UNIT-2

RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY

For the sake of convenience, we can divide the history of industrial development into three
periods: Ancient Industry, Medieval Industry and Modern Industry. This classification is done
with a view to chronology and development.

Industries in Ancient and Primitive Period

In the ancient or primitive period of industry are included those work which were performed by
man when he was neither literate nor civilised. In this period no systematic industry had
developed. The main concern of man during these days was merely to provide for food and
physical protection. The means which were adopted by him to meet these ends were symbolic of
his industrial effort. For food the primitive man used to hunt animals and gather wild vegetables
and fruits. For hunting he employed bow and arrow and certain instruments made by
sharpening stone. All primitive weapons were made either of wood or stone. These weapons
were symbols of industrial development of that period. Besides, making fire by friction of stone
or bamboos was industrial miracle of that time. For a pretty long time this state of affairs
persisted.

Industries in Medieval Period

In medieval period there was sufficient development in industry. In this period the signs of
industry became quite visible in the efforts of man. A number of manually operated machines
were fabricated. Man also began using animal power to meet his ends. The signs of
industrialisation, production of goods in excess of consumption and stocking of these, came in
evidence at this time. The exchange of goods and division of labour also came into vogue. As a
consequence of this, different industries started operating separately. For, example, blacksmith,
carpenter and weaver set up independent units. Thus began the specialization of jobs. The
artistic spirit of the artisans was awakened.

Types of Industrial Production Systems

The early industrial age can be divided into three distinct industrial systems. This division is
based on the nature of the industrial system.
These industrial systems are:
(1) The Manorial or Feudal system
(2) Guild system
(3) Domestic or putting-out system

1.The Manorial or Feudal system-Under the system, the primary industry was agriculture.
Few persons controlled vast tracts of lands each and they engaged and employed hundreds of
workers to do the farming. This system was in vogue in Europe between 9th and 12th centuries.
Under this system the owner of the land was called feudal lord and persons engaged by him
were called serfs. The serfs were virtual slaves of the feudal lord. Besides agriculture, other
important professions were those of carpentry, black-smithy, pottery and weaving. Even these
artisans were dependent upon feudal lords.

Under the feudal system, the serfs were required to give all kinds of services of their
respective lords. In case required, they had to wage war against the enemies of their lord,
From 11th century onward urban towns started coming up in Europe. Wi th urbanization
feudal system got a set back. The labour or the working class now had an alternative to
working as serfs. They could migrate to towns and find work there. As a result of
urbanization, Guild system came into vogue.

2. Guild system-The urbanization in Europe emancipated the serfs from their traditional
slavery Having emancipated themselves from serfdom under feudal lords the workers started
learning new trades and skills. As a result of specialization and proficiency in trades
acquired by workers, centres of trade came up. Gradually this process gave rise to Guild
system.
In Guild system, trade associations representing various trades came into being. These trade
associations worked for the promotion and development of their respective trades. These
associations supervised the quality and quantity of goods being produced by the members of their
association.
They also fixed and regulated the prices of goods. Various kinds of relations prevailed
among the members of a guild. They were related, besides economic relations, by social,
political and religious relations.
Under Guild system there used to be two kinds of guilds; the Merchant Guilds and Craft
Guilds. The main task of the Merchant Guilds was to look after the interests of businessmen.
They used to demand justice from government in a manner in which Chambers of Commerce of
today function. The Craft Guilds were associations formed by craftsmen carrying on a particular
craft. The craft guilds worked for the promotion of the crafts and protection of the interests of
craftsmen. The craft guilds used to arrange weekly markets where craftsmen could sell their
products. In craft guilds, master craftsmen played crucial role, though less skilful craftsmen
were also given due share. They were helped to acquire proficiency in their skill. The master
craftsmen used to belong to families of master craftsmen. The craftsmanship was supposed
to be hereditary. In these days, the craft guilds of blacksmiths, carpenters and weavers were
particularly prominent.
The guild system occupies a place of pride in the history of industrial development. This system
was important in maintaining social harmony and unity. Remarking about the merits of this
system Raj Kohli says that, "The builders of the great cathedrals of Europe (at the period) had
achieved a unity of feeling and thought which the modern world has apparently lost."

Decline of Guild System

The guild system lasted for a pretty long time, but gradually it declined. From 16th Century
there was a gradual decline and deterioration in this system. There were two chief causes for the
decline of this system. The first cause was internal and the second was external.

. The first internal cause of the decline of the guild system was that its functions and the rights of
its officials were not well defined. This gave rise to myriad conflicts. For example, the guild of
goldsmiths was always warring with the guild of silversmiths. Moreover, there was gradual
fragmentation of the guilds. Originally, there was only one guild of cloth merchant. But soon
many sub-guilds like association of weavers, tailors, embroideries etc., were formed.

The second cause of the decline of the guild system was external. Under this system there was one
group of traders who were manufacturers and the other was that of middle men. This group of
middle men later began exploitation of the manufacturers. It acted in the manner and style of
modem capitalist. The middle men took over the control of all levers of production and
arbitrarily used them for their own selfish ends. Generally, they took over the control of raw
material. The arbitrary acts of these middle men gave severe set back to the guild system.

Besides these two reasons, there were certain local and immediate causes of this decline. At
this time America was discovered. The way to commerce and trade with East also opened.
Due to this the trade and commerce was deeply affected. In the production and demand of
goods there was sudden upward surge. During these days a religious factor also contributed its
share. in the decline of guilds. The protestant sect of Christianity had greater dominance at this
juncture. The rise of protestant religion spelt the rise of the individualism and this, too, proved
inimical to guild system which was based on a sense of cooperation. In these days another
factor which gave death blow to guild system was the invention and use of big machines and
introduction of sophisticated techniques of production.

3. Domestic or putting-out system-After the decline of guild system, domestic system came
into vogue. This system was a kind of capitalism. As far as the method of production was
concerned, it was not much different from that of guild system. However, under domestic
system there was no place and no rule for various guilds and trade associations. Under domestic
system -a head of family who normally was a master craftsman controlled the entire production
and everything was under his personal ownership. The head of the family used to provide for
the raw material and also the manufactured goods. All processes or stages of production were
under his individual control and supervision. Under this system the craftsman had not much
freedom. The system is to be seen today in the form of cottage industries.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM

The factory system was a new way of organizing labour made necessary by the development
of machines which were too large to house in a worker's cottage. Furthermore, the
efficient use of the new machines required that many of them be installed together where they
could all be driven by the same-power source. Therefore, workers' homes became separately
located from their place of work. All brought together under one roof, it was considerably
easier for the factory owner to supervise and closely regulate their workers
.
The `factory system' has been an important element in the accelerating processes o
industrialization known as' the industrial revolution. As British industrial enterprises expanded in
the 18th century, it became important to develop a more tightly organized form of production than
the traditional method of employing workers in small workshops or their own homes-as in
the `domestic system'. The solution was the construction of large manufacturing
establishments, in which the work-force could -be closely controlled and strict conditions of
time-keeping maintained.

The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of
the Industrial Revolution and later spreading abroad. Fundamentally, each worker created a
separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories.
Workers, paid by wage, and machines were brought together in a central factory. All the
processes of production would be carried out under one roof, and would continue as log as it
was practical. Inconclusively, Richard Arkwright is the person credited with being the brains
behind the growth of factories. The factory system was a new way of organizing labour
made necessary by the development of machines which were too large to house in a
worker's cottage. Working hours were as long as they had been for the farmer, that is, from
dawn to dusk, six days per week. It reduced the worker to an unskilled commodity who could
be easily replaced.

Some of the main characteristics of the factory may be summarized as follows:

1. Development of large scale manufacturing units as factories.

2. Large number of labourers working under one roof in the factory.
3. Production is based on heavy and advanced machines.
4. Use of technology and power in production.
5. Scale of production in the factories is of enormous size.
6. Building size of the factory is very huge.
7. Work in the factory is in organized in an assembly line which makes the work easier but also
monotonous.
8. Working conditions of labourers include long hours of work in dangerous working
conditions.
9. Workers are paid low wages and exploited to the maximum.
10. Alienation and ill health can be frequently seen among workers.
11. Women and children are also employed as workers.
12. Hazardous working conditions in coal mines.
13. Low wages and maximum profits to the owner, surplus value led to capitalism.
14. Ruthless competition has contributed in increasing the size of factories.
15. The factory system replaced the domestic system, in which individual workers used hand
tools or simple machinery-lo. fabricate goods in their own homes.
16. Work was-organized to utilize power-driven machinery and produce goods on a large
scale.
17. The location of work also changed from workers' home to factories.
18. Factory system led to crowded, substandard housing and poor sanitary conditions for
 the workers.
19. Capitalism has contributed in the development of the factory system.
20. Scientific management characterized factory system.
21. Factory system produced goods of good quality an in large quantity.
22. Factory system has been globalized.
23. Emergence of trade unions for workers' welfare.
24. Efforts by the Governments for streamlining the factory system and protection of workers'
interests.
25. Laws protecting the workers and controlling the factories implemented.
26. The Factory System

A gradual rise in the population pushed up the demand for industrial goods. With the rise in
demand for the goods, more and more machines were used and in place of. cottage industries,
factories employing hundreds of workers sprang up. With the establishment of factory
system, industrial revolution became inevitable. Under the factory system there was
considerable rise in the production and goods were sold at places far off from the places of
manufacture.
For the introduction of factory system certain basic conditions had to be met. These were:
(1) An industry could be established only at a place where the raw material was easily
available. Besides workers should also be easily available and must be residing at nearby places.
(2) In a factory, man and animal power are to be replaced as far as possible by - machines.
This process was greatly accelerated by the invention of hydraulic machines. The successful
application of mechanical power helped immensely to improve the quality and increase the
production of goods.
(3) The factory system requires huge investment of capital in the way of money. With the help
of money power the capitalist is able to provide for raw materials, workers and machinery. In
factory system, besides production, the needs and requirements of consumers have also to be
borne in mind.

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

Some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes
brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The
percentage of children who lived past infancy rose significantly, leading to a larger workforce.
The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more
efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find
employment in agriculture into cottage industry, for example weaving, and in the longer term
into the cities and the newly developed factories. The colonial expansion of the 17th century
with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets and
.accumulation of capital are also cited as factors, as is the scientific revolution of the 17th
century.
Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological
innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the
invention and improvement of the steam engine. The presence of a large domestic market should
also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it
occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions,
which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded amongst them. Governments' grant of
limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system (the Statute of Monopolies
1623) is considered an influential factor. The effects of patents on the development of
industrialization are clearly illustrated.. In return for publicly revealing the workings of an
invention, the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt, by allowing them to
monopolize the production of the first steam engines, thereby rewarding inventors and
increasing the pace of technological development.

Some of the important causes of Industrialisation are as follows

industrialization is a process of the increasing development of industries in society. Development

of large scale industries lead to industrialization. Man is industrious by nature and he has
always made attempts to control the sources of production. Like other species man does not
want to depend only on nature for the fulfilment of his basic needs. It is this nature of men
which is responsible for the industrial development in society. Industry can be defined as that
mode of production which involves technology and produces goods on large scale.

Industrialization in India started before independence by the efforts of the British Government.
After India became independent in 1947, the Government of India made systematic efforts to
speed-up the process of industrial development. Although Mahatma Gandhi advocated for the
development of the cottage industries in view of the large size of population living in rural
areas, Nehru wanted to focus on large scale industries too.

Some of the important causes. of the-industrialization in India will now be discussed in the
following discussion.

1. Efforts of Indian Government. After independence Government of India has made

systematic efforts for the development of large scale industries in the country. In every five year
plan special emphasis has been given to industrial development. A separate ministry has been
setup for looking after the development of industries in the country.

2. Growth and development of Technology. Technological advancement has lead to the

development of large size industries. Technology can be upgraded not only within, the country
but also is imported from other parts of the world.

3. Growth of Capitalism. Industrialization has lead to capitalism and which leads to further
development of industries. Large scale industrious has enabled one man to control tremendous
capital and which is utilized by him for more industrial expansion.

4. Growth of Trade and Commerce. Growth of trade and commerce at international

level has also increased the requirement of large scale production and, therefore, to
industrialization. The developments of fast means of transportation and communication have
made it possible for doing trade at the international level,
5. Decline of Rural Cottage Industries. After independence in India the small scale cottage
industries lost their viability. Goods produced in the large scale industries were both cheaper and
good in quality. Large inflow of goods from other parts of the world ruined the cottage
industries. This lead to the development of large scale industries necessary and also to
industrialization. Cottage industries failed in fulfilling the requirements of the increasing
population.

6. Introduction of heavy Machines in Industries. Development of heavy and advanced

machines in industries also increased the speed of industrialization. Introduction of machines
have given birth to the development of industries and factory system of production.

7. Development of new Agricultural Techniques. Development of advanced agricultural

techniques, new varieties of seeds giving more production, organic and synthetic manure, better
irrigation facilities have increased the size of agricultural produce. The processing of large
agricultural produce requires large industries like sugar industries etc. Therefore, the increase of
agricultural production also contributed in industrialization.

8. Development of Means of Transportation. Means of transport have progressed at a

surprising rate. The development of transportation by air, land and sea at fast speed has
positively contributed in the process of industrialization. National and international trade made
large scale industries more economically viable.

9. Development of Means of Communication. Newspaper, radio, television and now the

development of internet has helped in bringing the news from one corner of the world to the
other. This has also facilitated the growth of industrialization.

10. Globalization. Globalization has increased interaction among nations. A need for collective
efforts of nations to deal with matters of global interests and concerns has been felt.
Globalization has promoted the development of large scale industries all over the world.
Globalization has made it possible for advancements in science and technology to spread across
the globe. It has also made it possible for an industrialist to settle an industry outside his country.

CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALISATION

As a result of fast industrialization, the process of urbanization too, is growing fast d this is
having deep impact upon society. The industrialization is pushing up he urban population

Development of Cities

Industrialization is a very import ant cause and factor in the origin and development of towns. But
some sociologists regard industrialization to be the only cause of the development of cities, It
will be in fitness of things to critically examine this view. It is a fact that in India most of the
big cities have developed due to industrialization. In India, this is also true that population
has increased much faster in those areas which are highly industrialized. Therefore, the number
of cities is more in those states which are more industrialized than in others. In India maximum
number of cities is in Maharashtra which is the most industrialized state of India.

Role of industrialisation in the development of cities will now be discussed in the following
points.

(1) Production Centres- Generally the more important cities of the world are industrial
towns. The, main reason for increasing urbanisation of modem tunes is the industrialisation.
Consequent upon industrial revolution the urban population all over. the world has increased
considerably. In India the majority of cities having population of one lakh or more are industrial
towns. According to the kind of production the production centres Can be classified in two
following categories :

(a) Primary Production Centres- The primary production centres are those places where raw
materials for industrial use are produced. For example, mining centres where oil, coal, wood etc.
are produced are primary production centres. The population of such places is usually not very
large. Generally, only those persons live at these centres who are directly or indirectly
involved in the production of raw materials. By elaborate transport these centres are
connected with places at which raw materials are further refined. Among such towns In India
are Nellore, Mauslipatnam, Ranchi, Gauhati, Mysore, Kolar, Dehradun, Bareilly etc. In
Dehradun and Bareilly the wood obtained from forests is sawed and packed off to secondary
production centres. Bareilly is also known for its bamboo production. In Gauhati we have oil
wells, in Ranchi we have coal mines and in Kolar there are gold mines.

(b) Secondary Production Centres- Most of the centres of production are included in this
category. In secondary production centres the raw materials obtained from primary production
centres are used for manufacture of a variety of goods. At such places population is large and
keeps growing. As the primary centres of production produce one or two items, the secondary
production centres usually produce scores of items but are famous for one or two items. For
example, Ferozabad is famous for its glass bangles, Kanpur for leather goods, Moradabad for
brasswares, Gwalior for earthen wares, Aligarh for locks and scissors, Jamshedpur for steel
and iron, Rampur for knives and scissors, Bareilly for furniture, Banaras for sarees and
brocade work, and Bangalore for silk sarees.

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALSATION ON SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Impact upon Marriage and Family

1. Marriage as a Social Contact

2. Higher Age of Marriage
3. Increasing Number of Unmarried Adults
4. Increase of Love Marriages
5. Increase in Divorce
Changes in the functions of Family

1. Breaking – up of Joint Family

2. Increase of Small Nuclear Families
3. Change in the Status of Women.
4. Disintergration of Family
5. Change in Family Goals

INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE

In industrial societies there is a unique kind of social stratification. In industrial society the
different strata of society, are known„ as social classes.. The basis of stratification in an
industrial society is different from that of other societies.
Generally, social stratification in an industrial society occurs on the following fourfold
bases.
(1) Occupation, (2) Education,
(3) Income, (4) Family Status.
Now we shall. study these in a little detail:

1. Occupation- In industrial societies the. main basis of social stratification is

occupation. In these societies the status and prestige of an individual is determined by the
position and rank he occupies, the nature of his profession and his rank and status in that
profession. What is meant is that rank and status are of crucial importance in industrial society.
Indeed, in an industrial society rank and occupation in an industrial society are indicative of
one's ability. The rank and status and occupation are not hereditary in industrial society; one
has to strive and struggle & these. In a society where caste system is prevalent the
occupations and. professions are hereditary. The son of a Brahmin does the job of a
Brahmin and enjoys the Same status and respect in society as were being enjoyed by
his father. The son of a Brahmin becomes automatically entitled to respect and status of
his father. On the contrary, in an industrial society, the son of a manager cannot claim the
post of manager after the retirement of his father. He must possess all the necessary
qualifications for it, that is, he must earn the managership. In order to gain status in an
industrial society one has to strive hard. In an industrial society there is no value for
heredity but one has to strive for status.

2. Education- in an industrial society education is an important determinant of the status of a

person. The better educated are regarded more highly than the less educated. Of course, in
every society the poets, writers and learned have got top rank and status. However, in
industrial society there is some difference in this regard from other societies. The industry
has closer relation to science and technology than formal learning. This is why a person
who is highly learned is not regarded so well as a person who is proficient in science and
technology. In an industrial society it is not. literary learning but the scientific learning that
commands respect. As a consequence, of industrialization the importance and value of
subjects like philosophy and literature has gone down. The formal learning has been replaced
 by utilitarian subjects. The predominant outlook in education today is pragmatic. Naturally
training in science and technology is conductive of industrial advance. It is applied science
that is responsible for industrialization. On account of the utilitarian nature of science and
technology, the scientists and technologists enjoy places of prestige in industrial society.

3. Income-Now-a-days in in dustrial societies the measuring rod.. of one's social status is

one's income, the higher one's income the higher one's social status. In materialistic
societies one's. material possessions are indeed the exclusive determinants of one's worth in
the society. The rich are worshipped and poor are hated. According to the materialistic
outlook the possession of material comforts and luxuries is paramount aim of life and the
more one's material possession nearer is one to the summum bonum of life. For
acquisition of material comforts money is needed. Therefore, a person's income or
salary determine his status in the society.
There is another reason also for regarding money and wealth as criterion of social status. In
the industrial societies the various types of (qualifications are needed for earning money;
without these qualifications it is not possible to earn wealth. A man must be laborious and
hard-working in order to earn lots of money. It is natural in that background that one's wealth
be regarded as a reward or one's abilities and qualifications. It is but natural to accord high
status to a man of ability. Thus from both points of view money and income are the
determinants of one's social status.

4. Family Status-In the determination of social status one's birth and pedigree have always
been kept in view. In different societies the family in to which one is born has been regarded
important in various ways. In the caste-based societies the son of Brahmin was accorded the
status of Brahmin without the slightest consideration of his actual merit. In feudal societies
the family had great importance in determining one's social status. In industrial society, too,
the family has unique importance in determining the social status of a person. However, the
reasons for the importance of family in social stratification in industrial society are not the
same as in caste based or feudal society. In an industrial society it is recognized that in
order to develop or flower one's talents the family plays an important role. A successful
manager and technocrat need especial opportunities of training etc., only those families
which can provide such facilities produce successful persons in industrial societies. A man
born in a high class family naturally gets more opportunities of development than a
person who is less fortunate 'in this respect. In socialisation the family plays an important
role. Thus from the above discussion the role of family becomes apparent.

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION UPON ENTERTAINMENT

The entertainment and relaxation are essential to life. Relaxation is indispensable for the health
of everyone. The means of relaxation and entertainment keep changing with tune and
circumstances. There is a big difference between the means of entertainment in pre-
industrial and post-industrial societies. In India there has been significant change in means of
entertainment as a result of industrialization. Following are the important influence upon
entertainment due to industrialization:
1. Entertainment Outside Family- Traditionally, in India family was the centre of
entertainment. All entertainment was focused upon family. Generally, all families used to be
joint and therefore were very large. A single family used to have about a dozen adult members
and a dozen children. On account of large families it was possible to find all kinds of
entertainment within the family itself. The adult male members used to beguile themselves by
playing cars or chess and females used to gossip, swing or sing. As there were very many
children in every family the entertainment of children was easy. In the modern industrial
societies the situation is just the opposite of the old state of affairs, The families today are not
joint. The size of families has shrunken. A family today consists of husband and wife and their
two or three children. Besides, in many families both husband and wife are employed. Under
these circumstances there is no scope of entertainment within the family. Today almost
everyone goes out for entertainment. The entertainment to-day has become institutionalized.

2. Professional Entertainment-In industrial societies the entertainment has become a

business and a profession. Today there are a number of institutions of entertainment. The
cinemas, clubs, dance and gambling dens are all centres of entertainment. We buy
entertainment today. Throw money and have fun is the situation to-day.

3. Artificial Entertainment-Due to industrialization entertainment has become a business

and profession. A professional entertainment however lacks the true spirit of entertainment. Ii
is artificial and usually debases the man instead of relaxing him.
Besides, entertainment in industrial societies is not only artificial but is of low standard also.
Today classical music and dance are little appreciated. Moreover these days entertainment
by liquor and drugs is becoming common. In bigger towns prostitution is also a big source of
entertainment. From all this it is apparent that the standard of entertainment has fallen steeply
as a result of industrialization.

STEPS TO CHECK EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

From the above discussion of social and economic effects of industrialization, it is quite clear
that industrialization has given rise to a number of evil effects. These include housing
shortage, labour problems, unnatural 'life, increase in crime and exploitation, rain of rural
industry etc.
Following measurers, should be taken to counteract the evil influences of industrialization
:
(1) Town Planning-The industries should be at a reasonable distance from the residential
colonies and the centres of the city. The slums should be cleared and replaced by good hygienic
houses.

(2) Planning of Factories-The factories should be well-planned. They must be well-

ventilated and have all amenities. They should be structured and equipped so that the chances
of accidents are minimal.
(3) Enactment of Labour laws-There must be well laid down rules for the workers. Their
wages, bonus, working, hours, gratuity, pensions, leaves etc., should be governed by laws
enacted by the government and these should be strictly enforced.

(4) Promotion of Rural Industries-The government should encourage rural industries. It

must allow liberal loans for their development.

(5) Decentralization-Many an evil effect of industrialization is due to the fact that there is
usually concentration of industry at one place. This should be avoided and there should be
diversification of industries.

(6) Development of Cottage Industry--A number of evil effects of industrialization

are due to mechanization and specialization. This lopsided development can be greatly
averted by promotion and encouragement of cottage industries.

(7) Housing-As a result of industrialization there is acute housing shortage in industrial

towns. Numerous evil effects flow from the shortage of housing. These can be avoided by
giving building of houses top priority.

(8) Healthy Entertainment-The increase in the incidence of crime, juvenile delinquency

and prostitution in industrial towns is due to lack of healthy entertainment. if we know the cause
of a phenomenon it is easy to control it. Thus by providing healthy entertainment we can
counteract the above-mentioned evils.

All the above-mentioned suggestions for the improvement of urban areas and for
counteracting the ills of industrialization have been in one form or the other accepted, at least in
principle by Government of India. Fortunately, industrialization in India is still not so intense
and concentrated as to produce alarming problems. If some advance steps can be taken at this
stage it is possible to mitigate the more severe types of ills consequent upon industrialization.
The acute problems of industrialization are in India confined to few metropolises like Calcutta,
Bombay, Kanpur etc.

Of course the efforts being made at these centres to mitigate the evil efforts of industrialization
leave much to be desired. The existence of slums is a glaring fact.-of all industrial centres, it is
an indelible blot on our society. The working conditions of labour are neither healthy nor
hygienic. There is no provision of wholesome entertainment. The government needs pay special
attention on this aspect. The closing down of red-light areas is no solution of the problems. The
government alone does not have resources to solve the monumental problems posed by
industrialization. It needs the co-operation of localself government and also the efforts of the
industrialists.