Abundance?
http://petroleumsupport.com
How long unconventional?
• Unconventional is a time specific term
• Over the next 20 years, shale gas is
destined to grow from 15% of US gas
production to roughly 50% of production.
• Eventually unconventional may become
conventional?
What is the influence of technology?
• 1970s - The Huron Shale. United States
government and Gas Research Institute
initiated the Eastern Gas Shales Project, a
set of dozens of public-private hydro-
fracturing, and horizontal drilling pilot
projects.
• 1977 - Department of Energy pioneered
massive hydraulic fracturing in tight
sandstone formations.
• 1997 - The Barnett Shale. Mitchell Energy
developed the hydraulic fracturing
technique known as "slickwater
fracturing" that made shale gas extraction
economical.
• 2002 - Horizontal drilling in the Barnett
Shale began .
• 2012 - represents over 30% Texas’s total Slick water fracturing : involves adding
gas production and over 15,000 wells. chemicals to water to increase the fluid
flow. Twice as fast as normal.
What is in a typical fracking fluid?
Component/Additive Percent Volume
Type
Example Compound(s) Purpose (vol) (gal)
Proppant Silica, quartz sand Keep fractures open to allow gas flow out 9.51 285,300
Acid Hydrochloric acid Dissolve minerals, initiate cracks in the rock 0.123 3,690
Friction reducer Polyacrylamide, mineral oil Minimize friction between fluid and the pipe 0.088 2,640
Gelling agent Guar gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose Thicken the fluid to suspend the proppant 0.056 1,680
Scale inhibitor Ethylene glycol Prevent scale deposits in the pipe 0.043 1,290
pH adjusting agent Sodium or potassium carbonate Maintain the effectiveness of other components 0.011 330
Breaker Ammonium persulfate Allow delayed breakdown of the gel 0.01 300
Crosslinker Borate salts Maintain fluid viscosity as temperature increases 0.007 210
Iron control Citric acid Prevent precipitation of metal oxides 0.004 120
http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/
Coastal margins
What is the effect of the water
column?
• Surface organic matter descends
• During its passage to the deep ocean,
marine organic matter decomposes
in the water column, releasing CO2.
– 90 % recycled in surface waters 100 % organic matter
– 9 % recycled in deeper waters produced by
• Around 1% of this organic matter photosynthesis
reaches the sea-bed intact.
• Once incorporated in the sediment, 90 % recycled in
OMZ
degradation continues 10 %
surface waters
– Aerobic and anaerobic organisms
• 0.1% of the original surface water
organic matter preserved. 9 % recycled in
1%
• Can be enhanced deeper waters
– High primary productivity
– Accelerated sinking rates
– Rapid burial 0.9 % recycled
0.1 % buried
• Low energy, low oxygen on sea bed
environments
– Several types exist
How does sea level affect shales?
Transgressive
high sea level
• Transgressions
– Oxygen minimum
anoxia shelf
zone covers shelf
• Proximity to land
– High nutrient supply
Regressive – High productivity
swamp
low sea level
• High sea level
shelf
– Widespread shale
anoxia
deposition
How are shales distributed through
time?
• Distribution
– uneven
• Favourable conditions
– transgressions
– warm climate
– anoxia
• Periods
– Tertiary
– Early Cretaceous
– Late Jurassic
– Late Carboniferous
– Late Devonian
more recent – Silurian
OIL WINDOW
conventional traps. extraction by
• Residual shale represents shale oil hydraulic
reservoir. OIL fracking
Oil
Wet gas
Dry gas
• The Eagle Ford play produces oil, condensate, gas and finally drier gas as
drilling proceeds down dip (to the bottom right).
• The various petroleum types are a direct response to maturity.
Eagle Ford play
• Eagle Ford Shale
– Could be the sixth largest U.S. oilfield ever
discovered and the largest in forty years
– shale 76m thick over a 40 by 80 km area
– Originally known as a source rock, for the
Austin Chalk and other oil and gas bearing
zones in South Texas
• Production
– Advances in horizontal drilling technology
and hydraulic fracturing made economic
production possible
– Operators realised they could recover
liquids
– Oil production has increased 40 fold in a
few years
– In 2010, EOG resources estimated the oil
reserves in the Eagle Ford Shale at more
than a trillion barrels.
– Now other initially shale gas plays are
being assessed for oil – positive data
Rock type and fracturing
• Geology can aid production
• The Eagle Ford shale has a
carbonate content up to 70%
calcite
• Makes it very brittle and easily
fractured during stimulation
• Effectively fractured rocks result
in impressive production figures
of both oil and gas
Bakken Shale Oil Play
The Bakken Formation
• Distribution
– Underlies parts of Montana, North
Dakota, and Saskatchewan.
– The formation is entirely in the
subsurface, and has no surface
outcrop.
– Oil was first discovered within the
Bakken in 1951
– Historically, efforts to produce the
Bakken have encountered difficulties
The Bakken Formation
• Deposition
– Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous
(360 Ma)
– Three Forks Formation consists of
shallow marine to terrestrial
sediments
– Lower Bakken shale deposited in
shallow marine anoxic conditions.
– Middle Bakken variable rocks
associated with drop in sea level and
influx of sedimentary material into
near-shore environments.
– Upper Bakken shale member
deposited in resumed anoxic
conditions
– Overlying Lodgepole Formation was
deposited in oxidizing conditions
Analytical methods
Total organic matter
minerals
• Bitumen (soluble)
- solvent extraction
- fractionation
Bitumen (soluble) • Kerogen (insoluble)
kerogen - pyrolysis (thermal
(insoluble) degradation)
- chemical degradation
- spectroscopic techniques
asphaltenes
- IR, UV, NMR
aromatic hydrocarbons & resins
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Production of crude oil & liquids, MMBbl/day • « By around 2020, the United
States is projected to become the
US Saudi Arabia Russia largest global oil producer » and
overtake Saudi Arabia. "The result
is a continued fall in U.S. oil
imports (currently at 20% of its
needs) to the extent that North
America becomes a net oil
exporter around 2030.
versus the
Extra reserves
needed
Hubbert Peak Graph showing that oil production has peaked in non-
OPEC and non-FSU countries
40
35
30
25
MMBbl/day
20
15
10
0
2000 2010
The production of some
countries follows the
Hubbert Curve.
Canada, however, has
modified the curve due
to the addition of oil
sands production
Peak oil curve in the United States: modification from 2010 onwards
Millions of barrels 60
50
40
30
The exponential increase in Texas crude oil production over the last two years is largely the
result of the large increase in oil production from the Eagle Ford Formation in Texas,
discovered in 2008. Eagle Ford crude production has more than doubled over the last year,
from 120 532 bbl/day in July 2011 to more than 310 000 bbl/day in July 2012.
World oil depletion per
Major Producer
2038
Historical and projected U.S. oil & gas production MMBoe/day
Unconventional gas
Conventional gas
Unconventional oil
Conventional oil
Since 2009, the price forecasts are lower, but always higher than $100/Bbl.
Historic
2000 projection
2005 projection
$US/barrel
2007 projection
2009 projection
2010 projection
2011 projection
2012 projection
Political decisions on the management of remaining energy
sources and viable renewable ones.
Early 2000s
20-50 years?
From: “Peak of the Oil Age” by K. Aleklett, M. Höök, K. Jakobsson, M. Lardelli, S. Snowden, B. Söderbergh
Energy Policy, Volume 38, Issue 3, March 2010, Pages 1398-1414
CONCLUSION
• Shale-oil can only help the situation towards a renewable energy world, whenever
that comes. It is not an infinite fuel and it is expensive.
• Shale-oil could give a few extra decades of fossil fuel, in the future and soften the
collapse of the “Hubbert” curve.
• Even the “optimistic” USGS curve drops in the future.
• Shale-extracted products could give the “breathing space” needed during the
current, transitional period, when conventional, cheap petroleum is nearing its end.
Unless another renewable & affordable transportation fuel is developed, fossil fuels
will still be the most energy-efficient option.
• Current conventional exploration is focused on ultra-deep, expensive and
dangerous drilling (US Gulf of Mexico, Angola, Brazil), politically-troubled areas
(Iraq, Libya) or, remote and sensitive areas (Arctic).
• A long (100-years-plus) future for fossil fuels may only be envisaged if (i) natural
gas replaces oil in transportation and other energy needs; and, (ii) if the technology
allows the exploitation of the massive methane reserves (gas hydrates) under the
oceans.
• Shale-extracted exploration & production is now a strongly political and social
issue. The geological and engineering problems have mostly been solved.
CONCLUSIONS FROM IEA’s WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK, 12 Nov. 2012
economic objectives
•Changing outlook for energy production and use may redefine global
•As climate change slips off policy radar, the “lock-in” point moves closer
•The gains promised by energy efficiency are within reach and are essential