 File systems
Introduction to Database Systems
 File Systems
 Database Systems
 Database
 Database Models
 Basic Data Modeling Concepts
 Database Management System
 Data Dictionary
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 Disadvantages of a File System
o Lengthy development time
o Difficulty of getting quick answers
o Complex system administration
o Lack of security and limited data sharing
o Extensive programming
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 are used by a manager of any small organization to track
necessary data
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 Database System
 is a computerized system whose overall purpose is to
maintain information and make that information
available on demand
 Examples:
o Computerized record-keeping system
o Electronic filing cabinet
o Repository for a collection of computerized data files
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 Database System  Five major parts of a Database System
 Hardware
 Software
o Operating Systems Software
o DBMS Software
o Application programs and utility software
 People
o Systems Administrators
o Database Administrators
o Database Designers
o Systems Analysts and Programmers
o End Users
 Procedures
 Data
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 Database
 is a shared, integrated computer structure that stores  Advantages  Disadvantages
a collection of:  Reduced data redundancy  Complexity
 Data integrity  Expense
o End-user data
 Data independence  Vulnerability
– raw facts of interest to the end user  Data security  Size
o Metadata  Data consistency  Training costs
– data about data through which the end-user data are  Easier use of data  Compatibility
integrated and managed  Less storage  Locking in of technology
 Lack of lower level control

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  Database Model
 Database Model o Implementation Model
 defines the logical design of data that can be stored, – places emphasis on how the data are represented in the
database or how the data structures are implemented to
organized, and manipulated in a database system
represent what is modeled
 defines the infrastructure offered by a particular – Examples:
database system » Hierarchical database model
 Categories: » Network database model
o Conceptual Model » Relational database model
– focuses on the logical nature of the data representation » Object-oriented database model
– Example: Entity relationship (E-R) model

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 Basic building blocks of a Database Model o Relationship

o Entity –describes the association among entities
– is anything about which data are to be collected and
–Types:
stored
» One-to-many (1:*) relationship
o Attribute
» Many-to-many (*:*) relationship
– is the characteristic of an entity » One-to-one (1:1) relationship
o Constraints

–is a restriction placed on the data

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 Hierarchical Model  Network Model
 was developed in the 1960’s  was created to represent complex data relationships, improve database
 is used to manage large amounts of data for complex manufacturing performance, and impose a database standard
projects  was defined by the Conference on Data Systems Language (CODASYL)
 has a basic logical structure represented by an upside-down tree

 Conference on Data Systems Language (CODASYL)

 established database standards
 created the Database Task Group (DBTG) in the late 1960s

 Database Task Group (DBTG)

 was charged to create standard specifications for an environment that
would facilitate database creation and data manipulation

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 Relational Model
 was introduced in 1970 by E.F. Codd of IBM
 Entity relationship model
 is collection of relations or two-dimensional tables having
distinct names  was introduced by Peter Chen in 1976
student-number name course  yields a graphical representation of entities and
89-11043 Marian BSIT their relationships in database structure
89-10043 Jackie BSCS
 is usually represented by an entity relationship
61-12345 Jennelyn BSCOE
23-10202 Solenn BSBA
diagram

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  Entity relationships

 introduced the three types of relationships:

o One-to-many (1:*) relationship one-to-one
o Many-to-many (*:*) relationship

o One-to-one (1:1) relationship

 is based on the following components:

o Entity
o Attributes one-to-many
o Relationship

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 Entity relationships  Object-oriented model

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 stores both data and their relationships in a single structure known as an
object
 is based on the components such as:
o Object
– is an abstraction of a real-world entity
o Attribute
many-to-many
– describes the properties of an object
o Class
– is a collection of similar objects with shared attributes and methods
o Class hierarchy
– refers to the arrangement of classes
o Inheritance
– refers to the ability of an object within the class hierarchy to inherit the
attributes and methods of the classes above it
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 Data model
 is the relatively simple representation of a more complex real-
world object

 ANSI/SPARC
 stands for American National Standard Institute/Standards
Planning and Requirements Committee
 defined three different data models based on their degree of
abstraction:
o Conceptual model
o Internal model
o External model

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 Database Management Systems  Functions of a DBMS

 Data dictionary management  Database access languages
 Data storage management and application programming
 is a collection of programs that manages the database structure
 Data transformation and interfaces
and controls access to the data stored in the database
presentation o Query language
 Examples:
 Security management – Data Definition Language
o MS SQL
(DDL)
o Oracle  Multiuser access control – Data Manipulation
o DB2  Backup and recovery Language (DML)
management  Database communication
 Data integrity management interfaces

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 Data Dictionary
 is a centralized repository of information about data
such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin,
usage, and format
 has two main types:
o Integrated
o standalone
 can be classified as:
o Active Data Dictionary
o Passive Data Dictionary

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