JOURNAL LIC
ADMI NISTRAT
Research and Theory
Vol. 5, No. 3
July 1995
TransactionPeriodicalsConsortium
transaction
JOURNAL
PUBLIC
ADMI NISTRATI
Research and Theory
Vol.5, No. 3
July 1995
Sponsored by the:
Department of Public Administration, University of Kansas
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University
School of Public Administration, University of Southern California
School of Public and EnvironmentalAffairs, IndianaUniversity
ARTICLES
BOOK REVIEWS
Proverbs of Administration
Christopher Hood and Michael Jackson:
AdministrativeArgument
Steven Maynard-Moody 377
ABSTRACT
2961J-PART,July 1995
DATA
EMPIRICAL MODEL
Exhibit 1
Variable Definitions, Means, and Standard Deviations*
Variable Measured As
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
InEMPLOY The naturallog of total police (firefighter)employment per 10,000 population (M = .681,
S.D. = .316, Police; M = .379, S.D. = .440, Firefighters).
lnWAGE The naturallog of the average of the minimumand maximumwages of police (firefighters)
(M = 2.189, S.D. = .278, Police; M = 1.85, S.D. = .304, Firefighters).
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
BARGLAWP An index variable measuringthe favorablenessof (BARGLAWF)a state's laws toward collec-
tive bargainingby police (firefighters). The index was created as follows. First, values were
assigned to each city depending on the favorablenessof a state's laws toward police (firefighter)
bargaining. The following coding was used: 1 = bargainingprohibited;2 = no provision for
bargaining;3 = bargainingpermitted;4 = right to meet and confer or present proposals; 5 =
conferral rights and requiredmediationor factfinding;6 = duty to bargain; 7 = duty to bar-
gain and requiredfactfinding or mediation;and 8 = duty to bargain and requiredarbitration.
Second, the mean and standarddeviation of t'ePsevalues was computed across cities (M =
5.797, S.D. = 2.492, Police; M = 5.719, S.D. = 2.475, Firefighters), and a standardizedZ
score was formed as the index measure (M = 0.0, S.D. = 1.0, Police; M = 0.0, S.D. = 1.0,
Firefighters).
CITYMGR A dummy variable equal to 1 if the municipalityoperates under a city managerform of
government (M = .771, S.D. = .419, Police; M = .769, S.D. = .421, Firefighters).
InDEN The naturallog of the numberof municipal residents per square mile (M = 8.000, S.D. =
.622, Police; M = 7.988, S.D. = .619, Firefighters).
InHOUS The naturallog of the median value of housing in the municipality(M = 10.906, S.D. = .447,
Police; M = 10.857, S.D. = .437, Firefighters).
InINC The naturallog of per capita income of municipal residents (M = 9.173, S.D. = .299, Police;
M = 9.158, S.D. = .289, Firefighters).
INDEP Metro status dummy variables for independentand suburbanwith central city as the reference
SUBURB category. (INDEP: M = .099, S.D. = .299, Police; INDEP: M = .108, S.D. = .311, Fire-
fighters; SUBURB: M = .384, S.D. = .486, Police; SUBURB: M = .322, S.D. = .467,
Firefighters).
NRTHEAST Regional dummy variables for Northeast, Midwest, and West, with South as the reference
MIDWEST category (NRTHEAST: M = .062, S.D. = .242, Police; NRTHEAST: M = .061, S.D. =
.240, Firefighters; MIDWEST: M = .316, S.D. = .465, Police; MIDWEST: M = .307,
S.D. = .461, Firefighters;WEST: M = .321, S.D. = .467, Police; WEST: M = .300, S.D.
= .458, Firefighters).
InOPW The naturallog of the average hourly wage of manufacturingproductionworkers in the
municipality (M = 2.035, S.D. = .235, Police; M = 2.038, S.D. = .238, Firefighters).
PCTBLK Percentage of the municipalpopulationthat is black (M = 10.004, S.D. = 13.220, Police;
M = 10.965, S.D. = 13.619, Firefighters).
Exhibit 1 (continued)
*Municipal per capita income data (InINC) were available for every other year from 1977-1985; data for even
numberedyears, ti, were estimated by assuming ti = (ti-1 + t+ 1)/2; 1985 data were used for 1986-1988.
Average manufacturingproductionworkers' wage data (InOPW)were available for years 1977, 1982, and 1987;
data for other years were estimated assuming the hourly wage in a city in year t had the same relationshipto the
state average hourly wage in year t and year t-1. Populationdata for 1979 are used for 1978. Data for 1980 are
used for area per square mile (used to calculate populationdensity), percentageof the municipalpopulationthat
is black (PCTBLK), median value of housing (InHOUS), percentageof the labor force employed in manufactur-
ing (PCTMANUF), and percentage of the populationwith at least a high school education (PCTHS).
304/J-PART,July 1995
Exhibit 2
Reduced Form Wage Equation, GLS Coefficient Estimates:
Collective Bargaining, Political Activity, and Law Variables
InWAGE InWAGE
Coeff. (S.E.) Coeff. (S.E.)
Variable Name (1) (2)
POLICE
FIREFIGHTERS
306/J-PART,July 1995
Exhibit 3
Reduced Form Employment Equation, GLS Coefficient
Estimates: Collective Bargaining, Political Activity,
and Law Variables
InEMPLOY InEMPLOY
Coeff. (S.E.) Coeff. (S.E.)
Variable Name (1) (2)
POLICE
(1) POLCBA .057*** .015
(.011) (.013)
(2) BARGLAWP -.048*** -.049***
(.007) (.007)
(3) PCBALAW -.006 -.020**
(.010) (.010)
(4) POLENDOR -- .057***
(.014)
(5) POLCONT -- .032***
(.009)
FIREFIGHTERS
(6) FFCBA .174*** .085***
(.019) (.021)
(7) BARGLAWF -.074*** -.076***
(.013) (.013)
(8) FCBALAW -.008 -.034
(.019) (.019)
(9) FFENDOR -- .094***
(.025)
(10) FFCONT -- .098***
(.015)
atthe.01level;**significant
***Significant atthe.05level;alltestsaretwo-tail.
307/J-PART,July 1995
Exhibit 4
Structural Wage and Employment Equations, GLS Coefficient
Estimates: Collective Bargaining, Political Activity,
and Law Variables
InWAGE InEMPLOY
Coeff. (S.E.) Coeff. (S.E.)
Variable Name (1) (2)
POLICE
(1) POLCBA .005 -_
(.005)
(2) BARGLAWP .064*** --
(.003)
(3) PCBALAW -.009 -_
(.005)
(4) POLENDOR -- .051***
(.015)
(5) POLCONT -- .060***
(.010)
FIREFIGHTERS
(6) FFCBA .014** --
(.007)
(7) BARGLAWF .061*** --
(.005)
(8) FCBALAW -.016** --
(.007)
(9) FFENDOR --.138***
(.025)
(10) FFCONT --.115***
(.016)
atthe.01level;**significant
***Significant atthe.05level;alltestsaretwo-tail.
311/J-PART,July 1995
CONCLUSION
3121J-PART,July 1995
3131J-PART,July 1995
APPENDIX A
Reduced Form GLS Estimates: Policea
aResultsfor the year dummyvariablescan be obtainedfrom the authors.All tests are two-tail.
bCity-yearobservations. cNumberof cities includedin the analysis.
**p ' .05; ***p ' .01.
APPENDIX B
Reduced Form GLS Estimates: Firefightersa
aResultsfor the year dummyvariablescan be obtainedfrom the authors.All tests are two-tail.
hCity-yearobservations. 'Numberof cities includedin the analysis.
**p < .05; ***p < .01.
APPENDIX C
2SLS GLS Estimates: Police and Firefighters Wages and Employmenta
InWAGE InEMPLOY
Variable Police Firefighters Police Firefighters
Name Coeff. (S.E.) Coeff. (S.E.) Coeff. (S.E.) Coeff. (S.E.)
3161J-PART,July 1995
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