procedures. and annealing operations.
Bulging The expanding of a portion of the body Casting An article formed by solidification of
of a drawn shell below the top or neck. molten metal in a mold.
Bull Ring Rod Copper rod manufactured to Cathode (1) In corrosion processes, usually the
special surface requirements; furnished in metal that is not corroded. (2) See also under
coils for redrawing or rerolling. Copper.
Bull Rod A term sometimes used for Redraw Cathode Copper See Copper.
Rod. See Redraw Rod.
Cathodic Protection Reduction or prevention of
Bunch Coil See Coil. corrosion
of a metal surface by making it a cathode, for
example by
Burnishing A fabrication method of securing a
smooth finished surface by slight deformation the use of sacrificial anodes or impressed
with highly polished tools. currents.
Coated Wire See Wire, Metallic Coated Wire. (3) Single Layer Flat Coil – A coil in the form
of a single flat spirally wound layer
Coil A length of a product other than a flat rolled (applied particularly to copper water tube
or flat drawn product, wound into a or refrigerator service tube). (Also
merchantable hoop-like bundle. known as Pancake Coil or Single Layer
Spirally Wound Coil.) See Figure 11.
(1) Bunch Coil – A coil helically wound and
subsequently bunched. (The unqualified
term “coil” applied to either tube or wire
would normally indicate a bunch coil.)
See Figures 7 and 8.
Figure 11
Cold Heading See Heading. Commutator Segment Stock Bar A bar for use
in the making of commutators of electric
Cold Rolled Finish See Finish. motors and generators, the cross-section of
the bar being a trapezoid or truncated sector
or segment of a circle.
Cold Rolled Bar, Rod, Shape and Wire Stock
brought to final dimensions by cold rolling, Concentration Cell Reaction A localized
regardless of prior operations. corrosion process electrochemical in
character, due to differences in electrical
Cold Rolling See Rolling. potential between surface areas where a
difference exists in the concentration of ions
Cold Shortness The characteristic of metals that in the medium in contact with the metal
are brittle at temperatures below the surface.
recommended hot working temperature
ranges. Concentricity See Tube Measurement Terms.
Cold Shut (1) A discontinuity that appears on the Condenser Tube See Tube, Heat Exchanger
surface of cast metal as a result of two Tube.
streams of liquid metal meeting and failing to
unite. (2) On a forging, a portion of the Condenser Tube Plate Plate manufactured to
surface that is separated by oxide from the special thickness tolerances and furnished in
main body of the metal. See Lap. various contours as tube sheets or head
plates in condensers and heat exchangers.
Cold Side As applied to forging, the temperature See TOLERANCE Section page 15.
range below the optimum hot working
temperature. Contraction of Area An obsolete term. See
Reduction of Area.
Cold Working The process of changing the form
or cross-section of a piece of metal at a Copper Commercially Pure Copper — Metal for
temperature below the softening or which the specified minimum copper content
recrystallization point, but commonly at or is not less than 99.88%, silver being counted
about room temperature. It includes rolling, as copper.
drawing, pressing and stretching. Modified Copper — Metal for which the
specified minimum copper content is less
Collapsing Pressure The external hydrostatic or than 99.88% and not less than 99.3%, silver
pneumatic pressure required to collapse a being counted as copper.
tube or other hollow article. (1) Arsenical, Tough Pitch Copper (Copper No.
141) A modified tough pitch copper
Collet Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 342 and 360) containing substantial amounts of arsenic
See Copper Alloy. regardless of origin or treatment.
For coloring and other chemical (4) Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper (Copper No.
solutions, see CDA publications “Colored 110) — A commercially pure high conductivity
Finishes for Copper and Brass,” and copper of any origin which has been refined
“Standard Color-Controlled Copper by electrolytic deposition, then melted,
Alloys with Protective Coatings for oxidized and brought to tough pitch or
Automotive Applications.” controlled low oxygen content, and finally
cast into cakes, billets, wire bars, etc.,
Commercial Bronze, 90% (Copper Alloy No. suitable for hot or cold working, or both. See
220) See Copper Alloy. ALLOY DATA Section.
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(5) Fire Refined Copper (Copper Nos. 125, 127, hydrogen embrittlement, and has an electrical
128, 129 and 130) — A commercially pure conductivity slightly lower than that of high
copper of any origin or type which is finished conductivity copper.
by furnace refining without at any stage
having been electrolytically refined. (13) Phosphorus Deoxidized Copper, Silver
Bearing (Copper Alloy Nos. 121 and 123) —
(6) High Conductivity Copper (Copper Nos. 100 A commercially pure deoxidized copper
to 116 incI.) — A copper which, in the containing the designated element (silver) in
annealed condition, has a minimum electrical amounts as agreed upon between the
conductivity of 100 percent IACS. supplier and the consumer.
(7) Lake Copper (Copper Nos. 113, 114, 115, (14) Phosphorus Deoxidized Copper, Tellurium
116, 125, 127, 128, 129 and 130) — A Bearing (Copper No. 145)— A modified
commercially pure copper from the Lake deoxidized copper containing the designated
Superior district generally fire refined and element (tellurium) in amounts as agreed
containing variable, but controlled, amounts upon between the supplier and the consumer
of silver and arsenic. Such copper of low to improve machinability. The electrical
arsenic content is called Prime Lake Copper, conductivity is somewhat lower than that of
while that of higher arsenic content is called electrolytic tough pitch copper.
Arsenical Lake Copper — also Low, Medium
and High Arsenical Lake Copper. Also see (15) Silver Bearing (Argentiferous) Copper
Arsenical Copper and Silver Bearing Copper. (Copper Nos. 104, 105, 107, 113, 114, 115,
See ALLOY DATA Section. 116, 121, 123, 127, 128, 129 and 130) — Any
copper containing substantial amounts of
(8) Oxygen Free Copper (Copper Nos. 101 and silver, regardless of origin or treatment. See
ALLOY DATA Section.
102) — A commercially pure high conductivity
copper which has been produced in such
(16) Silver Bearing Tough Pitch Copper (Copper
manner as to contain no oxide or residual
Nos. 113, 114, 115 and 116) — A
deoxidants. It has very high resistance to
commercially pure high conductivity tough
hydrogen embrittlement. See ALLOY DATA
pitch copper containing silver in amounts
Section. agreed upon between the supplier and the
consumer for the purpose of raising the
(9) Oxygen-Free, Silver Bearing Copper (Copper softening temperature.
Nos. 104, 105 and 107) — A commercially
pure high-conductivity copper containing the (17) Tough Pitch Copper (Copper Nos. 110, 111,
designated element (silver) in amounts as 113, 114, 115, 116, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130
agreed upon between the supplier and the and 141) — Commercially pure or modified
consumer for the purpose of raising the copper, either electrolytically or fire refined,
softening temperature. containing a controlled amount of oxygen for
the purpose of obtaining a level set in the
(10)Phosphorus Deoxidized Arsenical Copper casting. See ALLOY DATA Section.
(Copper No. 142) — A modified deoxidized
copper containing the designated element Copper Alloy Metal for which the specified
(arsenic) in amounts as agreed upon minimum copper content is less than 99.3%
between the supplier and the consumer
and not less than 40% and having no other
mainly for the purpose of increasing corrosion
element specified in excess of the copper
resistance.
content exception to this definition occurs in
(11) Phosphorus Deoxidized Copper, High the case of copper-nickel-zinc alloys where
Residual Phosphorus (Copper No. 122)— A zinc slightly exceeds the copper content in
commercially pure copper which has been certain alloys which are commonly designated
deoxidized with phosphorus, leaving a as copper alloys.
relatively high residual phosphorus content. It
is not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (1) Admiralty (Copper Alloy No. 442) — An alloy
but is of relatively low electrical conductivity containing nominally 71% copper; 1% tin and
due to the amount of phosphorus present. 28% zinc, originally developed by the British
See ALLOY DATA Section. Admiralty and generally available in tube, flat
products and wire. Its principal use is in heat
(12) Phosphorus Deoxidized Copper, Low exchanger and condenser tubes. An inhibitor
Residual Phosphorus (Copper No. 120) — A may be added to increase the resistance to
commercially pure copper which has been dezincification. See ALLOY DATA Section.
deoxidized with phosphorus in such a manner
as to leave a very low residual phosphorus (2) Admiralty, Inhibited (Arsenical, Antimonial or
content. It is not readily susceptible to Phosphorized) (Copper Alloy Nos. 443 to 445
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(4) Aluminum Bronzes (Copper Alloy Nos. 606- (14) Deep Drawing Brass, Drawing Brass
644 incl.) —Copper alloys with aluminum as (Copper Alloy Nos. 260 and 268) — Terms
the principal alloying element, normally in the sometimes used, but not recommended, to
range of 3 to 11% with or without the additions denote non-leaded brasses of nominal
of other elements. copper content ranging from 65 to 70%. See
Yellow Brass (Copper Alloy No. 268) and
(5) Architectural Bronze (Copper Alloy No. 385) Cartridge Brass, 70% (Copper Alloy No.
— An alloy containing nominally 57% copper, 260).
3% lead, and 40% zinc, generally available in
extruded or drawn shapes and rod; used for (15) Engraver’s Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 342
architectural trim and for some mechanical and 356)— A term sometimes used, but not
applications. The alloy is not technically a recommended. See High-Leaded Brass
bronze but because of long usage the term (Copper Alloy No. 342) and Extra- High-
“Architectural Bronze” has been used. See Leaded Brass (Copper Alloy No. 356).
ALLOY DATA Section.
(16) Etching Brass — A term used to indicate
(6) Cartridge Brass, 70% (Copper Alloy No. 260) quality of material rather than chemical
— An alloy containing nominally 70% copper composition. The term signifies a flat
and 30% zinc and generally available in flat product having unusual freedom from
products , rod, wire and tube. See ALLOY surface defects; very flat and usually of
DATA Section. quarter-hard or half-hard temper.
(7) Clock Brass (Copper Alloy No. 342)—A term (17) Extra-High-Leaded Brass (Copper Alloy No.
sometimes used to designate High Leaded 356) — An alloy containing nominally 63%
Brass. It is recommended that this alloy be copper, 2.5% lead, and 34.5% zinc,
identified by Copper Alloy No. 342 properly generally available in flat rolled products,
qualified for the specific use. and used for engraving and other operations
requiring considerable cutting. See ALLOY
(8) Collet Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 342 and 360) DATA Section.
— A term sometimes used, but not
recommended. See High-Leaded Brass and (18) Eyelet Brass (Copper Alloy No. 260)— A
Free-Cutting Brass. term sometimes used, but not
recommended. See Cartridge Brass, 70%
(9) Commercial Bronze, 90% (Copper Alloy No. (Copper Alloy No. 260).
220) — An alloy containing nominally 90%
copper and 10% zinc, generally available in (19) Forging Brass (Copper Alloy No. 377)— An
flat products, wire, rod and tube. The alloy is alloy containing nominally 59% copper, 2%
not technically a bronze, but because of lead, and 39% zinc, generally available in
long usage the term “Commercial Bronze” rod, bar, tube and shapes and
has been used. See ALLOY DATA Section. recommended for fabrication by hot forging
(10) Copper-Beryllium Alloy (Copper Alloy Nos. and hot pressing. It has excellent
170, 172 and 175) — A heat-treatable machinability, approaching that of free-
copper alloy containing varying amounts of cutting brass. See ALLOY DATA Section.
beryllium and sometimes small amounts of
cobalt, nickel and chromium. It is capable of (20) Free-Cutting Brass (Copper Alloy No. 360)
being formed readily when in the soft — An alloy containing nominally 61.5%
condition and heat treated to hardnesses copper, 3% lead and 35.5% zinc, generally
approaching those of steel. available in rod and drawn bar and in
extruded shapes. It is the most commonly
(11) Copper-Iron Alloy (Copper Alloy Nos. 192, used alloy for automatic screw machine
193 and 194). Copper Alloys with iron as the work, or for other applications where
principal alloying element with or without the material of maximum machinability is
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desired. See ALLOY DATA Section. alloy is not technically a bronze, but
because of long usage the term “Leaded
(21) Free-Cutting Muntz Metal (Copper Alloy No. Commercial Bronze” has been used.
370) — An alloy containing nominally 60% Hardware Bronze is a term formerly used to
copper, 1% lead and 39% zinc. Generally designate any one of a broad range of
available as tube. It is used for automatic similar alloys; this term is not recommended.
screw machine products where maximum See ALLOY DATA Section.
machinability is not necessary. See ALLOY
DATA Section. (30) Leaded Muntz Metal (Copper Alloy No. 365)
— An alloy containing nominally 60%
(22) Free-Cutting Phosphor Bronze (Copper copper, .6% lead, and 39.4% zinc generally
Alloy No. 544)— An alloy containing used for condenser tube plates. See ALLOY
nominally 88% copper, 4% tin, 4% zinc and DATA Section.
4% lead, generally available in rod and flat
products. See ALLOY DATA Section. (31) Leaded Naval Brass (Copper Alloy No.
485)— An alloy containing nominally 60%
(23) Gilding, 95% (Copper Alloy No. 210) — An copper, .75% tin, 1.75% lead and 37.5%
alloy containing nominally 95% copper, and zinc, generally available in rod, shapes and
5% zinc. This alloy is generally available in bar. This alloy has the equivalent strength
flat products, rod and wire. The terms, and corrosion resistance of naval brass
Commercial Bronze, 95% and Gilding Metal, (Copper Alloy No. 464) pIus considerably
are not recommended. See ALLOY DATA improved machinability. See ALLOY DATA
Section. Section.
(24) Hardware Bronze (Copper Alloy Nos. 314 (32) Leaded Red Brass (Copper Alloy No. 320)
and 320) —See Leaded Commercial Bronze — An alloy containing nominally 85%
(Copper Alloy No. 314) and Leaded Red copper, 2% lead and 13% zinc, generally
Brass (Copper Alloy No. 320). available in rod and drawn bar. Hardware
Bronze is a term formerly used to designate
(25) High Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 268 and any one of a broad range of similar alloys;
270) — A term sometimes used, but not this term is not recommended.
recommended. See “Yellow Brass —
(Copper Alloy Nos. 268 and 270)”. (33) Low Brass, 80% (Copper Alloy No. 240) —
An alloy containing nominally 80% copper
(26) High-Leaded Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 342 and 20% zinc and generally available in flat
and 353) —Alloys containing nominally for products, rod and wire. See ALLOY DATA
342, 65% copper, 2% lead, and 33% zinc; Section.
and for 353, 62% copper, 2% lead, and 36%
zinc, generally available in flat products and (34) Low-Leaded Brass (Copper Alloy No. 335)
rod. They are used where easy stamping — An alloy containing nominally 65%
and machining are desired, as for instance, copper, .5% lead, and 34.5% zinc, and
in clock and watch backs and gears and for generally available in flat products. It is
engraving. See ALLOY DATA Section. widely used for stamping and light drawing
operations. See ALLOY DATA Section.
(27) High-Leaded Brass (Tube) (Copper Alloy
No. 332) —An alloy containing nominally (35) Low-Leaded Brass, (Tube) (Copper Alloy
66% copper, 1.6% lead, and 32.4% zinc. It No. 330)— An alloy containing nominally
is recommended for automatic screw 66% copper, .5% lead and 33.5% zinc, and
machine operations. See ALLOY DATA used where a combination of moderate
Section. machinability, strength, and ductility is
required. See ALLOY DATA Section.
(28) Jewelry Bronze, 87.5% (Copper Alloy No.
226) — An alloy containing nominally 87.5% (36) Manganese Bronze, (A) (Copper Alloy No.
copper and 12.5% zinc having a rich golden 675) — An alloy containing nominally 58.5%
color. It is used for costume jewelry, slide copper, 1% tin, 1.4%
fasteners and as a base for gold-filled arti-
cles . Variations may contain small amounts
of tin. See ALLOY DATA Section.
iron, .1% manganese and 39% zinc, 757)— An alloy nominally containing
generally available in rod, flat products, 65% copper, 12% nickel and 23% zinc.
shapes and wire. This alloy is appreciably See ALLOY DATA Section.
harder and stronger than naval brass (Cop-
per Alloy No. 464) and is, therefore, (e) Nickel Silver, 55-18 (Copper Alloy No.
preferred to the latter for many structural 770)— An alloy nominally containing
uses. It is also an excellent brazing alloy. 55% copper, 18% nickel and 27% zinc.
See ALLOY DATA Section. See ALLOY DATA Section.
(37) Matrix Brass (Copper Alloy No. 340) — A (42) Oreide — A term formerly used, but not
term sometimes used, but not recommended, to indicate Copper-Zinc
recommended, for lead-bearing brass Alloys of reddish gold color having a copper
suitable for matrices for linotype machines. content of approximately 85-90%, some-
See “Medium -Leaded Brass (Copper Alloy times with tin up to about 5%, and the
No. 340).” balance zinc.
(38) Medium-Leaded Brass (Copper Alloy No. (43) Phosphor Bronzes (Copper Alloy Nos. 500-
340)— An alloy containing nominally 65% 549 incl.) —Copper alloys with tin as the
copper, 1% lead, and 34% zinc, generally principal alloying element, deoxidized with
available in flat products, rod, shapes and phosphorus. Various types are available in
wire, and used where a compromise flat products, rod, tube, wire and shapes,
between drawing properties and the most common ones containing
machinability is necessary. See ALLOY nominally 1.25% to 10% tin.
DATA Section.
(a) Phosphor Bronze, 1.25% (E) (Copper
(39) Muntz Metal (Copper Alloy No. 280) — An Alloy No. 502) — See ALLOY DATA
alloy containing nominally 60% copper and Section.
40% zinc and generally available in flat
products, rod, wire and tube. See ALLOY (b) Phosphor Bronze, 5% (A) (Copper Alloy
DATA Section. No. 510) — See ALLOY DATA Section.
(40) Naval Brass (Copper Alloy No. 464) — An (c) Phosphor Bronze, 8% (C) (Copper Alloy
alloy containing nominally 60% copper, No. 521) — See ALLOY DATA Section.
.75% tin and 39.25% zinc, generally
available in rod, bar, wire, shapes, tube and (d) Phosphor Bronze, 10% (D) (Copper
to some extent in flat products. It is used in Alloy No. 524) — See ALLOY DATA
marine construction where a strong, hard Section.
material is required. See ALLOY DATA
Section. (e) Free-Cutting Phosphor Bronze (Copper
Alloy No. 544) — See ALLOY DATA
(41) Nickel Silver (Copper Alloy Nos. 730-779 Section.
incl.) —Copper alloys containing nickel and
zinc, formerly sometimes called German (44) Platers’ Brass—A term sometimes used, but
Silver. These alloys are primarily used for not recommended, to indicate specific alloys
their distinctive colors which range from used as anodes for brass plating. These
yellow to silvery white. vary in composition from 80 to 90% copper,
10 to 20% zinc, and sometimes 1 to 2% tin.
(a) Nickel Silver, 65-10 (Copper Alloy No, See also Platers’ Bar and Platers’ Core.
745)—An alloy nominally containing
65% copper, 10% nickel and 25% zinc. (45) Primer Brass — A term sometimes used,
See ALLOY DATA Section. but not recommended, to denote aspecific
alloy used for making primer caps or tubes.
(b) Nickel Silver, 65-18 (Copper Alloy No. Primer caps are made from Cartridge Brass,
752) — An alloy nominally containing 70% (Copper Alloy No. 260); Commercial
65% copper, 18% nickel and 17% zinc. Bronze, 90% (Copper Alloy No. 220); or
See ALLOY DATA Section. Gilding, 95% (Copper Alloy No. 210). Primer
tubes are made from Low-Leaded (Copper
(c) Nickel Silver. 65-15 (Copper Alloy No. Alloy No. 335) or High-Leaded Brass
754)— An alloy nominally containing (Copper Alloy No. 342). See ALLOY DATA
65% copper, 15% nickel and 20% zinc. Section.
See ALLOY DATA Section.
(46) Radiator Core Brass — A term used to
(d) Nickel Silver, 65-12 (Copper Alloy No. indicate strip brass or suitable
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characteristics for forming radiator cores. It (54) Spring Bronze — A term used to designate
is sometimes used, but not recommended, Copper-Tin strip, rod or wire in spring or
to designate a specific alloy. See ALLOY harder tempers. This term is sometimes
DATA Section. used, but not recommended, to designate a
specific alloy.
(47) Red Brass, 85% (Copper Alloy No. 230) —
An alloy containing nominally 85% copper (55) Tin Bronze — See Copper Alloy —
and 15% zinc and generally available in flat Phosphor Bronze.
products, rod, wire and tube. See ALLOY
DATA Section. (56) Trim Bronze — A term used to designate
Copper-Zinc strip with a bright finish suitable
(48) Reflector Brass — A term used to indicate for architectural trim. It is sometimes used,
strip brass with suitable characteristics for but not recommended, to designate a
forming into reflectors. It is sometimes used, specific alloy, most commonly Commercial
but not recommended, to designate a Bronze, 90% (Copper Alloy No. 220) or Red
specific alloy, usually Yellow Brass (Copper Brass, 85% (Copper Alloy No. 230). See
Alloy No. 268) or Cartridge Brass, 70% ALLOY DATA Section.
(Copper Alloy No. 260) having a small grain
size which will take a moderately deep draw (57) Yellow Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 268 and
and a very high polish. See ALLOY DATA 270) — An alloy containing nominally 65%
Section. copper and 35% zinc and generally
available in flat products, wire and rod. See
(49) Rich Low Brass (Copper Alloy No. 230) — A ALLOY DATA Section.
term sometimes used, but not
recommended, for Red Brass, 85% (Copper (58) 70-30 Brass (Copper Alloy No. 260) — A
Alloy No. 230). See ALLOY DATA Section. term sometimes used, but not
recommended, for Cartridge Brass, 70%
(50) Shim Brass — A term used to indicate any (Copper Alloy No. 260). See ALLOY DATA
thin strip brass for shims or spacers, usually Section.
Yellow Brass (Copper Alloy No. 268) or
Cartridge Brass, 70% (Copper Alloy No. Copper Anode See Anode.
260). It is sometimes used, but not
recommended, to designate a specific alloy. Copper-Beryllium Alloy (Copper Nos. 170, 172
See ALLOY DATA Section. and 175) See Copper Alloy.
(51) Silicon Bronze (Copper Alloy Nos. 645 to Copper Drainage Tube See Tube.
664 incl.) —Any copper alloy with silicon as
the main alloying element, with or without Copper Foil See Foil.
additions of such elements as zinc,
manganese, aluminum, iron or nickel. The Copper Service Tube See Tube, Copper Water
more commonly used silicon bronzes are: Tube.
High-Silicon Bronze. (A), (Copper Alloy No.
655), nominally containing 96% copper and Copper Water Tube See Tube, Copper Water
3% silicon; and Low-Silicon Bronze, (B) Tube.
(Copper Alloy No. 651), nominally
containing 97.7% copper and 1.5% silicon. Core Brass See Copper Alloy, Radiator Core
(a)Low-Silicon Bronze, (B) (Copper Alloy Brass.
No. 651)— See ALLOY DATA Section.
(b)High-Silicon Bronze, (A) (Copper Alloy Corrosion The deterioration or failure of metals
No. 655) —See ALLOY DATA Section. and alloys by chemical or electrochemical
processes.
(52) Spinning Brass — A term used to indicate
strip brass of suitable characteristics for (1) Dealuminification — A phenomenon
spinning, usually Yellow Brass (Copper somewhat similar to dezincification
Alloy No. 268) or Cartridge Brass, 70% involving loss of aluminum.
(Copper Alloy No. 260). It is sometimes
used, but not recommended, to designate a (2) Denickelification — A phenomenon
specific alloy. See ALLOY DATA Section. somewhat similar to dezincification
involving loss of nickel.
(53) Spring Brass — A term used to designate (3) Dezincification — Corrosion of an alloy
Copper-Zinc strip or wire in spring or harder containing zinc (usually brass) involving
tempers. It is sometimes used, but not loss of zinc.
recommended, to designate a specific alloy.
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(4) Erosion — The abrasion of metal or other applied to surface finishing — cutting through
material by liquid or gas, usually or removing the surface layer of a metal with,
accelerated by presence of solid particles a buffing wheel and suitable abrasive
of matter in suspension, and sometimes compound usually coarser than that used for
by corrosion. buffing. See Buffing.
Cutting (1) The procedure of bringing a product (1) Bright Dip — A dip used to give a bright
to desired dimensions by such operations as surface to brasses. A commonly used dip
slitting, shearing, sawing and blanking. (2) As consists of 2 gal. of sulfuric acid, 1 gal. of
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Etching (1) As applied to mill products and finish obtained by cold dry rolling on
forgings, an attack by corrosive media polished rolls of material previously
resulting in pitting, mealiness or outline of bichromate dipped or bright dipped,
structural details of the metal. (2) In giving a burnished appearance and
metallography, the process of revealing retaining the color obtained by dipping.
structural details by the preferential attack of (2) Bichromate Dipped Finish — A semi-
reagents on a metal surface. matte finish approaching the true color of
the metal, obtained by immersion in an
Etching Brass See Copper Alloy. aqueous solution of sodium bichromate
and sulfuric acid to remove scale and
Expansion Test See Tests. oxide, using the following formula:
Sulfuric acid. 12 oz.; sodium bichromate
4 oz.; water 1 gal.
Extra-High-Leaded Brass (Copper Alloy No. (3) Bright Annealed Finish — The finish
356) See Copper Alloy. obtained by annealing under conditions
of controlled atmosphere to prevent
Extruded See As Extruded. oxidation and to retain the original luster
of the product. See also Annealing.
Extruded Finish See Finish. (4) Bright Dipped Finish — A bright finish
having the true color of the metal
Extruded Bar obtained by immersion in an aqueous
Extruded Rod solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid,
Extruded Shape using the following formula: Sulfuric acid,
Extruded Tube 2 gal.; Nitric acid, 1 gal.; Water, 1 to 2 qt.;
Extruded Wire Hydrochloric acid, ½ fi. oz.
Stock brought to final dimensions by extrusion. (5) Bright Rolled Finish — See Dry Rolled
Also see As Extruded Finish.
(6) Brush Brass Finish — A frosted finish
Extrusion, Hot The process of shaping metal obtained on brass by brushing with a
into a chosen Continuous form by forcing it Tampico (Bristol brush) wheel treated
from a closed container through a die of with brush rouge and rotating at high
appropriate shape. See As -Extruded. speeds.
(7) Buffed Surface Finish — The finish
Extrusion Pipe A defect that occurs during obtained by buffing with rouge or similar
extrusion and is located internally at the back fine abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or
end of the extruded piece. This defect is polish. This may be applied in one
removed by cropping off the back end. operation or two, commonly known as
cutting and coloring operations.
Eyelet Brass (Copper Alloy No. 260) See (8) Clean Annealed Finish — A finish
characterized by a light iridescent film
Copper Alloy.
generally obtained on copper alloys
which have been annealed in a controlled
atmosphere.
(9) Cold Rolled Finish — The finish obtained
by cold rolling of plain pickled strip with a
F lubricant; giving a relatively smooth
appearance. In the case of sheet or strip,
Fatigue The tendency for a metal to break under cold rolling may be done without any
conditions of repeated cyclic stressing lubricant, the finish then being similar to
considerably below the ultimate tensile that described under Dry Rolled Finish.
strength. (10) Dichromate Dipped Finish — See
Bichromate Dipped Finish.
Ferrule Metal ring or collar used in. installation of (11) Drawn Finish — The finish obtained on
boiler flues, condenser tubes and similar tube, wire, and drawn rod, bar and strip
applications. by drawing through a die resulting in a
relatively smooth and bright appearance.
Filler Metal A metal or alloy which is melted (12) Dry Rolled Finish (Bright Rolled Finish)
down in a welding or brazing operation to
supply metal for the joint. (a) The finish obtained by cold rolling on
polished rolls without the use of any
Finish The condition of the surfaces of the coolant or metal lubricant, on material
products, produced by normal or special mill previously plain pickled, bichromate or
procedures. Several types of finishes can be bright dipped.
produced as follows:
(1) Acid Dipped-Dry Rolled Finish — The (b) The finish obtained by the rolling
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Figure 14
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Flux (1) In melting, a substance added to the Gage Number A number in a specific series
melt to promote removal of foreign materials, used to designate a dimension. There are
and protect the surface. (2) In brazing or several series of such gage numbers, of
welding, a substance introduced to remove which the most familiar are the American
oxide and impurities. Wire Gage or Brown & Sharpe and
Birmingham or Stubs.
Foil A term often applied to a thin flat rolled
section usually .005 in. or less in thickness. Gassing (1) A phenomenon in metal caused by
absorption of gas while molten and partial
Fold See Lap. evolution as the metal cools, resulting in
voids. (2) A condition in oxygen-bearing
Forging See Hammer Forging or Hot Pressed copper which has been heated to elevated
Forging. temperatures in a highly reducing
atmosphere. See Hydrogen Embrittlement.
Forging Brass (Copper Alloy No. 377) See
Copper Alloy. General Service Tube See Tube, Automotive
and General Service Tube.
Forging Range Temperature range within which
the slug or blank cut from wrought material Gilding, 95% (Copper Alloy No. 210) See
should be heated to give optimum forging Copper Alloy.
conditions.
Grain A solid polyhedral (or many sided) crystal
Formed Shape Shape made from a flat product consisting of groups of atoms bound together
and brought to final dimensions by bending in a regular geometric pattern. In mill practice
laterally by means of rolls or brakes. If the grains are usually studied only as they
longitudinal gap is less than 25% of the appear in one plane.
outside diameter or greatest overall
dimension, the product is classified as an Grain Boundary The line of demarcation
Open Seam Tube. See Figure 15. between grains.
Full Rounded Edges See Finished Edges. Hardness The resistance of metal to plastic
deformation by indentation. The most
common method of measurement is
G Rockwell. Other methods are Brinell,
Gage (1) Term sometimes used to designate Scleroscope, Tukon and Vickers.
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High Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 268 and 270) Inclined Roll Straightening See Straightening.
See Copper Alloy.
Inclusions Particles of foreign material (usually
High-Leaded Brass (Copper Alloy No. 342) chips, dirt, carbon, oxides) that are held
See Copper Alloy. mechanically on or within the metal.
High-Leaded Brass (Tube) (Copper Alloy No. INCRA Abbreviation for International Copper
332) See Copper Alloy. Research Association.
High-Silicon Bronze, (A) (Copper Alloy No. Ingot A copper or copper-alloy casting of small
655) See Copper Alloy — Silicon Bronze. rectangular shape weighing about 20-35
pounds for remelting.
Hot Forging See Hot Press Forging or Hammer
Forging. Ingot Bar A small rectangular copper casting
weighing about 50-70 pounds for remelting.
Hot Press Forging A method of forming parts by
pressing a heated slug or blank cut from
wrought material in a closed impression die. Inhibitors Elements added in small amounts to
alloys to increase the resistance of the alloys
Hot Rolled Bar, Hot Rolled Plate, Hot Rolled
Rod, Hot Rolled Shape, Hot Rolled Wire to corrosion.
Stock brought to final dimensions by hot
rolling. Also see As -Hot-Rolled. Internal Stress See Stress, Residual.
Hot Shortness Brittleness in hot metal. lntercrystalline Cracking Fracture of metal that
follows along the grain boundaries and
Hot Working The process of changing the form
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Leaded Red Brass (Copper Alloy No. 320) See Lip Tube See Tube.
Copper Alloy.
Lock Seam Tube See Tube.
Lengths The terms employed to designate
lengths are as follows: Longitudinal Curl A unidirectional departure
from longitudinal flatness. See Figure 16.
(1) Mill Lengths — Certain uniform lengths
subject to established tolerances with
short lengths included according to
established schedule.
Low-Silicon Bronze, (B) (Copper Alloy No. resulting from working metal of large grain
651) See Copper Alloy — Silicon Bronze. size. The surface is similar in texture to an
orange peel.
Multiple Lengths See Lengths. Phosphor Bronze (Copper Alloy Nos. 500 to
Muntz Metal (Copper Alloy No. 280) See 529 incI.) See Copper Alloy.
Copper Alloy.
Pickling The process of removing surface oxide
and scale from copper alloys with a mill pickle
N solution consisting of approximately 12 to 15
percent sulfuric acid in water by volume.
Naval Brass (Copper Alloy No. 464) See
Copper Alloy. Pickle Stain See Stains.
Orange Peel Surface The surface roughness Pipe, Threadless See Tube.
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Pit (1) A hole or defect remaining when a foreign Radiator Core Brass See Copper Alloy.
particle embedded in the metal surface falls
out. (2) A cavity resulting from localized Random Lengths See Lengths.
corrosion or over-etching.
Ready to Finish A general mill term applied to
size and condition of a product prior to the
Plain Pickled Finish See Finish.
final drawing or rolling operation.
Primer Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 210, 220, Reflector Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 260 and
260, 335 and 342) See Copper Alloy. 268) See Copper Alloy.
Print Roll A tube manufactured with special Refractory A term applied to those copper alloys
perfection of surface and straightness, for use which, because of their hardness or
in printing paper, linoleum, textiles and similar abrasiveness require dimensional tolerances
products. greater than those established for non-
refractory alloys.
Projectile Band Blank See Rotating Band
Blank. Refrigeration Capillary Tube See Tube.
(2) Piston Finish Rod — Round rod having a (2) Hot Rolling — This process is carried out
special surface produced by turning or above the softening temperature and, with
grinding to close tolerances for diameter copper alloys, usually at temperatures
and straightness. from about 1200 F to 1700 F, 650 C to
927 C.
(3) Shafting — Round rod specially
manufactured to the close straightness Rope Fluted Tube See Tube.
tolerances required for use in shafting.
Rope Reeded Tube See Tube.
(4) Welding Rod— Filler metal, in wire or rod
form, used in gas welding and brazing Roped Tube See Tube.
processes, and those arcwelding
processes wherein the electrode does not Rotating Band Blank An unfinished tubular
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blank for making rotating bands for use on square or standard rod and wire sections,
artillery projectiles. Sometimes termed Driving furnished in straight lengths.
Bank Blank or Projectile Band Blank.
Shaving See Die Scalping or Die Shaving.
Rotating Head Straightening See
Straightening. Sheared Edges The edges resulting from press
shearing to final width and length. These
Rounded Corners See Finished Edges. edges are straighter than slit edges.
Rounded Edges See Finished Edges. Sheet A flat rolled product up to and including
.188 in. in thickness and over 20 in. in width.
Roundness See Tube Measurement Terms. See TERMINOLOGY Section, page 1, table I;
and TOLERANCE Section, pages 1,2,3,4,5.
11, 13 and 14.
S
Shielded Arc Welding See Welding.
Satin Finish See Finish.
Shim Brass (Copper Alloy Nos. 260 and 268)
Sawed Bar A bar brought to finished width by See Copper Alloy.
sawing.
Silicon Bronzes (Copper Alloy Nos. 645 to 664
Sawed Edges The edges resulting when a incI.) See Copper Alloy.
product is brought to final width and length by
sawing. The edges are parallel and at right Silver Bearing Copper (Copper Nos. 104, 105,
angles to the rolled surface. 107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 123, 127, 128,
129 and 130) See Copper.
Scale (1) A heavy oxide coating on copper and
copper alloys resulting from exposure to high Silver Bearing Tough Pitch Copper (Copper
temperatures in an oxidizing atmosphere. (2) Nos. 113, 114, 115 and 116) See Copper.
A product resulting from the corrosion of
metals. Single Layer FIat Coil See Coil.
Scale or Fire-Off Dip See Dip Solution. Slab A casting in the form of a bar used for
rolling into strip.
Scalping The process of removing by means of
rotating cutters or cutter heads the surface Slit Edges The edges resulting from cutting to
layer from bars or rods to eliminate minor width by rotary slitters.
surface casting defects and oxide. See
Overhauling, Die Scalping or Die Shaving. Snaky This term is not recommended. Use
instead the term Edgewise Curvature,
Scleroscope Test See Tests. Reversing.
Scratch Brushed Finish (Satin Finish) See Soda Dip Finish See Finish.
Finish.
Soldering Joining metals by fusion of alloys that
Seam See Lap. have relatively low melting points — most
commonly, lead-base or tin-base alloys,
Seamless Tube See Tube. which are the soft solders. Hard solders are
alloys that have silver, copper or nickel
Season Cracking Spontaneous failure of some bases. Use of these alloys with melting points
metals by cracking under the combined higher than 800 F, 427 C is properly called
action of corrosion and residual stresses. Brazing”.
Season cracking can be prevented by relief
annealing which removes entirely or reduces Specific Lengths See Lengths.
to a safe limit the residual stresses without
affecting the temper and physical properties Specific Lengths with Ends See Lengths.
of the material. See also Corrosion, Stress
Corrosion. Spelter Mill term for cast zinc. Spelter usually is
produced in the form of flat slabs for
Shafting See Rod. remelting.
Shape A solid section other than rectangular, Spill A defect which originates during casting and
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(5) Red Stain — Pink or reddish surface (6) Rotating Head Straightening — The
discoloration usually resulting from process of straightening rod initially
volatilization of zinc during annealing or produced in a coil, and which comprises
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the rotation of a series -of shaped dies Stress Corrosion See Corrosion.
pressed against the rod so as to
repeatedly flex the rod in all planes Strip A flat product, other than Flat Wire, up to
through the axis as it is moved forward and including .188 in. in thickness and
through the machine by means of feed generally furnished as follows:
rolls. This type of straightening machine
usually has an automatic cut-to-length (1) With slit, sheared or slit and edge rolled
device. edges in widths up to 20 in. inclusive. See
TERMINOLOGY Section, page 1, table 1;
Straightening and Flattening Any process and TOLERANCE Section, pages
applied to flat rolled products to eliminate any 1,2,3,4,5 and 11.
general or local curvature, either with respect
to flatness or edgewise curvature. (2) With finished drawn or rolled edges in
widths over 11/4 in. to 12 in. incl. See
(1) Roll Flattening—The process of flattening TERMINOLOGY Section, page 1, table 1;
a product by a machine with a number of and TOLERANCE Section, pages 6, 7, 8,
small diameter cylindrical rolls so 9 and 10.
positioned as to repeatedly flex the
product and thus remove certain T
irregularities in shape. Roll flattening Temper The condition produced in a metal by
practically eliminates longitudinal curl, mechanical or thermal treatment and having
burr and dish. It reduces edgewise characteristic structure and mechanical
curvature of narrow strip. This operation properties.
reduces buckles, but is relatively
ineffective in eliminating wavy edges, (1) Annealed Tem pers — Tempers produced
ripples and twist. Roll flattening is by annealing and usually defined by a
ordinarily applied to a Flat Rolled Product nominal grain size or grain size range.
within the approximate size range .010 to The most commonly specified nominal
in. thick and in widths to about 48 in., and annealed tempers are as follows:
is particularly effective on annealed .015 mm. .050 mm.
tempers, but is progressively less .025 mm. .070 mm.
effective with increase in degree of rolled .035 mm. .100 mm.
temper. Certain alloys not composed entirely of
alpha grains do not lend themselves to
(2) Stretcher Straightening, (Patent Levelling) classification under the above listed
Applicable to flat straight lengths — A tempers. The terms “Light Anneal” and
process which simultaneously flattens and “Soft Anneal” are also commonly used.
straightens a product by longitudinally Their mechanical properties are defined
stretching it beyond its elastic limit. This by applicable specifications.
process practically removes buckles,
ripples, wavy edges, twist and edgewise
(2) Rolled or Drawn Tempers — (a) For flat
curvature, is partially effective in removing
products (except bar) and wire, these
longitudinal curl but is ineffective in
tempers are designated by the following
removal of crown, dish and burr. It is terms and defined in applicable
commonly applied to flat rolled products
specifications:
within the approximate size range of 3 to
48 in. wide and .012 to .050 in. thick. It is Hard Extra Hard
particularly effective on all annealed Eighth Hard Spring
tempers and on rolled tempers up to half Quarter Hard Rivet (applicable to
hard. wire only)
Half Hard
Stretcher Straightening See Straightening and Three Quarter Hard Screw (applicable to
Flattening. wire only)
Stresses (b) For rolled and drawn bar and rod, the
(1) Applied Stress — Stresses that are set temper designations commonly used are
up and exist in a body during application Quarter Hard, Half Hard, Hard, and less
of an external load. frequently Extra Hard, and are defined in
applicable specifications.
(2) Residual Stress — Stresses that remain
within a body as the result of plastic (c) For tube, the temper designations
deformation, casting or rapid temperature commonly used are Light Drawn, Drawn
change. (General Purpose) and Hard Drawn and
are defined in applicable specifications.
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(4) Cup — A test to indicate the ductility of T.O.E. (Total Other Elements) Elements other
sheet or strip wherein a cup is drawn than those listed.
from the metal until it fractures. Several
modifications of the original Erichsen Tolerance The amount by which any
method are now in use. See ASTM A characteristic, such as dimensional, chemical,
344. physical or mechanical properties, may vary
from that specified.
(5) Endurance — A test to determine the
endurance limit of a metal’s resistance to Torsion Test See Tests.
fatigue by subjecting a specimen to
repeated alternating or pulsating Tough Pitch Copper (Copper Nos. 110, 111,
stresses. 113, 114, 115, 116, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130
and 141) See Copper.
(6) Expansion (Pin) — A test used to
determine the capacity of the tube for Transcrystalline A term usually applied to a type
expansion and to reveal surface defects of crack that passes through the grains as
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opposed to one that follows the grain of which has been ornamented by means of
boundaries. rolling with a design in relief, regularly
repeated in a longitudinal direction.
Transcrystalline Cracking Fracture of metal (12) Finned Tube — Tube having a series of
metallic ribs on the outside or inside surface
through the grain or crystals as distinguished either parallel to the longitudinal axis or
from intercrystalline cracking. circumferentially extended from the tube to
increase the effective surface area for heat
Trim Bronze (Copper Alloy Nos. 220 and 230) transfer applications. The fins may be
See Copper Alloy. mechanically applied, drawn or integrally
extruded from the tube wall.
Tube A hollow product of round or any other (13) Fluted Tube—Tube of nominally uniform
cross-section, having a continuous periphery. wall thickness, having regular longitudinal
concave corrugations with sharp cusps
(1) Automotive and Genera! Service Tube between corrugations. See Figure 23.
Seamless copper tube of small diameter
conforming to the standard series of sizes
commercially known as Automotive and
General Service Tube as shown in
TOLERANCE Section, page
40. It is furnished in soft temper and
intended for use in gas and oil lines of
automobiles and machines, and for field Figure 23
repairs and alterations.
(2) Bimetal Tube (Duplex) — A finished tube (14) Fluted Outside and Plain inside Tube —
consisting of two different metal tubes Tube having fluted outside periphery and
mechanically bonded together by drawing plain inside periphery.
one inside the other. (15) Heat Exchanger Tube — Tube
(3) Bourdon Gage Tube — Seamless tube of manufactured to special requirements as to
uniform wall thickness and special (usually dimensional tolerances, finish and temper for
oval) cross-section, produced to special use in condensers and other heat
dimensional tolerances and special temper exchangers. See TOLERANCE Section,
for use as a pressure actuated measuring pages 31 and 32.
device, as in a Bourdon gage. (16) Lip Tube-—Tube of generally circular cross-
(4) Brazed Tube — Tube made from sheet or section with nominally uniform wall
strip by forming and brazing. thickness having one hollow or solid
(5) Butt Seam Tube — See Open Seam Tube. protuberance or lip parallel with the
(6) Capillary Tube — Tube of small inside longitudinal axis, intended for use in heat
diameter with highest quality of inside exchangers, particularly in the dairy
surface and to close diameter tolerances. It industry. See Figure 24.
is subject to special tests to insure precision
and uniformity of bore and is specially
cleaned and packed.
(7) Condenser Tube — See Heat Exchanger
Tube.
(8) Copper Drainage Tube (D WV) — Seamless
copper tube conforming to the particular Figure 24
dimensions commercially known as Copper
Drainage Tube (DWV) as shown in (17) Lock Seam Tube — Tube made from sheet
TOLERANCE Section, page 34. It is or strip, with a longitudinal, mechanically
intended for above ground use only, for soil, locked seam.
waste, vent and other nonnressure (18) Oil Burner Tube — Small diameter
applications. seamless copper tube of soft temper in
(9) Copper Service Tube — Bendable copper coils intended for use in oil burner
water tube for installations. See also Automotive and
underground water services. See Copper General Service Tube.
Water Tube.
(10) Copper Water Tube — Seamless copper
tube conforming to the particular dimensions
commercially known as Copper Water Tube
and designated as Types “K”, “L”, and “M” as
shown in TOLERANCE Section, page 33.
(11) Embossed Tube—Tube, the outside surface
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(19) Open Seam Tube A shape, other than (26) Rope-Fluted Tube — Tube of nominally
extruded shape, of generally tubular form of uniform wall thickness, both fluted and
nominally uniform wall thickness but having roped. See Figure 28.
a longitudinal unjoined seam or gap of width
not greater than 25% of the outside diameter
or greatest overall dimension. See Figure
25.
Figure 28
(27) Rope-Reeded Tube — Tube of
nominally uniform wall thickness, both
reeded and roped. See Figure 29.
Figure 25
(2) Diameter — Average inside — For all See TOLERANCE Section, page 24, table 2.
practical purposes the Average ID is the
average, at only one cross-section, of the
maximum and minimum measured
diameters usually found at or very close to
90° to each other. The individual diameter
measurements are most commonly made
with a micrometer caliper. Alternately and
more conveniently the Average ID may be
obtained for all practical purposes by
subtracting twice the Average Wall
Thickness from the Average OD. If the tube
were perfectly round, the maximum, Average OD = Max. OD + Min. OD
minimum and average diameters would, of 2
Departure of Actual Average OD
course, all be the same. See Figure 33.
from that specified = Average OD – Spec. OD
The great majority of commercial tubes are
(If average OD is greater than Spec. OD)
specified with respect to OD and Wall with
no direct indication of required ID or or, alternately = Spec. OD – Average OD
tolerance therefor. However, when the ID is (If Average OD is less than Spec. OD)
specified, the ID tolerance will be as shown
in TOLERANCE Section, page 24, table 2.
(4) Diameter At Any Point — inside — Inside
Diameter may be measured at any point around
the periphery. Such individual measurements
may depart from the nominal due either to the
tube being larger than nominal, smaller than
nominal, out-of-round or a possible combination
of these.
To determine the exact degree of departure
of the Diameter At Any Point from the nominal
diameter, the most practical method of
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measurement is with a micrometer caliper. For a “no-go” snap gage, but not a ring gage,
inspection purposes where it is desired only to may be used. The variation of the Outside
determine whether or not the stated tolerance is Diameter At Any Point from its nominal may
exceeded, limit gages are more practical. From be the result of two entirely independent
the standpoint of practical use, it is frequently factors namely, the variation of the Average
important to specify and to check the ID at the OD from its nominal and the departure from
minimum point where, for instance, some other Roundness. However, the total variation
member must enter the tube. For this purpose a found in good commercial practice seldom
round “go” plug gage is generally used. On the approaches the maximum theoretically
other hand there is almost never any real need possible from these combined factors. See
for specifying or checking the Inside Diameter at Figure 36.
the maximum point, but if this should be required, Inasmuch as tube users seldom specify a
a “no-go” plug gage of round-edged rectangular tolerance on OD At Any Point, no schedule is
cross-section may be used. established.
The variation of the ID At Any Point from its
nominal is the result of two entirely independent
factors: namely, the variation of the Average
Inside Diameter from its nominal and the
departure from Roundness. However, the total
variation found in good commercial practice
seldom approaches the maximum theoretically
possible from these combined factors. See
Figure 35.
Departure of Actual OD at any Point
Inasmuch as tube users seldom specify a
from that specified = Max. OD – Spec. OD
tolerance on ID At Any Point, no schedule is
or, alternately = Spec. OD – Min. OD
established.
hard drawn and drawn general purpose tube tube, and practically speaking, independent of
only. the Wall Thickness itself; i.e., the Average Wall
Thickness tolerance should be the same fora
(7) Wall Thickness — At Any Point — Wall tube lin. x. 100 in. as for a tube 1 in. x. 020 in.,
Thickness may be meas ured at any point whereas the Average Wall Thickness tolerance
around the periphery. Such individual for any 2 in. diameter tube must be greater than
measurements may depart from the nominal for any 1 in. tube.
due to the wall being either thicker than In as much as tube users seldom specify a
nominal or thinner than nominal, or to the tolerance on Average Wall, no schedule is
tube being eccentric, or a possible established.
combination of these.
Figure 38 – Exaggerated for Illustration Twist A winding departure from flatness. See
Figure 40.
Departure of Actual Wall at any Point
from that specified = Max. Wall – Spec. Wall
or, alternately = Spec. Wall – Min. Wall