CHARACTERISTICS

AND AVES TAXONOMY

Lecturer
Dr. Safrida, S.Pd.,M.Si.

Arranged By
Group 4

Theresya Dea Natacya 1706103010001

Aries Munandar 17061030100
Selvi Wulandari 17061030100

SYIAH KUALA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

PROGRAM STUDY BIOLOGY EDUCATION

BANDA ACEH, DARUSSALAM

2018/2019

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 PREFACE

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb

Alhamdulillah, we thank you for the presence of Allah SWT, because of His mercy

and blessings we were able to complete our paper entitled "Charateristics and Aves

Taxonomy" as the task of the subject of Vertebrate Zoology.

Our thanks to the Lecturer Supervisor of Vertebrate Zoology Dr. Safrida, S.Pd.,

M.Sc. who have provided guidance, direction and motivation so that we can finish the

paper on time. The author apologizes if in the preparation of this paper there are many

mistakes and mistakes.

Thus, hopefully this paper can provide benefits and become a learning for the readers

and writers themselves.

Darussalam, March 12, 2019

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Halaman

PREFACE ................................................................................................................ ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ iii

DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 1

1. Aves Characteristics ................................................................................ 1

2. Aves Taxonomy....................................................................................... 2

SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 17

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 18

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1. Aves Characteristics
The body of Aves generally consists of the head, neck, body and tail. The body is
covered with feathers, the front arm is modified as a general wing that is used to fly.
The rear motion device is used to walk, hold or swim, and is generally equipped with 4
fingers. The mouth of the nose extends as a beak and toothless. Birds have various
forms of beak based on their food, as well as various kinds of legs that also adapt to
their habitat.The following are the characteristics of aves.

1. Fur
Fur is a characteristic of Aves and is not in the class of other animals. Fur is
made of ceratin, the same substance that forms hair and nails in other animals. Fur
is not only for flight but also for warmth and protection and for males to attract
partners. Soft and smooth fur helps keep birds warm, the slim contour of the
feathers on the body of the bird will help in flying.

2. Light body frame and porous bones

The skeletal structure of the body is very light and porous bones. This makes
it easier for them to move, especially on their wings.

3. Breed by laying eggs (ovipar)

Aves breed by means of a meeting between female and male aves. Then
fertilization occurs in the body of the female parent. Furthermore, the female aves
will produce eggs. The egg produced from fertilization will give birth to a new
aves. As for the formation of candidates for new aves can hatch, it needs a period
of incubation The hatch period of each aves varies depending on the hatching
process.

4. Homoioterm (warm-blooded) animal

The workings of aves animals which include homoioterm by regulating body
temperature through the process of sweating or radiation processes. The radiation
process in the temperature regulation system of animals that are warm blooded
because of the emission of electromagnetic energy so that heat is transferred to
other objects that are not in direct contact. The system of regulating temperature is
regulated through the metabolic rate using hormonal changes. Thus the
temperature in the body of the body can be consistently consistent.

5. Have wings and a pair of legs

The function of wings and legs in animals is to make it easier for them to
move places (accommodation). Usually some animals use wings to migrate to
other places.

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 6. Breathing with lungs and air sacs
The air bag on the Aves is usually used if it lacks air so that the air reserves in
the air sac function when needed.

7. Waters and land habitats

Some aves can live in 2 habitats, namely waters and plains. Usually the land
is used by Aves as a place to rest or incubate the eggs they produce. Some
animals are available for food in the waters and on land. Their system moved
where they could use their wings and legs.

8. The feathers on Aves' body consist of plumae, filoplumae and plumulae

The fur part of the body of Aves consists of 3 (three) parts which have the
following functions
a. Plumae functions to maintain balance when flying
b. Filoplumae functions to maintain body temperature well
c. Plumulae serves to shape the aves

9. The excretion system uses the kidneys and there is no bladder

On aves, the excretion system is carried out by the kidneys that make up
methanefros. Metanefros is a kidney that has a large amount of glomerulus. The
absence of the bladder causes the ureteral duct to enter the cloaca directly.

10. The heart part has 4 (four)

The heart in aves is not the same as the heart part in vertebrate animals. At
Aves, the heart can be divided into 4 (four) spaces including the right atrium, left
atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle.

11. The circulatory system is closed

The blood-covered circulatory system is closed in aves animals can be seen
from the circulatory structure which only consists of the heart and blood vessels.
The circulatory system process consists of 2 (two), namely small blood
circulation and large blood circulation.

12. Reproductive organs between males and females are different

The male reproductive organs at aves consist of a pair of testicles, vas
deferens and cloaca. In the female reproductive organs aves consists of 3 (three),
namely the left ovary and the right ovary, oviduct and cloaca.

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2. Aves Taxonomy
Aves are divided into 2 sub-classes, namely Subclasses of Archaeornithes and
Subclasses of Neornithes. Archaeornithes are ancient birds and are now extinct. On the
beak there are teeth, the tail is still bony, and the wings are still clawed, for example
Archeopteryx sp. Whereas Neornithes is a group of true birds. Neornithes are a group of
modern birds that we often find today. This group consists of various orders.

2.1 Superorder Palaeognathae

Characteristics:
a. Teeth is absent
b. The wing is reduced
c. Usually can’t fly
d. Vertebraecaudales are not united
e. Coracoid and small and growing scales attached
f. Sternum without carina
g. Pygosyle is small and not development
h. Rectrices is absent or arranged irregularly
i. Penis absent in male
j. Apteria absent

2.2 Order Strutioniformes

Characteristics:
a. Terrestrial
b. Sternum without carina
c. Right and left coxae at the ventral end are interconnected
d. On the back foot there are only two fingers
e. The hair on the head, cervix and legs is only a little
f. Free barbae
Example: Stenthio camelus

2.3 Order Cauariformers

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 Casuari gelatus
Characteristics:
a. On the back foot there are only three fingers
b. Lot fur on the cervix and truncus
c. Barbulae with hook
d. Farcula absent
Example:Dromaeus spec and Casuarius galeatus

2.4 Order Spterygiformes

Characteristics:
a. Long beaks with nares near the top
b. There are one finger
c. There are four toes
d. Barbulae without hook
Example:Apteryx spec.

Apteryx spec.

2.5 Order Rheirformes

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 Rhea americana
Characteristics:
a. There are three toes
b. There are fur on caput skin and cervix
c. Barbulae without hook
Example: Rhea Americana

2.6 Superorder Neognathae

Characteristics:
a. Teeth absent
b. Sternum without fluid
c. Wings develop well
d. 5 or 6 vertebrae caudales
e. Coracoid does not grow attached to the scapula
f. There are pygostyle
g. There are rectrices
h. Barbulae have hook

2.7 Order Sphenisciformes

Aptenodytes forsteri
Characteristics:
a. Fin-shaped front limbs that are useful for swimming
b. Can not fly
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 c. Four fingers on feet pointing forward with a swimming membrane between them
d. Small feathers resembling scales cover the entire body
e. Apteria and remiges absent
Example: Aptenodytes forsteri

2.8 Order Procellariiformes

a. Nares tubuler
b. Horn beak material consists of several sheets
c. Have a big glandulae nasales
d. Wings long and narrow
Familia: Diomedeidae
Example: Diomeda exulans

\
Diomeda exulans

Familia: Procellaridae
Example: Occonodrama leucorhva monorhis with a cawang-shaped tail

2.9 Order Procellariiformes

Order Procellariiformes are orders from the Aves class which have
characteristics of well-developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have
pygostylus; the sternal bone has carina sterni; tubular shaped nares; the veil of
barung consists of several pieces of horn material; the first finger of the foot is
small or absent; long and narrow wings; including seabirds; highly resistant to
flying without flapping wings. Examples of Order Procellariiformes species:
- Pasiatic sea shear (Puinus pacificus)
- Cape Petrel (Daption capense)

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 Cape Petrel (Daption capense)

2.10 Order Pelecaniformes

The Order of Pelecaniformes is an order from Aves with characteristics of
well-developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal
bone has carina sterni; small size of nares; have a sac on the neck area; have
webbed toes swimming; long and big beak and can open wide; like water.
Examples of species of Order Pelecaniformes:
- Pelicans / white lottery (Pelecanus onocrotalus)
- Small paddy-rice (Phalacrocorax niger)
- Large Cikalang (Minor Fregata)

Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus)

2.11 Order Ciconiiformes

Order Ciconiiformes is an order from Aves with characteristics of well-
developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal bone
has carina sterni; neck and leg length; fingers not webbed; straight or crooked beak;
like to live in water; the spread of fur in some calves has no fur. Examples of
species of order ciconiiformes:
- Cangak Abu (Ardea cinerea)
- Blekok Sawah (Ardeola speciosa)
- (Tongtong stork (Leptoptilos javanicus)

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 Ardea cinerea (Cangak Abu)

2.12 Order Anseriformes

Order Anseriformes Falconiformes are orders from Aves with characteristics
of well-developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal
bone has carina sterni; big, wide beak and covered with a thin horn layer; the edge
of the beak has lamella; fleshy tongue; short limbs and webbed swimming; short
tail; when young have fur like cotton. Examples of species of order anseriformes:
- Dendrocygna guttata (Belibis Totol)
- Anas gracilis (Gray Duck)
- Cygnus atratus (Black Goose)

Belibis Totol (Endrocygna guttata)

2.13 Order Falconiformes

The Order of Falconiformes is an order from Aves with characteristics of
well-developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal
bone has carina sterni; short, curved beak and sharp edges; feet have sharp and
pointed claws to prey on. Can fly quickly and can maneuver. Examples of Order
Falconiformes species:
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 - Alap-alap Capung (Microhierax fringillarius)
- Kite Alap (Falco cenchroides)
- Alap-alap Tiger (Falco severus)

Alap-alap Tiger (Falco severus)

2.14 Order of Columbiformes

The Order of Columbiformes is an order from Aves with characteristics of
well-developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal
bone has carina sterni; short and slim beak; in general the tarsus is shorter than the
radius; thick and smooth skin; big cache and produce pigeon milk liquid for the
child; graminivorous (seed eaters) and fragivorous (fruit eaters). Examples of
species of order columbiformes:
- Punai Besar (Treron capelleii)
- Walik Putih (Ptilinopus cinctus)
- Merpati Batu (Columba livia)

Merpati Batu (Columba livia)

2.15 Ordo Cuculiformes

The Order Cuculiformes is an order from the Aves class which has the
characteristics of having two toes towards the front and the other two toes back; the
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 outer finger can be turned towards the front; feet not suitable for gripping; long tail;
medium beak size; most families of this order are parasitic, ie female birds leave
their eggs in other bird nests. Examples of species of order cuculiformes:
- Sulawesi Kangkok (Cuculus crassirostris)
- Wiwik Lurik (Cacomantis sonneratii)
- Tight Purple (Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus)

Tight Purple (Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus)

2.16 Order Psittaciformes

Order Psittaciformes are orders from Aves with characteristics of well-
developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal bone
has carina sterni; short, narrow beak, sharp edges and hooked edges; the upper half
has a joint with a skull so it can move; have green, yellow or blue feathers; foot
type zygodactylus (two fingers towards the front and two fingers towards the back);
the outer finger is irreversible (cannot be reversed forward). Examples of order
species Psittaciformes:
- Yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea)
- Blue-back Betet-coconut (Anygnathus sumatranus)
- Nuri Aru (Chalcopsitta sintillata)

Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea)

2.17 Order Galliformes

The Order Galliformes is a group of Aves who have the characteristics of a
well-developed wing; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal
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 bone has carina sterni; short beak; branched feathers; perjal legs to scavenge / run;
terrestrial; short flight; graminivorous (seed eater / grass). Examples of species of
Order Galliformes:
- Black quail (Elanoperdix nigra)
- Chicken (Gallus gallus)
- Maleo black beak (Talegalla fuscirostris)

Black quail (Elanoperdix nigra)

2.18 Order Gruiformes

Order Gruiformes are orders from Aves that have characteristics of well-
developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal bone
has carina sterni; large beaks; not very good at flying; long limbs. Examples of
species of Gruiformes:
- Turnix maculosa (Gemak Botol)
- Turnix suscitator (Quail / Fat Lime)
- Fulica atra (Black Mandar)

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 Red-backed Buttonquail (Turnixmaculosa)

2.19 Order Charadriiformes

Order Charadriiformes is an order from Aves that has characteristics of well-
developed wings; do not have teeth in the jaw; have pygostylus; the sternal bone
has carina sterni; long and slender legs; webbed toes swimming; thick fur; long
beak and curved down / up.
Examples of species of order charadriiformes:
- Irediparra gallinacea (Bird of a shoe comb)
- Charadrius veredus (Asian plover)
- Larus ridibundus (Black Head Seagull)
- Sterna hirundo (Sea Dara)

Bird Comb Shoes (Irediparra gallinacea)

2.20 Order Strigiformes

Order Strigiformes are groups of birds that have characteristics of large and
round heads; has large eyes and faces forward, the body is surrounded by feathers
arranged radially (fingering); have wide ear holes but are often covered by skin
folds; short beak size; toes have sharp claws to grip; including nocturnal birds;
predatory. Examples of Order Strigiformes species:
- Tyto alba (Owl / rasp)
- Otus sagittatus (Big Plop)
- Ninox rufa (Red Pungguk)

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 Rasp of Java (Tyto alba)

2.21 Order Caprimulgiformes

Order Caprimulgiformes is a group of birds with characteristics of having
small and soft beaks; the shape of the mouth is wide, the edge of the beak at the
top is covered with touching feathers that are shaped like leg hairs; the feathers
are smooth; small and soft foot size; active at night (nocturnal); insectivorous
(insectivorous). Examples of species of order caprimulgiformes:
- Batrachostomus stellatus (Beak Star Frog)
- Eurostopodus mystacalis (Taktarau Kumis)
- Caprimulgus indicus (Cabak Kelabu)

Beak Frog Star (Batrachostomus stellatus)

2.22 Order Apodiformes

Order Apodiformes is a group of birds that have small stature; the size of the
legs is very small; pointed wing shape; the size of the beak is small and soft and
some are slim with long feather-shaped tongues. Examples of species of order
apodiformes:
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 - Collocalia vanikorensis (Plain Swallow)
- Hirundapus caudacutus (Asian needle driver)
- Hemiprocne longipennis (TepekongJambul)

Plain Swallow (Collocalia vanikorensis)

2.23 Order Trogniformes

Order Trogoniformes is a member of the bird with the characteristics of
having a short beak; the shoulder has "shoulder hair" in its base; small and soft
foot size; have feathers with bright colors and often in green. Examples of order
Trogoniformes species:
- Apalharpactes reinwardtii (Luntur Jawa)
- Apalharpactes mackloti (Luntur Sumatera)
- Harpactes duvaucelii (Luntur Putri)

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 Faded Java (Apalharpactes reinwardtii)

2.24 Order Coraciiformes

Order Coraciiformes is a group of birds that have strong beak traits; 3rd and
4th fingers merge at the base. Examples of species of order coraciiformes:
- Alcedo atthis (King of shrimp)
- Ceyx erithaca (Shrimp Fire)
- Lacedo pulchella (Cekakak Batu)

King of prawns (Alcedo atthis)

2.25 Order Piciformes

Order Piciformes is a group of birds with the characteristics of having a
strong beak; fur on the tail is stiff and the tip is pointed; the tip of the tongue is
rough and can be extended. Examples of species of order Piciformes:
- Psilopogon pyrolophus (Takur Api)
- Megalaima haemacephala (Takur Ungkut-ungkut)
- Indicator archipelagicus (Asian bee guide)
- Picus vittatus (Green Woodpecker)
- Dendrocopos canicapillus(CaladiBelacan).

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 Green Woodpecker (Picus vittatus)

2.26 Order Passeriformes

Order Passeriformes are members of the bird with a foot karaker that has four
fingers with three fingers towards the front and one towards the back; the beak
can be used to cut. Examples of species of Passeriformes:
- Corydon sumatranus (Madi Kelam)
- Mirafra javanica (Branjang Jawa)
- Hirundo rustica (Asian Kites)
- Coracina fortis (Shrub sungu Buru)
- Pycnonotus zeylanicus (Cucak Rawa)
- Pycnonotus aurigaster (Cucak Kutilang)
- Zoothera interpres (Anis Kembang)
- Cettia vulcania (Mountain Kettle)
- Rhinomyias gularis (Mountain Jungle Satan).

Asian Kites (Hirundo rustica)

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 SUMMARY

The body of Aves generally consists of the head, neck, body and tail. The body is
covered with feathers, the front arm is modified as a general wing that is used to fly. The
rear motion device is used to walk, hold or swim, and is generally equipped with 4 fingers.
The mouth of the nose extends as a beak and toothless. Birds have various forms of beak
based on their food, as well as various kinds of legs that also adapt to their habitat.The
following are the characteristics of aves

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 REFERENCES

Radiopoetro. (1983). Zoologi. Jakarta: Erlangga

Khan, X.Z. 2010. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the rock
pigeon, Columba livia (Columbiformes: Columbidae), Journale of Genetics and
Molecular Research. 9:2, 1234-1249.
Reca, Ricardo. 2013. Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis (Columbiformes:
Columbidae): First record for the Madeira Archipelago, Portugal. Journal of Species
Lists and Distribution. 9:2, 432-433.
M, Ellen. 1975. Slow Evolutionary Loss of the Potential for Interspecific Hybridization in
Birds: A Manisfetasion of Slow Regulation Evolution. Journal of Prof. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA. 72:1, 200-204.
Dyeke, J, Gareth. 2003. Suprageneric relationship of galliform birds (Aves, Galliformes): a
cladistic analysis of morphological charcaters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean
Society. 137, 227-244.
T. Rebeca. 2011. A Macroevolutionary Perspective on Multiple Sexual Traits in the
Phasianidae (Galliformes). Research Article. 10:40. 1-16.
Webb, |D. M . 2004. Fox P2 in Song- Learning Birds and Vocal-Learnings Mammals.
Journal of Heredity. 9:3, 212-216.

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