Sapang Pari Creek- Brgy.

San Vicente

Public Wet Market and Commercial Establishments

Based on the conducted survey, most of the commercial establishments and stalls
discharges their wastewater directly to the drainage without any proper treatment. These
generated effluents came from distinct sources and activities. These include mostly:
 Meat, poultry, fish preparation and sales
 Fruit and vegetable (produce) sales
 Prepared food stalls
 Public Restrooms
When combined into a common outfall, the resulting wastewater mixture typically
contains high levels of organic material, suspended solids, and fats. It commonly contains two to
three times the organic matter and solids typically found in residential wastewater, classifying
market sources as “high strength” (Santos et al)

Residential or Domestic wastewater

Nitrates
Cause

Effect
Human infants, during the first few months, are susceptible to acute nitrate poisoning
caused by consuming water with nitrate concentrations of 10mg/l or greater. This condition is
known as methemoglobinemia (blue-baby syndrome). Bacteria in an infant’s digestive system
will convert nitrate into the more toxic nitrite. Nitrite reacts with hemoglobin and prevents
oxygen transport by the blood, turning the oxygen-starved infants a bluish color.15 (Hey, 1999)
Methemoglobinemia occurs also in ruminant animals (sheep and cattle) and in infant
monogastric animals (chickens and pigs), albeit at higher nitrate concentrations than in human
infants. Still, this concerns farmers as concentrations of nitrate in agricultural drains sometimes
reach 20-40 mg/l or more.17 (Hey, 1999)
pH
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Fecal Coliform
Cause
Human and Animal Manure
Effect
It is well established that disease-causing bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms, and fungi
are found in fecal material, sewage, and sewage-polluted water; consequently they may
contaminate the soil and crops with which they come in contact. Animal as well as human wastes
are implicated because many species of pathogens can infect both man and animals.
Consumption of uncooked foods contaminated with fecal material may cause the spread of
disease in livestock as well as human beings. Microorganisms known to be pathogenic for plants
also can be isolated from polluted irrigation water. (Geldriech et al, 1970)
The disease most frequently linked with fecal contamination a r e typhoid a n d
parathyphoid fevers, Salmonella gastroenteritis, bacillary dysentery, cholera, leptospirosis,
infectious hepatitis, viral gastroenteritis, and amoebic dysentery. Less common diseases associated
with irrigation agriculture are brucellosis, tuberculosis, tularemia, swine erysipelas, coccidiosis,
ascariasis, cysticercosis, fascioliasis, schistosomiasis, and hookworm and tapeworm infections.
Although the route of infection is usually by ingestion, larvae of hookworms and flukes can enter
the body directly through the skin.(Geldriech et al, 1970)
The ability of all these organisms to is directly related to their virulence, their presence in
sufficient numbers, and the chances of ingestion, inhalation, or absorption by a susceptible host.
(Geldriech et al, 1970)

Chloride
Cause
Chloride in surface and groundwater from both natural and anthropogenic sources, such as run-
off containing road de-icing salts, the use of inorganic fertilizers, landfill leachates, septic 2 tank
effluents, animal feeds, industrial effluents, irrigation drainage, and seawater intrusion in coastal areas
(4).
Effect
Air

Exposure to chloride in air has been reported to be negligible.

Chloride increases the electrical conductivity of water and thus increases its corrosivity. In metal
pipes, chloride reacts with metal ions to form soluble salts , thus increasing levels of metals in drinking-
water. In lead pipes, a protective oxide layer is built up, but chloride enhances galvanic corrosion. It can
also increase the rate of pitting corrosion of metal pipes. (Weast et al, 1986)

Ammonia
Causes
Human and animal urea or excreta
Decaying of organic matter
Household Cleaning products

Effect
Aquaculture
Ammonia toxicity causes unexplained losses in fish hatcheries. Excess ammonia may

accumulate and cause alteration of metabolism or increases the pH in the body of the exposed

organism. Tolerance varies among fish species. At lower concentrations, around 0.05 mg/L,

unionized ammonia is harmful to fish species and can result in poor growth and feed conversion

rates, reduced fecundity and fertility, increases stress, and susceptibility to bacterial infections and

diseases. Exposed to excess ammonia, the fish may suffer to loss of equilibrium, hyperexcitability,

elevated respiratory activity and oxygen uptake and increased heart rate. At concentrations

exceeding 2.0 mg/L, ammonia causes gill and tissue damage, extreme lethargy, convulsions, coma

and death. The lethal concetration for a variety of fish species ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/L. (Clark,

2013)
Health
The most important injurious effects of exposure to excessive amounts of ammonia on

humans are due to its irritative and corrosive properties. Exposures to ammonia gas cause

chemical burns of the respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. Ammonia dissolves in the water present in

skin, mucous membranes, and eyes and becomes ammonium hydroxide, which is a highly

ionized weak base that causes necrosis of the tissues. Specifically, it causes saponification of cell

membrane lipids resulting in cell disruption and death. Additionally, it extracts water from the

cells, and initiates an inflammatory response, which further damages the surrounding tissues.

Contact with liquid ammonia (not ammonium salts) results in cryogenic injury in addition to the

alkali burns. Airway blockage and respiratory insufficiency may be lethal outcomes of exposure

to anhydrous ammonia vapors or concentrated aerosols. Ingestion of concentrated ammonium

solutions may produce severe burns and hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Survival

of the initial insult may be compromised by infections, scarring, and other complications that

may develop days or weeks following inhalation or ingestion. Effects that have been observed in

humans exposed to ammonia gas and ammonium salt aerosols have also been observed in

animals. Hepatic and renal effects have also been reported in animals and humans; however,

ammonia does not appear to be a primary liver or kidney toxicant.

Nickel
Phenol