Data Analysis and Family Centeredness

CHAPTER 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the tables with corresponding analysis and interpretations based on
the statistical treatment used. The data were analyzed and interpreted so that the conclusion and
recommendation can be derived from the study.
1. Profile of the Respondents
Factors under profile of the respondents were classified as to age, gender, educational
attainment, occupation, birth order and place of residence.
Table 1
Age of the Respondents
AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

18-27 33 55 %
28-37 23 38 %
38-47 4 7%
TOTAL 60 100%
As to the age of the respondents, 55% are within the age bracket18-27, the majority of the
respondents, 38% are within the age bracket 28-37 and 7 % are within the age bracket 38-47.
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Table 2
Gender of the Respondents
GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Female 31 52 %
Male 29 48 %
TOTAL 60 100 %
As to the gender, majority of the respondents are female with 52% while the male has
48 %.
Table 3
Educational Attainment of the Respondents
EDUCATIONAL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

ATTAINMENT
College Graduate 38 63 %
High School Graduate 15 25 %
College Undergraduate 4 7%
Elementary Graduate 2 3%
TESDA Graduate 1 2%
TOTAL 60 100 %
With regards to the educational attainment, majority of the respondents are college
graduate with 63%, followed by high school graduate with 25%. Meanwhile, college
undergraduate, elementary graduate and TESDA graduate received 7%, 3%, and 2% respectively
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Table 4
Occupation of the Respondents
OCCUPATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Business Owner 13 23 %
Saleslady/Salesman 10 17 %
Call Center Agent 6 10 %
Electronic Technician 6 10 %
Teacher 6 10%
Computer Analyst/ Researcher 5 8%
Fast-food Manager 3 5%
Engineer 2 3%
Site Officer 2 3%
HR Manager 1 2%
Microbiologist 1 2%
Nurse 1 2%
Account Manager 1 2%
Seaman 1 2%
Agrarian 1 2%
Clinic Assistant 1 2%
TOTAL 60 100 %
With regards to the occupation many are Business owner with 23%. 17 % are
Saleslady/Salesman,10% are electronic technician, another 10% are Call Center Agent, another
10% are Teachers, 8 % are Computer Analyst/ Researcher, 5 % are Fast-food Manager, 3 % are
Engineers and another 3 % are Site Officers, 2 % are HR Manager, Microbiologist, Nurse,
Account Manager, Seaman, Agrarian and Clinic Assistant.

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Table 5
Birth Order of the Respondents
BIRTH ORDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

First Born 35 58 %
Second Born 13 22 %
Middle Born 12 20 %
TOTAL 60 100 %
As to the birth order 58% (majority) are first born, 22 % are second born and the least,
20% are middle born.
Table 6
Place of Residence of the Respondents
PLACE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Rural 32 53 %
Urban 28 47 %
TOTAL 60 100
As to the place of residence 53% (majority) are in the Rural and 47 % are in
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2. Levels of Family Centeredness
Table 7
Perception of the Respondents on Family centeredness as to Affection
INDICATORS MEAN SD INTERPRETATION
1. I am satisfied in the way my family and I 3.33 0.66 Very High

recognize every efforts that we are doing to
one another.
2. I am satisfied in the way my family and I 3.43 0.65 Very High
think of one another’s happiness.
3. I am satisfied with the way my family talks 3.15 0.78 High
on things with me and shares problems with
me.
4. I am satisfied with the way my family and 3.48 0.65 Very High
I appreciate and value each other.
5. I am satisfied that my family can ask me 3.47 0.68 Very High
for help when something is bothering them.
6. I always say “I love you” to my parents 2.42 0.94 Low
and to my siblings to express gratitude.
7. I am satisfied with the way I express 3.20 0.71 High
affection and responds to emotions of my
family such as anger, sorrow and love.
8. I care to understand my family member’s 3.43 0.62 Very High
viewpoint.
9. I forgive easily when one member of 3.32 0.65 Very High
family commits a mistake.
10. I am satisfied with the way I share time to 3.42 0.77 Very High
my family.
OVER-ALL MEAN 3.27 0.77 Very High
Legend: 3.26 – 4.00 Very High
2.51 – 3.25 High
1.76 – 2.50 Low
1.00 – 1.75 Very Low
Table 7 shows the level of the family centeredness of the respondents’ as to the affection.
In indicator 1, the respondents are interpreted as Very Highly family centered in terms of being
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satisfied in the way he/she and the family recognizes each other’s efforts. The breadwinners
acquired a mean of 3.33 and a standard deviation of 0.66.
Indicator 2, breadwinners got a mean of 3.43 and 0.65 as the standard deviation. Very
high was the interpretation of the indicator 2 because respondents have a satisfaction with a way
their family think of one another’s happiness.
The mean and standard deviation of the breadwinners in indicator 3 were 3.15 and 0.78.
Interpreted as breadwinners were highly family centered because respondents were satisfied
with the way their family talks on things and shares problems with each other.
In indicator 4, the respondents were interpreted as a very highly family centered in terms
of being satisfied with the way he/she and their family appreciate and value each other. The
breadwinners acquired a mean and standard deviation of 3.48 and 0.65.
The breadwinners in indicator 5 got a mean of 3.47 and standard deviation of 0.68. In this
indicator, the respondents were interpreted as a very highly family centered in terms being
satisfied that their family can ask them for help when something is bothering them.
Respondents in indicator 6 got a low interpretation of being family centered in terms of
saying “I love you” to their family. The breadwinners have a mean and a standard deviation of
3.42 and 0.94.
In indicator 7, an interpretation of highly family centered was interpreted in respondents
in terms of being satisfied with the way they express affection and responds to emotions of their
family such as anger, sorrow and love. The mean and standard deviation of the breadwinners
were 3.20 and 0.71.

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Very highly family centered was the interpretation of respondents in indicator 8. It
interprets that breadwinners care to understand their family member’s viewpoint. The mean and
standard deviation of the respondents got a 3.43 and 0.62.
In forgiving easily when one member of family commits a mistake as an indicator 9, the
breadwinners got a mean of 3.32 and standard deviation of 0.65. The respondents were
interpreted to be very highly family centered.
In indicator 10, respondents were satisfied with the way they share time to their family.
The respondents got a mean of 3.42 and standard deviation of 0.77. The breadwinners were
interpreted to be very highly family centered.
The over-all mean of the family centeredness as to affection was 3.27 and a standard
deviation of 0.77. Very highly family centered was the interpretation of the respondents as to
affection. It means that the breadwinners are affectionate when it comes to their family. They
value the love, time and every emotion that occurs in the family.
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Table 8
Perception of the Respondents on Family centeredness as to Moral Support
1. I support my family in very decisions they 3.45 0.67 Very High

make.
2. I tell my family that I will always be there 3.30 0.72 Very High
whenever they need me.
3. I offer practical help to comfort my family. 3.57 0.53 Very High
4. I still value my family’s importance after 3.67 0.54 Very High
their failures.
5. I give moral support by going somewhere 3.35 0.73 Very High
with my family. (e.g. check ups, contests)
6. I help my family to realize that they are a 3.38 0.72 Very High
strong individual.
7. I am satisfied in the way I cheer up my 3.32 0.70 Very High
family when they feel like giving up.
8. I help to enhance the confidence and self 3.37 0.69 Very High
esteem of a family member who thinks that
he/she cannot do something good.
9. I give encouragement to my family. 3.52 0.57 Very High
10. I allow my family to do their passions 3.62 0.61 Very High
and interests in life. (e.g. singing, dancing,
arts)
Table 8 shows the level of family centeredness of the respondents as to moral
support. In indicator 1, an interpretation of very high family centeredness was given by the
results. It means that respondents support his/her family in every decision they make. The mean
of the breadwinners were 3.45 and a standard deviation of 0.67
In indicator 2, breadwinners got an interpretation of very high family centeredness
in terms of telling their family that they were always there if ever their family needs them. The
breadwinners got a mean of 3.30 and a standard deviation of 0.72.

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In offering practical help in order to comfort a family member in indicator 3,
breadwinners got an interpretation of very high family centeredness. The breadwinners got a
mean of 3.57 and standard deviation of 0.53.
In indicator 4, respondents obtained an interpretation of very high family centeredness in
terms of still valuing family’s importance after their failure. The breadwinners got a mean and
standard deviation of 3.67 and 0.54.
Respondents maintained a very high family centeredness as a result in indicator 5. The
respondents got a 3.35 as a mean and 0.73 as the standard deviation. It means that breadwinners
give moral support by going somewhere with their family. (E.g. check ups, contests).
In indicator 6, breadwinners got a mean and standard deviation of 3.38 and 0.72. Still,
respondents maintained a very high family centeredness as an interpretation because they help
their family to realize that they are a strong individual.
In cheering up their family members as an indicator 8, respondents obtained an
interpretation of very high family centeredness. The breadwinners got a mean and standard
deviation of 3.37 and 0.69.
In indicator 9, breadwinners got an interpretation of very high family centeredness. It has
the mean of 3.52 and a standard deviation of 0.57. It means that the breadwinners give
encouragement to their family.
In indicator 10, the respondents got the interpretation of a very highly family
centeredness with a mean of 3.62 and standard deviation of 0.61. It means that a breadwinner
allows their family to do their passions in life (e.g. singing, dancing, and arts).
The over-all mean and standard deviation in family centeredness as to moral support of
the breadwinners were 3.45 and 0.66. It has the interpretation of very high family centeredness.
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It means that the breadwinners care to give the highest level of moral support to their
family. It also indicates that respondents’ shows so much support to the family’s need that boosts
their intimate relationship to one another.
Table 9
Test of relationship between Profile and Family centeredness as to Financial Support
1. I have a financial plan that will serve the 3.67 0.57 Very High
needs of my family.
2. I pay all the bills of my family on time 3.08 0.67 High
every month.
3. I get some loans to support the needs of 2.65 0.97 High
my family.
4. I am satisfied in the way I financially 3.32 0.70 Very High
provide my family.
5. I save excess money to contribute for the 3.37 0.74 Very High
future savings of the family.
6. I have plans of preparing bank accounts for 3.00 1.01 High
each member of the family.
7. I am willing to give the last amount of 3.53 0.62 Very High
money I have to my family.
8. I spend more money for my family than to 3.37 0.74 Very High
myself.
9. I ensure that my money is enough to 3.40 0.85 Very High
secure my family until the next pay day.
10. I prefer to wait until I can afford to buy 3.42 0.67 Very High
my family’s wants in life.
Table 9 shows the levels family centeredness as to financial support. In indicator 1,
respondents got an interpretation of very high family centeredness in terms of having financial
plan that will serve the needs of the family. Breadwinners obtained a mean and standard
deviation of 3.67 and 0.57.

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Very high family centeredness was the interpretation in indicator 4; it states that
breadwinners were satisfied with the way they financially provide to their family. The mean was
3.32 and the standard deviation was 0.70
Indicator 5 states that breadwinners save excess money to contribute for the future savings
of the family; it interpreted that the respondents were very highly family centered. The mean and
standard deviation was 3.37and 0. 74.
In indicator 7, the respondents got a mean of 3.53 and a standard deviation of 0.62. It was
interpreted that breadwinners were very highly family centered because they are willing to give
the last amount of money they have to their family.
The mean and standard deviation of the breadwinners in indicator 8 were 3.37 and 0.74.
Interpreted as breadwinners were very highly family centered because they spend more money
for family than to their self.
Very high family centeredness was the interpretation in indicator 9. The breadwinners
were ensuring that their money is enough to secure their family until the next pay day. It got a
mean of 3.40 and a standard deviation of 0.85.
Indicator 10, states that breadwinners got a mean of 3.42 and 0.67 as the standard
deviation. Very high family centeredness was the interpretation of the indicator 10 because
respondents wait until they can afford to buy their family’s wants in life.
The over-all mean of the family centeredness as to financial support was 3.28 and a
standard deviation of 0.81. Very high family centeredness was the interpretation of the
respondents as to financial support.

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3. Levels of Self expansion
Table 10
Perception of the Respondents on Self expansion as to Self image
INDICACTORS MEAN SD INTERPRETATION
1. I know that I am capable of doing 3.35 0.73 Very High

unexpected things.
2. I know I am able to take reasonable risk, 2.75 0.68 High
without error.
3. I admit my mistakes openly. 3.47 0.57 Very High
4. I know I can face failures and conquer 3.48 0.60 Very High
them with all might and power I have.
5. I know that I am not a worthless person. 3.47 0.77 Very High
6. I know that I can meet the demands of this 3.35 0.78 Very High
life.
7. I accept myself just the way I am. 3.78 0.42 Very High
8. I know that I am uniquely created by God. 3.87 0.39 Very High
9. I accept criticisms without feeling down. 3.17 0.74 High
10. I see myself as a good person. 3.52 0.60 Very High
Table 10 shows the perceived level of the respondents in self expansion as to self-image.
Indicator 1 got a mean and a standard deviation of 3.35 and 0.73. It was interpreted that
breadwinners have very high capability to self expand because they know that they were capable
of doing unexpected things.
The mean and the standard deviation in indicator 3 was 3.47 and 0.57. The breadwinners
have admitted their mistakes openly. It means that respondents have very high self expansion.
In indicator 4, breadwinners know that they can face failures and conquer them with all
might and power they have. It got a mean of 3.48 and a standard deviation of 0.60. This means
that breadwinners interpreted to have a very high self expansion.

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The respondents were interpreted to have a very high self expansion in indicator 5. This
obtained a mean of 3.47 and a standard deviation of 0.77; breadwinners know that they are not a
worthless person.
Indicator 6 interpreted that breadwinners have very high self expansion in terms of
knowing that they can meet the demands of this life. The result got a mean of 3.35 and a standard
deviation of 0. 78.
The mean and the standard deviation in indicator 7 was 3.78 and 0.42. The breadwinners
accept their self just the way they are. It means that respondents maintained a very high self
expansion.
The respondents were interpreted to have a very high self expansion in indicator 8. This
obtained a mean of 3.87 and a standard deviation of 0.39; breadwinners know that they are
uniquely created by God.
The mean and the standard deviation in indicator 10 was 3.52 and 0.60. Breadwinners see
their self as a good person. It means that respondents interpreted to be very highly self expanded.
The overall mean and standard deviation was 3.42 and 0. 70. This interpreted that
respondent’s levels of self expansion as to self image were very high.

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Table 11
Perception of the Respondents on Self expansion as to Personal growth
1. I know how to change specific things that I 3.38 0.67 Very High
want to change in my life.
2. I have a good sense of where I am headed 3.33 0.71 Very High
in my life.
3. I handle my own problems. 3.32 0.75 Very High
4. I make decisions on my own. 3.32 0.70 Very High
5. I know what I need to do to reach my 3.48 0.68 Very High
goals.
6. I actively seek opportunities to learn and 3.62 0.56 Very High
develop myself.
7. I have the ability to organize personal 3.53 0.57 Very High
work and priorities.
8. I take charge of my life. 3.38 0.69 Very High
9. I have a plan for making my life more 3.50 0.60 Very High
balanced.
10. I am clear about what’s my purpose in 3.48 0.60 Very High
life.
Table 11 shows the perceived level of the respondents in self expansion as to personal
growth. Indicator 1 interpreted that breadwinners were very highly self-expanded because they
know how to change specific things to change in life. The mean and standard deviation was 3.38
and 0.67.
Indicator 2 has the mean of 3.33 and standard deviation of 0.71. The breadwinners were
interpreted to be very highly self-expanded because they have a good sense of where they in life.
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Breadwinners handle their own problems as stated in indicator 3. The respondents
interpreted to be very highly self-expanded. The mean attained was 3.32 and the standard
deviation was 0.75
The mean and standard deviation was 3.32 and 0.70.The respondents make decisions on
their own as stated in indicator 4. The interpreted result maintained a very high self expansion of
breadwinners.
The interpreted result in indicator 5 was very highly self-expanded because breadwinners
know what they need to do to reach their goals in life. The respondents got a mean and a
standard deviation of 3.48 and 0.68
In indicator 6, the mean was 3.62 and the standard deviation was 0.56. The interpretation
told that breadwinners got a very high self expansion because they actively seek opportunities to
learn and develop their self.
The interpretation in indicator 7 was very high self expansion of respondents. The mean
and standard deviation was 3.53 and 0. 57. This means that breadwinners have the ability to
organize personal work and priorities.
The mean and standard deviation was 3.38 and 0.69.The respondents take charge on their
own life as stated in indicator 8. The interpreted result maintained a very high self expansion of
breadwinners.
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In indicator 9, the mean was 3.50 and the standard deviation was 0.60. The interpretation
told that breadwinners got a very high self expansion because they have a plan of making their
life more balanced.
In making clear what was their purpose in life in indicator 3, respondents got an
interpretation of very high self expansion. The breadwinners got a mean of 3.48 and standard
deviation of 0.60.
The overall mean and standard deviation obtained by the breadwinners were 3.44 and
0.66. This interpreted that respondent’s levels of self expansion as to personal growth were very
high. The study shows that breadwinners have very high sense of defining the path to personal
success.
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Table 12
Perception of the Respondents on Self expansion as to Social Interest
1. I understand how others react to the way I 3.35 0.71 Very High
do things.
2. Most of the people around me consider me 3.08 0.87 High
as a friend.
3. I follow rules and regulations in my 3.33 0.80 Very High
community.
4. I feel the involvement of my friends 3.15 0.88 Very High
whenever I’m in trouble.
5. I am socially active. 3.07 0.90 High
6. I help to solve other people’s problem in 3.28 0.76 Very High
the most possible way I can.
7. Most of the people I know respect me. 3.22 0.87 High
8. I prefer to have a fellowship with like- 3.37 0.82 Very High
minded people.
9. I find time to let people know me even 3.03 0.84 High
better.
10. I am satisfied with the way I develop 3.43 0.65 Very High
relationship to people.
OVER-ALL MEAN 3.23 0.82 High
Table 12 shows the perceived level of the respondents in self expansion as to social
interest. Indicator 1 interpreted that breadwinners were very highly self-expanded because they
understand how others react to the way they do things. The mean and standard deviation was
3.35 and 0.71.
The mean and standard deviation was 3.33 and 0.80. The respondents follow rules and
regulation in society as stated in indicator 8. The interpreted result maintained a very high self
expansion of breadwinners.
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Indicator 4, states that breadwinners got a mean and standard deviation of 3.15 and 0.88.
Very high self expansion was the interpretation because respondents feel the involvement of
their friends whenever they were in trouble.
The breadwinners got a mean of 3.28 and 0.76 standard deviation as a result in indicator 6.
Respondents help to solve other people’s problem in the most possible way they can. This means
that breadwinners maintained a very high level of self expansion.
Respondents prefer to have a fellowship with like-minded people in indicator 8. This
interpreted that breadwinners were very highly self- expanded. The breadwinners acquired a
mean of 3.37 and a standard deviation of 0.82
Indicator 10 has a mean of 3.43and a standard deviation of 0.65. The breadwinners were
satisfied with the way they build relationship to people. This interpreted that respondents have
very high level of self expansion.
The overall mean acquired by the respondents were 3. 23and the standard deviation was
0.82. This interpreted that respondent’s levels of self expansion as to social interest were high.
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4. Test of Relationship between Profile and Family Centeredness as to Affection
Table 13
Test of Correlation between Profile of the breadwinners and Family centeredness as to Affection
Variables Test Value of Test p- value Decisions Interpretation

Statistics Statistics
Age r 0.36 0.00 Reject Ho Significant
Gender r 0.23 0.02 Reject Ho Significant
Educational r 0.16 0.08 Accept Ho Not Significant
Attainment
Occupation r 0.11 0.06 Accept Ho Not Significant
Birth order r 0.26 0.01 Reject Ho Significant
As to relationship of profile of the respondents and family centeredness that are
breadwinners, the results from the statistical analysis were as follows:
With regards to the age of the respondents, the computed r value is 0.36 and the p value is
0.00. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, reject Ho, and therefore the
interpretation is significant. The family is as important in later life as during childhood. It is an
important support group that creates joy and a sense of belonging through shared time together
and expression of love and affection. The quality of family relationships is established in early
years and carries it over into the later years. Age is a big factor, older people with healthy and
positive relationships with their family enjoys life in later years. The people who have strong
family relationships often feel they can turn to family members for assistance when needed
(http://strongermarriage.org/married/family-relationships-in-later-life, 2016)
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As to gender, the computed r value is 0.23 and the p value is 0.02. Since the p value is
less than the level of significance 0.05, reject Ho, and therefore interpretation is significant.
According to (Knapp and Vangelisti 1996) the categories of how people express love and
affection to each other are potentially helpful. These expressions of affection suggest a
framework for understanding how different people view positive moments. Each person
(man/woman) in the relationship can directly influence the level of satisfaction that the other
person experiences. This has profound implications for a relationship. (Keithley 2000).
When it comes to the occupation of the breadwinners, the computed r value is 0.11 and
the p value is 0.06. Since the p value is greater than the level of significance 0.05, accept Ho, and
therefore the interpretation is not significant.
With regards to the birth order of the respondents, the computed r value is 0.26 and the p
value is 0.01. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, reject Ho, therefore the
interpretation is significant. Birth order can shape us in ways we did not realize. It can form our
personalities and behavior. When it forms our personalities and behaviors it can affect the
relationships one may have in their lifetime. When looking at relationships, it may be beneficial
to look at birth order because it can pinpoint how each person’s needs in a relationship can differ.
It is important to consider what factors can impact a relationship. Knowing about a person’s
personality, family history, and birth order position can help strengthen a relationship and
prevent conflict. Birth order may impact the way individuals behave and think in romantic
relationships. Keeping in mind, a person’s birth order may not be a strong factor, it should be
taken into consideration to help develop and maintain a fulfilling relationship (McGuirk &
Pettijohn II, 2008).

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Table 14
Test of Correlation between Profile of the Breadwinners and Family centerednessas to Moral
Support
Variables Test Value of p- value Decisions Interpretation

Statistics Test
Statistics
Gender r 0.11 0.08 Accept Ho Not Significant
Educational r 0.29 0.03 Reject Ho Significant
Attainment
Occupation r 0.16 0.02 Reject Ho Significant
Place of r 0.13 0.09 Accept Ho Not Significant
Residence
With regards to the age of respondents the computed r value is 0.19 and the p value is
0.00.The interpretation is to reject Ho since the p value 0.00 is less than the level of significance
0.05. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between family centeredness and profile of the
respondents as to age. It is associated with concepts such as values, moral, conscience and
legality. Parents and other close family members are typically essential in its development,
because they are the primary social contacts during a person's childhood and adolescence.
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Teaching your child moral principles and setting a good example will help facilitate your child's
moral development (Moore 2015).
With regards to the educational attainment it was said that there is a significant
relationship between family centeredness and profile of respondents. The interpretation resulted
to reject Ho because the r value is 0.29 and the p value is 0.03; it is less than the level of
significance 0.05. It has long been thought that one of the objectives of education ought to be the
moral development of pupils. Furthermore, it has been assumed that development does in fact
occur over the course of a child’s educational attainment, and is particularly shaped by the
content of the child’s education. If increasing educational attainment has an effect on
individuals’ moral reasoning, attitudes, and perceptions of morality (Headley-Soto 2013). John
Dewey also cited in”A Review of General Psychology’’ Published in 2002 that “The
development of character [occurs] through all the agencies, instrumentalities, and materials of
school life” (A Review of General Psychology Published 2002).
As to the occupation of the respondents, computed r value is 0.16 and p value is 0.02.
Since it is less than the level of significance 0.05, it was interpreted that the null hypothesis was
rejected. There is a significant relationship between family centeredness and profile of the
respondents as to occupation. According to Colleen Collins (2006) from the thesis entitled ‘’The
Relationship between Birth Order and Personality and Career Choices’’ the order in which a child is
born has a significant impact on personality, self-esteem, intelligence, and career choices. By
obtaining a specific family role based on a child’s birth order, a foundation is created for the
child to take on similar roles outside the family.
When it comes to the birth order of respondents the computed r value is 0.25 and the p
value is 0.001. The interpretation is to reject Ho since the p value 0.01 is less than the level of
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significance 0.05. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between family centeredness and
profile of the respondents as to birth order. The order in which a person is born into their family
plays a substantial role in the individual’s development of personality, character, intelligence,
and career choices (Stewart et al., 2001).
Table 15
Test of Correlation between Profile of the Breadwinners and Family centeredness as to

Financial Support

Statistics Test
Statistics
Age r 0.13 0.06 Accept Ho Not Significant
Attainment
Birth order r 0.08 0.10 Accept Ho Not Significant
Residence
With regards to the educational attainment it was said that there is a significant
relationship between family centeredness and profile of respondents. The interpretation resulted
to reject Ho because the r value is 0.23 and the p value is 0.00; it is less than the level of
significance 0.05. According to Blanden and Gregg (2014) it is widely recognized that, on
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average, children from poorer backgrounds have worse educational outcomes than their better-
off peers. There is less evidence on how this relationship has changed over time and indeed, what
exactly leads to these inequalities. In this paper we demonstrate that the correlation between
family background (as measured by family income) and educational attainment has been rising
between children born in the 1950s and those born few decades later.
As to the occupation of the respondents, the r value is 0.19 and the p value is 0.03. Since
the p value was greater than the level of significance 0.05 the interpretation is there is significant
relationship between family centeredness and profile of respondents as to occupation. The null
hypothesis was rejected. Both financial and career plans succeed best when they are realistic,
notes Gardner. "Assess your strengths to maximize your plans. For example, if you are a
spontaneous, high-energy person, you'll want your financial plan to have enough wiggle room to
allow you to make unplanned expenditures without breaking the budget," she explains. "You can
apply the same traits to work environments and careers where flexibility and adaptability are
highly valued, such as emergency medicine, stock trading, outside sales and entrepreneurship.
The point is to honestly assess how you operate, and either go with the flow or begin to make
changes," she says. By tracking your budget monthly, you can quickly determine whether you've
made realistic plans. Reviews and feedback from your employer serve the same purpose on the
career front. And, if you run your own business, your income statement and balance sheet will
keep you plugged into reality. The income from your career will place constraints on your
financial plan, and your financial plan determines how much income you realistically need to
achieve your goals (https://www.quicken.com/what-relationship-between-personal-financial-
planning-career-success, 2017).
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5. Test of Relationship between Profile and Self Expansion as to Self Image
Table16
Test of Correlation between Profile of the Breadwinners and Self expansion as to Self Image
Variables Test Value of Test p- value Decisions Interpretation

Statistics Statistics
Age r 0.13 0.10 Accept Ho Not Significant
Educational r 0.07 0.06 Accept Ho Not Significant
Attainment
Occupation r 0.11 0.10 Accept Ho Not Significant
Birth order r 0.19 0.10 Accept Ho Not Significant
Residence
As to relationship of profile of the respondents and self expansion that are breadwinners,
the results from the statistical analysis were as follows:
As to the age of the respondents, the computed r value is 0.13 and the p value is 0.10.
Since the p value is greater than the level of significance 0.05, accept Ho, and therefore the test
of correlation between self expansion and profile as to age of the breadwinners is not significant.
With regards to the gender of the respondents, the computed r value is 0.16 and the p
value is 0.08. Since the p value is greater than the level of significance 0.05, accept Ho, and
therefore the test of correlation between self expansion and profile as to gender of the
breadwinners is not significant.

53
Respectively when it comes to the educational attainment of the respondents, the computed r
value is 0.07 and the p value is 0.06. Since the p value is greater than the level of significance
0.05, accept Ho, and therefore the test of correlation between self expansion and profile as to
educational attainment of the breadwinners is not significant.
As to occupation of the respondents, the computed r value is 0.11 and the p value is 0.10.
The interpretation is to accept Ho because the computed p value is greater than the level of
significance 0.05; therefore there is no significance in the self expansion and profile of
breadwinners as to occupation.
There is no significant relationship between self expansion and profile of the respondents
as to birth order. The computed r value is 0.19 and p value is 0.10, since the computed p value is
greater than the level of significance 0.05, the interpretation is accepting Ho.
Lastly, when it comes to the place of residence of the respondents, the computed r value
is 0.16 and the p value is 0.09, since it is greater than the level of significance 0.05, the null
hypothesis was accepted. Therefore, there is no significant relationship between self expansion
and profile of respondents as to place of residence.

54
Table 17
Test of Correlation between Profile of the Breadwinners and Self expansion as to Personal
Growth

Statistics Test
Statistics
Attainment
Place of r 0.16 0.00 Reject Ho Significant
Residence
As to relationship of profile of the respondents and self expansion that are breadwinners
as shown in table 17, the results from the statistical analysis were as follows:
As to the age of the respondents the computed r value is 0.26 and the p value is
0.01.Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05 the null hypothesis was rejected.
Therefore, there is significant relationship between self expansion and personal growth of the
respondents. As we age, there is a gradual evolution of personal growth into an improving
mindset. The older we get, the more we’re open to self expand. People with a personal
growth tend to focus on improving, learning, and effort; while folks with a fixed mindset
assume that our abilities are based more on inborn talents and traits and unlikely to change.
The former seek out challenging situations and welcome feedback, including criticism.
55
The latter strive to prove themselves to others, using their existing skills. They tend to avoid
feedback and criticism, and usually select tasks at which they can look good and succeed
(Zenger and Folkman 2016).
With regards to the gender of the respondents, the r value is 0.20 and the p value is 0.00.
Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, it was interpreted that the null
hypothesis was rejected; therefore there is significant relationship between self expansion and
profile of respondents as to gender. We designed the assessment as a self-assessment for
personal growth, in an effort to minimize the motivation to “look good to others” that is
usually found in a proving mentality. We also found that women are more likely to have a
“self-expanded” mindset than men are, especially early in their careers. There are a few
possible reasons for this. For instance, women are socialized to be less confident, whereas
men are socialized to be overconfident (Zenger and Folkman 2016).
When it comes to the educational attainment of the respondents, the r value is 0.32 and
the p value is 0.03. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, it was interpreted
that the null hypothesis was rejected; therefore there is significant relationship between self
expansion and profile of respondents as to educational attainment. The education of an
individual starts with the first asked question, and it finishes with the last – meaning that it can
(and it should) last a lifetime. It has serious impact on your personal growth, which, later on,
influences your relationships and success in the business field. By enriching your brain with new
and valuable information you are improving its ability to think, analyze and process (Stevens
2016).
the p value was less than the level of significance 0.05 the interpretation is there is significant
56
relationship between self expansion and profile of respondents as to occupation. The null
hypothesis was rejected. The key to career growth is awareness of the business, the key to
professional growth is awareness of organizational trends, and the key to personal growth is self-
awareness (Meier 2017).
As to the birth order of the respondents the computed r value is 0.20 and the p value is
Therefore, there is significant relationship between self expansion and birth order of the
respondents. According to Wallace (2016) birth order has a powerful impact upon children's
emotions, behavior and personality development (personal growth). By a twist of fate a child is
born into a particular spot in the family, and from this position, he will have unique emotional
experiences. Each spot in the order has its advantages and challenges.
With regards to the place of residence of the respondents, the r value is 0.16 and the p
value is 0.00. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, it was interpreted that
the null hypothesis was rejected; therefore there is significant relationship between self
expansion and profile of respondents as to place of residence. One of the dimensions of
Williams' place attachment model is place identity (Williams et al., 1992). The term place
identity was first used by Proshansky (1978) who defined it as a substructure of self-identity
consisting of memories, ideas, feelings, attitudes, values, preferences, meanings, and conceptions
of behavior and experience that occur in places that satisfy an individual's biological,
psychological, social, and cultural needs (Proshansky, Fabian, & Kaminoff, 1983)
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494414000954,2017)
57
Table 18
Test of Correlation between Profile of the Breadwinners and Self Expansion ass to Social
Interest
Variables Test Value of p-value Decisions Interpretation

Statistics Test
Statistics
Attainment
Place of r 0.19 0.01 Reject Ho Significant
Residence
As to relationship of profile of the respondents and self expansion that are breadwinners
as shown in table18, the results from the statistical analysis were as follows:
As to the age of the respondents the computed r value is 0.33 and the p value is
Therefore, there is significant relationship between self expansion and social interest of the
respondents. Within Adler’s theory of Individual Psychology, the concept of social interest is
crucial to a person’s mental health and to adjustment in old age (Ansbacher, 1992). Adler
described social interest as the ability “to see with the eyes of another, to hear with the ears of
another, to feel with the heart of another”. He considered one’s degree of social interest to be a
barometer of mental health throughout a person’s life (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956).
58
In Adler’s words, old age and death “will not terrify one who is certain of his immortality in the
image of his children and in the knowledge of his contribution to the growing culture” (Adler,
1938, p. 66). (https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2558/knillm79530.pdf,
2006).
With regards to the gender of the respondents, the r value is 0.19 and the p value is 0.01.
Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, it was interpreted that the null
hypothesis was rejected; therefore there is significant relationship between self expansion and
profile of respondents as to gender. According to Gerontol (2006) in his study entitled
‘Relationship with others and life satisfaction in later life: do gender and widowhood make a
difference?” Social interest is a stronger determinant of life satisfaction in older women than in
older men.
When it comes to the educational attainment of the respondents, the r value is 0.21 and
the p value is 0.00. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, it was interpreted
that the null hypothesis was rejected; therefore there is significant relationship between self
expansion and profile of respondents as to educational attainment. According to Thomas
Popkewitz in his journal “Educational Reform: Rhetoric, Ritual and Social Interest”,(1998) the
social predicament of schooling enables us to understand a function of educational reform. The
activities of reform are acts of affiliation to the social interest that undelie schooling. The
educational practices of reform points to new direction and innovation in existing social patterns
of schooling.
the p value was less than the level of significance 0.05 the interpretation is there is significant
59
relationship between self expansion and profile of respondents as to occupation. The null
hypothesis was rejected. From a constructionist viewpoint, career or occupation denotes a
moving perspective that imposes personal meanings on past memories, present experiences and
future aspirations by weaving them into pattern that portrays a life theme. Thus the subjective
career that guides regulates and negotiates a lifetime job changes without losing their self and
social identities and interests (Haus and Callanan, 2006).
As to the birth order of the respondents the computed r value is 0.17 and the p value is
Therefore, there is significant relationship between self expansion and birth order of the
respondents. ‘’Researchers have begun to realize that siblings have a major impact on one
another’s behavior and development through mutual socialization , helping behaviors,
cooperative tasks and activities and simple companionship , as well as through aggressive and
various other negative behaviors .Social interest build personality traits, we wish to address the
concept that people who have the same birth position will have closer relationships than people
at differing parts of birth order.’’(Cicirelli 1995).
With regards to the place of residence of the respondents, the r value is 0.19 and the p
value is 0.01. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, it was interpreted that
the null hypothesis was rejected; therefore there is significant relationship between self
expansion and profile of respondents as to place of residence. Developing place attachment to

one's home and local area is beneficial. It has been linked with many positive health and
community participation outcomes. People with higher place attachment report greater social and
60
political involvement in their communities (Mesch & Manor, 1998), and communities comprised
of highly attached people are more likely to work together to achieve a desired outcome, such as
protecting the environment (G. Brown, Reed, & Harris, 2002) and protecting the social and
physical features that characterise their neighbourhoods (Mesch & Manor, 1998). Place of
residence influences both high and low effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions
(Ramkissoon, Smith, & Weiler, 2013) and the components of place attachment, place
dependence and place identity, are correlated with environmentally responsible behaviour
(Vaske & Kobrin, 2001) and advocacy for the environment (Brown & Raymond, 2007). Benefits
of place attachment to the individual include a better quality of life (Harris, Werner, Brown, &
Ingebritsen, 1995), better physical and psychological health, more satisfying social relationships,
and greater satisfaction with one's physical environment (Tartaglia, 2012). People who do not
develop place attachment to their homes, but instead view their new homes negatively when
compared to their prior homes, report higher stress levels and more health problems (Stokols &
Shumaker, 1982).
61
6. Test of Relationship between Family Centeredness and Self Expansion
Table 19
Test of Correlation between Family Centeredness and Self Expansion as to Self Image

Statistics Test
Statistics
Affection r 0.08 0.06 Accept Ho Not Significant
Moral Support r 0.19 0.00 Reject Ho Significant
Financial r 0.28 0.02 Reject Ho Significant
Support
Legend:
P-value <.05 Significant
P-value>.05 Not Significant
Table 19 shows the relationship between level of family centeredness and self expansion
as to self image of the respondents that are breadwinners; the results from the statistical analysis
were as follows.
With regards to family centeredness as to affection, the computed r value is 0.08 and the
p value is 0.16. Since the p value is greater than the level of significance 0.05, accept Ho, and
therefore the interpretation is not significant. It can be implied that the family centeredness as to
affection of the breadwinners does not affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of self
image because person’s acceptance, awareness and esteem will not be defined and measured
based on how you give affection to family. Some people are not good at vocalizing their feelings
but deep inside, they do.
62
When it comes to the family centeredness as to moral support, the computed r value is
0.19 and the p value is 0.00. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05,
rejectHo, therefore the interpretation is significant. It does mean that family centeredness as to
moral support of the breadwinners affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of self image.
Moral support is one of many factors that may influence the level of self image an individual has.
Some people base self-image on being loved, attractive, and competent. For others, self-image
may depend on being powerful, virtuous, or self-reliant. An individual’s self- image will depend
on either internal or external factors. Basing self- image on internal characteristics provides a
better buffer against anxiety than if it were based on external characteristics, including moral
support from family, achievements and conditional approval from others (Bouvrette et.al, 2003).
As to the family centeredness as to financial support, the computed r value is 0.28 and the
p value is 0.02. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, reject Ho, therefore
the interpretation is significant. It does mean that family centeredness as to financial support of
the breadwinners affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of self image. According to
Medina (2003) in a study entitled ‘’Employment Status of Psychology Graduates: Input for
Program Enhancement’’ when a person is unemployed, he loses the chance to practice his skills
and when this happens for a prolonged period, the persons’ human capital depreciates .It will
require a long period of training and familiarity with the job before he can regain what is lost,
assuming that he can still be trained. When a person suffers loss of employment for long period,
some of them lose their self esteem, self image and sense of self. When this happens, it will be
very hard for person to do anything productive even if given the opportunity. Most often he
becomes bitter and very hard to relate with, they become real burdens to society.
63
Table 20
Test of Correlation between Family Centeredness and Self Expansion as to Personal Growth

Statistics Test
Statistics
Affection r 0.16 0.01 Reject Ho Significant
Support
as to personal growth of the respondents that are breadwinners; the results from the statistical
analysis were as follows.
p value is 0.01. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, reject Ho, and
therefore the interpretation is significant. It can be implied that the family centeredness as to
affection of the breadwinners does affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of personal
growth. The overall quality of our family relationships and healthy family processes are
important in balancing our needs for both freedom and personal growth, so as to create a place
that supports development, rather than just hinders it.
The goal would be to increase both the quality of your respective family relationships and then to
identify and engage in family processes that promote healthy relationships. Strengthening family
relationships provides a better quality of life if anyone is by enhancing health, safety, support,
along with a nurturing environment wherein families can grow. All people have to work at
64
Family centeredness. The family relationship includes affection which can include love, respect,
friendship, hate, resentment, jealousy, rivalry, and disapproval (Huynh 2016).
0.24 and the p value is 0.00. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, reject
Ho, therefore the interpretation is significant. It does mean that family centeredness as to moral
support of the breadwinners affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of personal growth.
According to (Hui 2012) the satisfaction for need for moral support will provide emotional
security for further exploration, increased intrinsic motivation, higher competence and high self
expansion. People whose environments are supportive of their needs are active and personally
growth-oriented agents, inclined to organize and initiate their actions with reference to their
values and interests, with the tendency to integrate social norms and practices, intrinsically
motivated to pursue personal goals, and striving to master the environments.
the breadwinners affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of personal growth. Research
during the past decade shows that social class or socioeconomic status (SES) is related to
satisfaction and stability in relationship unions, the quality of parent-child relationships, and a
range of personal growth outcomes for adults and children (Martin et.al, 2011).
65
Table 21
Test of Correlation between Family Centeredness and Self Expansion as to Social Interest

Statistics Test
Statistics
Affection r 0.17 0.02 Reject Ho Significant
Support
as to Social Interest of the respondents that are breadwinners; the results from the statistical
analysis were as follows.
p value is 0.02. Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, reject Ho, and
therefore the interpretation is significant. It can be implied that the family centeredness as to
affection of the breadwinners does affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of social
interest . According to Trevarthen (2009) cultures depend on a ceaseless, highly creative learning
process, which is not just an acquiring of information transmitted by instructing the young. It is
motivated by an innate human talent for companionship in experience, which is mediated by an
intersubjective transfer of intentions, and social interests. All achievements of technique and art
depend upon the affections and shared enthusiasms of interpersonal relationships.
0.21 and the p value is 0.03.
66
Since the p value is less than the level of significance 0.05, reject Ho, therefore the interpretation
is significant. It does mean that family centeredness as to moral support of the breadwinners
affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of social interest. The study of moral support from
society, peers and family and its relationship to personality, self-image, health, and adjustment is
one of the fastest growing areas of research and application in psychology. Comprehensively
reviews current research and theory on this topic, including coverage of such specific issues as:
the assessment of moral support in children and adults; personality development and social
support; the cultural context of moral support; the role of moral support in stress-coping; social
support and personal relationships; the relationship between support and the immune system;
moral/ social support and the elderly; moral/social support and community and clinical processes
(Sarason 1990).
the breadwinners affect on respondent’s self expansion in terms of social interest. One of the
research review focuses on evidence regarding potential mechanisms proposed to account for
these associations. Research findings reported during the past decade demonstrate financial
support for an interactionist model of the relationship between SES and family life, which
incorporates assumptions from social interests perspectives. The review concludes with
recommendations for future research on SES, family processes and individual development in
terms of important theoretical and methodological issues yet to be addressed (Conger 2011).

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CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

recommendation can be derived from the study.

1. Profile of the Respondents

attainment, occupation, birth order and place of residence.

Age of the Respondents

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Gender of the Respondents

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Educational Attainment of the Respondents

EDUCATIONAL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Occupation of the Respondents

OCCUPATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Account Manager, Seaman, Agrarian and Clinic Assistant.

BIRTH ORDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

20% are middle born.

Place of Residence of the Respondents

PLACE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

2. Levels of Family Centeredness

Perception of the Respondents on Family centeredness as to Affection

INDICATORS MEAN SD INTERPRETATION

1. I am satisfied in the way my family and I 3.33 0.66 Very High

acquired a mean of 3.33 and a standard deviation of 0.66.

their family think of one another’s happiness.

breadwinners acquired a mean and standard deviation of 3.48 and 0.65.

Respondents in indicator 6 got a low interpretation of being family centered in terms of

3.42 and 0.94.

In indicator 7, an interpretation of highly family centered was interpreted in respondents

were 3.20 and 0.71.

standard deviation of the respondents got a 3.43 and 0.62.

interpreted to be very highly family centered.

interpreted to be very highly family centered.

Perception of the Respondents on Family centeredness as to Moral Support

INDICATORS MEAN SD INTERPRETATION

1. I support my family in very decisions they 3.45 0.67 Very High

Table 8 shows the level of family centeredness of the respondents as to moral

of the breadwinners were 3.45 and a standard deviation of 0.67

In indicator 2, breadwinners got an interpretation of very high family centeredness

breadwinners got a mean of 3.30 and a standard deviation of 0.72.

mean of 3.57 and standard deviation of 0.53.

In indicator 4, respondents obtained an interpretation of very high family centeredness in

standard deviation of 3.67 and 0.54.

Respondents maintained a very high family centeredness as a result in indicator 5. The

their family to realize that they are a strong individual.

In cheering up their family members as an indicator 8, respondents obtained an

deviation of 3.37 and 0.69.

In indicator 9, breadwinners got an interpretation of very high family centeredness. It has

encouragement to their family.

their intimate relationship to one another.

Test of relationship between Profile and Family centeredness as to Financial Support

INDICATORS MEAN SD INTERPRETATION

Table 9 shows the levels family centeredness as to financial support. In indicator 1,

deviation of 3.67 and 0.57.

3.32 and the standard deviation was 0.70

standard deviation was 3.37and 0. 74.

the last amount of money they have to their family.

for family than to their self.

mean of 3.40 and a standard deviation of 0.85.

respondents as to financial support.

3. Levels of Self expansion

Perception of the Respondents on Self expansion as to Self image

INDICACTORS MEAN SD INTERPRETATION

1. I know that I am capable of doing 3.35 0.73 Very High