2 concrete cover
The concrete cover of the reinforcement has according to [1], section 6.3 (1) to fulfill three
main tasks (Fig. 1 and 2):
- Ensuring the durability of the reinforcement by a sufficiently thick and dense concrete
layer, the advance of corrosive substances to the reinforcement in the course of the
underlying life with sufficient reliability prevented
- Ensuring the transmission of forces between the reinforcement and surrounding concrete
on all sides composite.
- Ensuring a fire resistance by delaying the temperature increase of the covered steel
reinforcement due to a fire load of the concrete surface .
The required in [1 ] thickness of the minimum concrete cover c min for durability refers to a
tightness of the outer concrete layer laid down in DIN 1045-2 and DIN EN 206-1 with a
maximum permissible water-cement ratio and minimum cement contents for the
authoritative exposure class will . Therefore, part of the minimum concrete cover is always
a minimum resist.
Strength class of normal concrete is the concrete in accordance with dense (at least two
strength grades available higher than required for the relevant exposure class with respect
to the reinforcement corrosion), the minimum concrete cover shall be reduced by 5 mm
Spacers and Supports in accordance with DIN 1045 and DBV data sheets
(except for XC1 ) .
Composite
Corrosion
Floor System
Precast
Picture 1 Minimum concrete cover and Allowance
Only in case of
Multilayer
Clip
Spacers
Dimensions
Clip / Transverse reinforcement
Longitudinal reinforcement
Clip
Distance of the heavy line from the outside edge of the inner
longitudinal reinforcement to concrete outside edge parallel
Compute value of the concrete cover of the longitudinal
reinforcement of the reinforcement construction
Picture 2 Illustrate the installation dimensions of the reinforcement
Spacers and Supports in accordance with DIN 1045 and DBV data sheets
The principal goal of the standard is the existence of the minimum concrete cover on the finished
construction part. The minimum concrete cover c min according to DIN 1045-1, Section 6.3 and
Table 4, the minimum distance to be maintained with sufficient reliability between the concrete
surface and the reinforcing bars, the tendons in the immediate bond and the cladding of tendons
with subsequent bond. Like all technical parameters, the concrete cover is a statistical factor, which
is subject to variations. To ensure the reliability of the final result, there are various possibilities. As
an application rule is to increase the minimum level c min in the planning and execution
An Allowance ∆c to a nominal value of concrete cover c nom in DIN 1045-1, ex-Section 6.3 (8) to
understand.
The Allowance of the concrete cover ∆c according to DIN 1045-1 , Section 6.3 ( 8) and Table 4, is
the inevitable deviations from bending and placing of reinforcement , type and installation of
spacers , making the formwork and placement and compaction of loading tons cover .
In DIN 1045-1 the required reliability of the effects of any local shortfalls in the concrete cover is
differentiated with respect . Is the durability determines the minimum required concrete cover is for
the less critical ambient conditions - dry or permanently wet (exposure class XC1 ) - an Allowance
of 10 mm, all other critical exposure classes XC, XD and XS , however, an increased Allowance of
15 demanded mm (Fig. 1a) ) . This increased level may according to [1 ] , section 6.3 (9 ) , be
reduced by 5 mm when consistent quality assurance measures in planning and execution are
taken. This is justified if the scattering of the concrete cover be reduced in construction. The DBV
data sheets " concrete cover and reinforcement " [2 ] , "spacers" [3 ] and " support " [6 ] contain
appropriate quality assurance measures in the design , in the bending operation , during installation
of the reinforcement and concreting as well as requirements on the stability and sustainability the
distance border elements themselves ( certificate requirements ) as well as recommendations for
Maximal. The additional measures will have to be given to the reinforcement plans and monitored
in practice.
If the join condition in the sense of [1], section 6.3 ( 4) , for the concrete cover is custom- bend ,
according to [4 ] is an Allowance of ∆c = 10 mm is sufficient (Fig. 1 b)). In the area of Internal
construction joints at floor system finished parts may on the whole Allowance be omitted (see
Figure 1 c)). In this case, however, the over the precast joints across run -de reinforcement for
exposure classes> XC1 must also be adequately protected against corrosion be (c min + ∆c ) .
A further reduction of the allowance value of regulated in DIN 1045-1 possibilities, it is conceivable,
for example, for additional that reduce the scatter in the construction execution stronger or removed
before concreting. This is then deviated from the standardized application rules. One way of
proving that it still meets the requirements of DIN 1045-1 with reasonable reliability, is to measure
the concrete cover on the finished component (see also [4]). Notes on the procedure for the
measurement and statistical analysis of the measured results are in DBV “Concrete cover and
reinforcement “[2].
A compilation of the concrete cover dimensions for reinforced concrete elements with conventional
rod diameters and concrete strength in accordance with the durability and composite requirements
and practical construction of a 5 mm - rounding the nominal dimensions, the table 1.
However, the ultimate measure of the structural design (static height of) and the site (appointment
of the spacer) is the laying of the reinforcement CV. This results from the reinforcement structure
(layers and diameter of the reinforcement) and the measurements of the spacers and supports
(Fig. 2) according to DIN 1045-1.
Section 4.2.1 (3) to right on the reinforcement plans specifying the installation dimension ( for
ordering ) and the allowance value ( for monitoring) required. C min on the indication of the minimum
dimension should be avoided to avoid confusion (Pic. 3).
In general, the outermost layer of reinforcement is supported and is the laying of the reinforcement
Spacers and Supports in accordance with DIN 1045 and DBV data sheets
refers to this . With the support of other documents (e.g. the longitudinal reinforcement instead of
the bracket) this shall be recorded separately.
Particular attention should be paid to multi-level shocks in welded steel mesh, which require be-
cause of the increased position Dimensions matching support heights.
Table 1: Concrete cover for reinforced concrete elements with minimum strength class
1 2 3 4 5 6
6 – 10 10 20
12 12
14
25
14
1 XC1 C16/20 16 16 10
30
20 20
25 25 35
28 28 40
6 – 20 20 15
XC2 C16/20 35
2 XC3 25 25 10
C20/25
28 28 10 40
6 – 25 25 15
3 XC4 C25/30
28 28 10
40
a)
XD1, XS1 C30/37
a)
4 XD2, XS2 C35/45 6 – 28 40 15 55
a)
XD3, XS3 C35/45
The following example (see Picture 3) to illustrate the correlations . The exposure class XC1 at the
top of the exposure class XC3 and the minimum concrete strength class according to Table 3 in [ 1]
are adopted at the component base. First, the necessary nominal dimensions for the individual
reinforcement layers determined (see also Table 1) :
The spacers are provided in 5 mm steps, is therefore is the laying of the lower first layer C V = 25
mm> 22 mm. The actual concrete cover then found to be:
If the upper reinforcement , as shown in Figure 3, on a pre- support due to safety considerations ,
which is on the first lower reinforcement layer , a support level h U is a maximum possible of :
Location 1 Above:
Location 2 Above:
Location 1 Below:
Location 2 Below:
Picture 3 Example of determining the laying degree of reinforcement and the concrete cover
It can be seen that distinguish the calculated concrete cover due to the practical embodiment
opportunities based on the installation dimensions of the nominal dimensions of the concrete
cover. Therefore, these calculated dimensions of the structural design for the static payload
height shall be used.
To ensure the concrete cover thickness and tightness with respect to the spacers have the time of
installation
- A sufficient capacity and tipping stability - depending on load and Temperature demands
monitoring - have,
- Be - if necessary - safe enough can be attached to the reinforcing bar ,
- Have a very low spring back effect, so after stripping the concrete near the surface layer is not
broken off ,
- Be so designed that they can only be used for a cv laying measure ,
- Be designed so that the concrete of the spacer is not completely enclosed and as a result the
built-in spacer separates,
- Be sufficiently resistant to the alkalinity of the concrete,
- May be made of a material that does not promote the corrosion of the reinforcement and as well -
as the fresh and the hardening the hardened concrete not damaged.
Particular requirements for the spacer material in terms of fire protection are unnecessary. In case
of fire, for example, melting a plastic spacers. The spacer but due to their size no appreciable
influence on the resistance to fire of the component [12 ] .
The spacers are divided into the capacity classes of L1 and L2:
L1: No increased demands on capacity and tilt stability. Use, for example in cases where the
reinforcement is not claimed by committing (e.g. production of finished parts) .
L2: Increased demands on the carrying capacity and rollover stability . Use as standard spacers in
situ concrete (e.g. stressed by committing reinforcement, with ex- spacers, are being used while
clamping the formwork; against external loads that are temporarily stored on the installed
reinforcement).
If there are further requirements beyond this , the suitability of the spacers is demonstrated in
individual cases ( e.g. architectural concrete requirements ) . The performance classes and the
suitability of the spacer for the special requirements [3] proved by the manufacturer in accordance
with Annex A of the data sheet. The corresponding certificates (e.g. issued by material testing )
shall be displayed on demand from the manufacturers.
The length limitation of linear spacers interrupt the concrete cover significantly, it is important to
prevent a continuous weakening of the concrete cover in a cross section transverse to the principal
tensile direction (risk of crack formation in the tension zone). This applies typically also
perpendicular to the main direction of compressive stress (compression zone), if the compatibility
of the compressive strength of the concrete and of the spacer is demon-started separately. The
spacers are installed correspondingly offset.
According to the requirements spacers in this product data sheet are denoted by :
DBV – c – L / F / T / A / D
Wheel Shape
Point Shape,
unattached
Point Shape,
attached
Line Shape,
unattached 1)
Line Shape,
attached 1)
Flat Shape,
unattached
Flat Shape,
attached
1)
With length limit (350 mm or ≤ 2 h or b ≤ 0.25 with h - thickness of concrete, b - component width).
Pressure
Procession
Example: Top view ceiling with staggered linear
spacers under the main long-reinforcement
Table 2: Recommendations for the choice of the spacer for exposure classes according to DIN 1045-1 [1]
4 Summaries
The planners, contractors and company are jointly responsible for achieving safe and durable
concrete structures. To ensure adequate concrete cover and static use heights appropriate
tolerances are observed. In the selection and installation of suitable spacers and supports for
reinforcement, DBV leaflets “concrete cover and reinforcement ", " spacer " and give " support "
Notes and define requirements. Compliance with these requirements is cited in DIN 1045 as a
potential quality assurance measure or criterion for suitability. Alternative, for reinforcement
installation by the building contractors are possible, crucial to achieve the required properties of the
finished component.
5 References
[1] DIN 1045-1: structures made of concrete , reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete
structures - Part 1 : Design and Construction :2008- 08th
[2] DBV : concrete cover and reinforcement , as amended July 2002. [3] DBV: spacers, version July
2002.
[4] Notes to DIN 1045-1, German Committee for Reinforced Concrete , Issue 525, Beuth- Verlag,
Berlin , 2003 and Corrigendum 1 to DafStb Book 525 : Issue 2005-05 .
[5] DIN 1045-3 : structures made of concrete , reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete
structures - Part 3: 2008
[6] DBV : supports , version July 2002.
[7] Notes to the standards DIN EN 206-1 , DIN 1045-2 , DIN 1045-3 , DIN 1045-4 and
DIN 4226 , German Committee for Reinforced Concrete , Issue 526 , Beuth- Verlag, Berlin , 2003.
[8] DafStb Directive: water impermeable concrete structures , Issue 2003-11 .
[9] DBV: Water- structure of concrete, dated June 1996.
[10] Brameshuber ; Schmidt; Schröder ; Fingerloos : Measurement of concrete cover - evaluation
and acceptance . Concrete and reinforced concrete structures 99 (2004), Issue 3, pages 169 to
175
[12] Kordina ; Meyer- Ottens : Concrete Fire Protection Handbook . Bau + Technik , 2 1999 edition.
[13] DIN 4102-4 : Fire behavior of building materials and components ; compilation and An -
application of classified building materials , components and special components , Issue :1994 -03 ,
and DIN 4102-4/A1 : Amendment A1 :2004- 11th
[14] DIN 4102-22 : Fire behavior of building materials and components - Part 22: Application
standard for DIN 4102-4 based on the design of partial safety factors :2004- 11th