STRENGTHENING

MEASURES

PRESENTED BY:
SAFNA.K.A
02-01-2019
 STRENGTHENING OF RC ELEMENTS

 The aim of strengthening is to increase the capacity of an existing

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
structural element.

 Strengthening can be achieved by;

 Replacing poor quality or defective material
 Attaching additional load-bearing material
 Redistribution of the loading actions

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 High quality
concrete
• UHPC
• Polymer
Modified
Concrete

FRP
composite Reinforcin
materials g steel bars

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
Load-
bearing
Using
material
Composite
Thin steel
elements
plates and
such as
straps
Steel W
sections
Post-
tensioning
tendons 3
 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC BEAMS

 The critical area for beam under bending stresses is a tension zone of the
RC beam.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 Mostly, the failure initiated by the development of crack.

 These cracks usually start from the bottom of applied load, which
indicates flexural failure.

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There are several Flexural strengthening techniques.

Span shortening

Section enlargement

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
Ferrocement cover

External plate bonding

External post-tensioning

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRPs)

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Span Shortening

o Span shortening is accomplished by installing additional supports

underneath existing members.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
o Appropriate materials; steel members and cast-in-place reinforced
concrete members.

o Connections can be designed easily using bolts and adhesive anchors.

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SECTION ENLARGEMENT
 Section enlargement is one of the famous method.

 Section enlargement maybe easier and cheaper compared to other

approaches.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 Enlargement consists of the placement of reinforced concrete jacket
around the existing structural member.

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Advantages

• Increasing of the • Increase in the

load-carrying concrete member

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
capacity size obtained after
the jacket

Disadvantages
• Increasing of the • The need to
stiffness construct a new
formwork

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FERROCEMENT COVER
 Thin composite material made of cement mortar reinforced with
wire meshes.

 The wire meshes are uniformly distributed in continuous layers.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 The Ferro cement is used to replace the damaged concrete.

 Strengthening with Ferro cement improves:

 Cracking resistance
 Flexural stiffness
 The ultimate loads compared to the original un-strengthened
element.
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EXTERNAL PLATE BONDING
 Steel plates or steel flat bars are bonded to the structural elements.

 Widely appear in strengthening of bridge structures.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 The bonding is ensured by:
 The use of epoxy adhesives
 Additional fastening by means of dowels or bolts.

 Disadvantages: it can be applied only to the relatively sound structures

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STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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 Attaching
the steel

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
Putting a
layer of plates to the
Making epoxy concrete
holes in the mortar on using bolts
concrete top of the
Coating the surfaces and plates with a
concrete plates. 5mm
surfaces thickness.
Roughing with a
and bonding
epoxy
cleaning
the material.
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concrete
surfaces.
EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING

 Effective in increasing the flexural and shear capacity.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 Applied to reinforced and prestressed concrete members.

 The post-tensioning forces are delivered by:

 Standard pre-stressing tendons
 High-strength steel rods

 Usually located outside the original section.

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 If there are

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
existing spalls
patching must be
done, because this The existing The tendons are
repairs must cracks must be connected to the
ensure that the repaired by means structure at anchor
pre-stressing of epoxy injecting points, typically
forces are or other known located at the ends
distributed methods of the member
uniformly across
the section of the
member

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FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP)
High
Strength
• ×10
Steel

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
Light Multifuncti
Weight onal
• Easy to FRP • Suit any
install project

Corrosion
Resistance 15
• Durable
Structure
 FRP is a new class of composite material.


 FRPs are organized in a laminate structure.

 each lamina (flat layer) contains an arrangement of unidirectional

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
fibers fabrics embedded within a thin layer of light polymer.

 FRP consists of two main components:

 Fibers.
 Resin or Matrix

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STRENGTHENING MEASURES
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 Advantages
• Corrosion Resistance
• Lightweight
• Ease of installation
• Less Finishing
• Less maintenance
• Improve Ductility

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
• They are ideal for external
application
• Anti-seismic behavior

Disadvantages
• High cost
• susceptibility to
deformation under long-
term loads
• Temperature and moisture
effects
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• lack of design codes
• lack of awareness
SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF RC BEAMS
 Shear failure is a sudden failure which make it more devastating than
the Flexural failure.

 Shear failure start occurring from the critical section at high shear zone

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
near support.

 Shear force maximum at support and the diagonal cracks start from
support to applied load.

 Shear strengthening techniques - External anchored stirrups, external

post-stressing, plate bonding using steel plates, FRP .

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STRENGTHENING OF RC COLUMNS
 Strengthening of reinforced concrete columns is needed when;
 The load carried by the column is increased due to either increasing
the number of floors or due to mistakes in the design.
 The compressive strength of the concrete or the percent and type of

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
reinforcement are not according to the codes’ requirements.
 The inclination of the column is more than the allowable.
 The settlement in the foundation is more than the allowable.

 There are many techniques for strengthening RC columns, the most

famous techniques are:
1. RC jacketing
2. Steal Jacketing
3. Using FRP wraps
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JACKETING
 Process of fastening a durable material over concrete &filling the
gap with grout that provide needed performance characteristics.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
 The loads applied to the column shall be reduced or eliminated by:
 Putting mechanical jacks between floors.
 Putting additional props between floors.

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STEEL JACKETING
 This technique is chosen when the loads applied to the column will be
increased, and at the same time, increasing the cross sectional area of
the column is not permitted.

STRENGTHENING MEASURES
FRP WRAPS
 FRP improve the confinement of the RC columns leading to:
• Improving Axial Capacity
• Buckling Resistance
• Bomb Blast Resistance

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