NAKURU DISTRICT SEC. SCHOOLS K.C.S.

E TRIAL EXAMINATIONS-
2014
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)

MARKING SCHEME
231/2 BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
1. X chromosome; (1 mark)

(ii) Genotype XB Y x XbXb;

gamets correct genotypes

♀ Xb; Xb correct offsprings Acc. in order of alphabet XY not YX

♂;
Rej. ♀
XB XBXb; XBXb ♂
(4 marks)
b) Haemophilia;
Y XbY XbY
(1 mark)

c) Inform would be couples on facts and possibilities of inherited disorders to enable them decide on
whether to marry or not/prepare them to handle the disorders in their children. ( 1mark)

d) Expose to radioactive rays e.g. gamma rays

- Heavy metals
- Chemical substances e.g. mustard gas, colchicine ( 1mark)
(Any one)

2 a) Response of shoot to unidirectional light; (1 mark)

- Role of tip in response; (1 mark)

b)

B (2 marks)
A

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 c) Seedlings A – No growth, no response metal prevented auxins at tip from diffusing to the region
of growth/auxins did not pass thro ugh metal block; (1 marks)

Seedlings B – Auxins from tip diffused through agar; light from one direction caused more auxins
to be distributed to side away from light; caused more cell elongation than on the
lighted side, hence curative towards light. (2 marks)

(d) Act as control experiment (1 mark)

3 a) Diffusion: ( 1mark)

b) Starch solution in the beaker turned blue-black; Iodine diffused from visking tubing to beaker.
Iodine solution in the visking tubing remained brown; starch molecules too big to pass across
visking tubing; (4
marks)

c) Reabsorption of sugars and some salts by the kidney.

- Absorption of digested food from alimentary canal to the bloodstream
- Excretion of waste products from body cells (3
marks)

4 a) Capillary; (1 mark)

b) Thin walled/ one cell thick to reduce distance for exchange of substances;
- Narrow lumen to offer resistance to blood flow enhancing ultrafiltration;
- Numerous to reach everybody cell;
(Any 2) (2 marks)

c) X – Red blood cell;

U – Endothelial cell; (rej. Endothelium)
Y – White blood cell. (3 marks)

d) Important in blood clotting process; (1 mark)

e) Plasma; (1 mark)

5 a)(i) Healing and repair of uterine wall; ( 2 mark)

(ii) Proliferation/thickening of uterine wall;

b) Stimulates secretion of Oestrogen; and development of grafian follicle; (2 marks)

c) Corpus Luteum; (1 mark)

d) Both prevent ovulation; (1mark)

e) Placenta;
During pregnancy; (2 marks)

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 6 a)
Population of species N and P

Time in months
Nb: Labeling both axis; (2 marks)
Scale for both axis (2 marks)
Smooth curve and identity of each (2 marks)
Accurately plotted points for each curve (2 marks)

b) (i) as rainfall increases, the population of N also increase;

- as rainfall decreases, the population of N also decreases;
(ii) N feed on vegetation/ is a herbivore, rainfall increase lead to more vegetation; due to bundant
food the number/population of N increases and viceversa;

c) (i) P is a predator to N/N is prey to P

(ii) reduced rainfall in July and August resulted in reduced food vegetation for N whose numbers
therefore decreases. The reduced population of N could not sustain the high population of P
hence some members starved/migrated and population reduced;

d) (i) N (1 mark)
- Population would decrease drastically as a result of starvation due to increased competition
for food
(ii) P (1mark)
- Population would increase in number due to plenty of food;

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 7 a)(i) A group of undifferentiated cell in plants which are capable of continuous initotic cell
division; (1 mark).
(ii) Thin cell walls;
- Dense cytoplasm;
- No vacuoles; (3
marks)

b) Secondary Thickening in flowering plants.

Secondary thickening results into an increase in girths/width; due to the activity of the cambium.
In secondary growth new tissues are formed by vascular cambium; and cork cambium; the
vascular cambium divides radially to produce new cambium cells between the vascular bundles.
This forms a continuous cambium ring; The new cells of the cambium differentiate to become
secondary phloem on the outsides; those to the inner side differentiate to form secondary xylem,
more secondary xylem; is formed than secondary phloem; the interfascular cambium divides to
form parenchyma thereby increasing the growth of medullary rays;

As a result of the increase in volume of the secondary tissue; pressure is exerted on the outer cells
of the stem resulting in rupturing of epidermal cells; In order to replace the protective outer cover
a new band of cambium cells are formed in the cortex. The cork cambium/phellogen
differentiate into secondary cortex on the inner side; and cork cells on the outside; cork cells are
dead with thickened walls which became coated with a water proof substance called suberin;
The cork cells increase in a number and become the bark of the stem which prevents loss of
water; prevents infection from fungi and is also insulators. Bark is normally impermeable to
water and respiratory gases; periodically the cork cells form a loose mass of cells known as
lenticels which makes gaseous exchange possible; The rate of secondary growth is stem varies
with seasonal changes; eg. during rainy season xylem vessels and tracheids are formed in large
numbers; the cells are large thin walled and with wood with light texture; in dry season xylem
and tracheids formed are few in number, are small and their wood have a dark colour. This leads
to development of two distinct layers within the secondary xylem formed in a year called annual
rings; (allow marks on correctly annoted diagrams) ( 14 marks

8 Cervical Vertebrae;
 Have vertebrarterial canals for passage of neck blood vessels and nerves;
 Atlas has v\broad surfaces for articulation with condyles of skull to permit nodding movement of
skull;
 Axis has odontoid process of Centrum which acts as a pivot for atlas/skull forming a pivotal joint
to permit rotational movement of skull;
 Have short brunched transverse processes for attachment of neck muscles;
 Short neural spine for attachment of muscles;
 Wide neural canal for passage of spinal cord;
 Broad neural arch for protection of spinal cord; (Max. 7 marks)

Thoracic Vertebrae;
 Long neural spine provide a L.S.A for attachment of back muscles;
 Tubercular and capitular facets for articulation with tuberculum and capitulum of the rib;
 Reduced T.P for attachment of muscles;
 Neural arch for protection of spinal cord;
 Pre and postzygapophyses for articulation with those of adjacent vertebrae;
 Centrum for attachment of the T.P; (Max 5 marks)

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 Lumbar Vertebrae
Long T.P for attachment of muscles that maintain posture and flexes the spine;
 Broad neural spine for attachment of powerful back and abdominal muscles;
 Metapophyses and Hypapophyses provide additional muscle attachement
 Thick centrum for support;
 Pre and post zygapophyses for articulation between vertebrae and muscle attachement
(Max 5 marks)
Sacral Vertebrae
 Vertebrae fused to provide strength/firmness to bear body weight;
 The first anterior sacral vertebra has large wing-like T.P fused to pelvic girdle to provide strength;
 Large and broad centrum to offer support; (Max 3 marks)

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