LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

1. NEIGHBOURHOOD OF ‘ x = a ’

For some h > 0, sufficiently small, let the function y = f(x) be defined in the interval  a  h, a  then it is said that
the function y = f(x) is defined in the left-neighbourhood of x = a.

Similarly, if the function y = f(x) be defined in the interval  a,a  h  then it is said that the function y = f(x) is
defined in the right-neighbourhood of x = a.

If the function y = f(x) be defined in left-neighbourhood of x = a or right-neighbourhood of x = a, then it is said

that the function y = f(x) is defined in the neighbourhood of x  a .

It must be noted here that the value ‘a’ itself may or may not be included in the domain which is actually not being
considered in its neighbourhood.

2. MEANING OF ‘x  a’

Let x be a variable and ‘a’ be a constant. If x assumes values nearer and nearer to ‘a’ but x is strictly smaller than
‘a’ then this statement is mathematically written as x  a.

Similarly, x  a+, implies that x assumes values nearer and nearer to ‘a’ but x is strictly greater than ‘a’.

In general by ‘x tends to a’ we mean that x a

(i) x  a
(ii) x assumes values nearer and nearer to ‘a’ and
(iii) we are not specifying the manner in which x should approach to ‘a’.
x may approach to ‘a’ from left or right as shown in figure. a x

If ‘x’ approach to ‘a’ from any point on the right of x = a in the real number line (i.e. the x axis) but it never crosses
x = a , then it is written as x  a+.
   x  a
a x
Similarly,
   x  a
x a

3. INDETERMINATE FORMS

Some times we come across some functions which do not have definite value corresponding to some particular
value of the variable.

x2  4 0
For example, the function f(x) = , converts into if x = 2 is substituted.
x2 0
Hence, f (2) cannot be determined. Such a form is called an Indeterminate Form.

There are total 7 Indeterminate Forms given as

0 
(1) , (2) , (3) – , (4) 0 × , (5) 1, (6) 0, (7) 00 .
0 
# 1
 Note : Here 0 and 1 are all approaching values, not the exact values.

EXAMPLE :

Which of the following are forming indeterminate form. Also indicate the form
1 1 x
(i) as x 0 (ii) as x  1
x 1 x2
1 1 
(iii) x n xas x  0 (iv)   2 as x  0
x x 
(v) (sin x)x as x  0 (vi) (n x)x as x  0
1
sec x 
(vii) 1 sin x  x as x  0 (viii) as x 
tan x 2

0
Sol. (i) No (ii) form
0
(iii) 0 ×  form (iv) ( – ) form
(v) (0)º form (vi) ()º form

(vii) (1) form (viii) form


4. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

DEFINITION 1

Let the function y = f(x) be defined in a certain neighbourhood of a point x = a . The function y = f(x) approaches
the limit L (y  L) as x approaches ‘a’ (x  a). If for every positive number h, arbitrarily small, we are able to
indicate k > 0, arbitrarily small, such that for all x, different from ‘a’ and satisfying the inequality.
|x–a|<h
we have the inequality
| f(x) – L | < k
then lim f x  L
x a

or f(x)  L as x  a or limiting value of f(x) is L as x  a.

y = f(x)
Y
L+ k
M
L 2k
L– k

h h
X
O a–h a a+h

# 2
 DEFINITION 2

Let y = f (x) be a function of x and the limiting value of y is required for x  a, then we consider the values of the
function at the points which are very near to ‘a’.

If these values tend to a definite unique number L as x tends to ‘a’ (either from left or from right) then this
unique number L is called the limit of f(x) at x = a and we write it as lim
x a
f(x) = L

Illustration 1 lim (x + 2)
x 2

Sol. x + 2 being a polynomial in x, its limit as x  2 is given by xlim

2
(x + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4

Illustration 2 lim x(x – 1)

x 2

Sol. x(x – 1) being a polynomial in x, its limit as x  2 is given by xlim

2
x(x – 1) = 2 (2 – 1) = 2

2
Illustration 3 lim x  4
x 2
x2
2 2
Sol. lim x  4 = (2)  4 = 2
x 2
x2 22

Illustration 4 lim cos (sin x)

x 0

 lim sin x 
Sol. xlim
0
cos (sin x) = cos  x 0 
= cos 0 = 1

Illustration 5 If f(x) = x3 + 1 then lim

x 1
f(x) = f(1) = 2.

Illustration 6

Find xlim
 / 2
f(x)

Sol. Here xlim

 / 2
f(x) = 1

x2  9
Illustration 7 Find the limiting value of f(x) = as x  3.
x3
y  f x
x2  9 0
Sol. At x = 3, f(x) = converts into an indeterminate form of .  3, 6 
x3 0
Now when x tends to 3 from left or from right,
it can be easily observed from the graph that the
value of f(x) tends to 6. Hence x 3
2 ( x  3)( x  3)
lim x  9 = lim
x 3 x  3 x 3 ( x  3)

= lim
x 3
(x + 3)= 3 + 3 = 6

# 3
5. EXISTENCE OF LIMIT

The limit of a function f(x) at a point x = a exists and equals to L if xlim

a 
f(x) = xlim
a 
f(x) = a finite value, L.

Here xlim f  x  and lim f  x  are called left hand limit (L.H.L.) and right hand limit (R.H.L.) respectively..
a  x a

Thus, if lim
x a
f(x) exists then xlim
a 
f(x) = xlim
a 
f(x) = a finite value, L  L.H.L. = R.H.L. = L

 lim f x  L
x a

Illustration 8 The value of lim

x 1
[x] is, where [ ] represents the greatest integer function.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) Does not exist
Sol. Left hand limit = xlim
1
f(x) = xlim
1
[x] = 0
and Right hand limit = xlim
1
f (x)
= xlim
1
[x] = 1
 xlim
1
f(x)  xlim
1
f(x)
limit does not exist.

 1
Illustration 9 If f(x) =  1  e 1 / x ' x  0 then at x = 0
 0, x0
(A) right hand limit of f(x) exists but not left-hand limit
(B) left-hand limit of f(x) exists but not right- hand limit
(C) both limits exists but are not equal
(D) both limits exist and are equal
1 1
Sol. f(0–) = hlim = =0
0 1  e1 / h 1 
1 1
f(0+) = hlim 1 / h = =1
0 1 e 1 0
 Both limits exist but are not equal.

Illustration 10

Find lim
x 1
f(x)

Sol.
Left hand limit = 1 Right hand limit = 2
Hence lim f(x) does not exist.
x 1

Illustration 11 From the adjoint graph of y = f(x), find

(i) lim
x 0
f(x) (ii) lim
x 1
f(x) (iii) lim
x 2
f(x) (iv) lim
x 3
f(x) (v) lim
x 4
f(x)

# 4
Sol. (i) Here L.H.L. = 2 and R.H.L. = 1
 lim f(x) does not exist
x 0

because left hand limit  right hand limit.

(ii) lim f(x) = 0 (iii) lim f(x) = 1
x 1 x 2

(iv) lim f(x) = 1 (v) lim f(x) = 1

x 3 x 4

6. THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let lim
x a
f(x) and lim
x a
g(x) both individually exist and are finite, then

(1) lim [k f(x) ] = k lim f(x) , where k is a constant

x a x a

(2) lim [f(x) + g(x) ] = lim f(x) + lim g (x)

x a x a x a

(3) lim [f(x) – g(x) ] = lim f(x) – lim g (x)

x a x a x a

(4) lim [f(x)  g(x) ] = lim f(x)  lim g (x)

x a x a x a

(5) lim [f(x) /g(x)] = [ lim f(x) ] / [ lim g (x) ] provided that lim g (x)  0
x a x a x a x a

(6) lim
x a
f [g(x) ] = f [ lim
x a
g(x)], provided that lim
x a
g(x) = a finite value k and lim
xk
f(x) is also finite.

(7) lim
x a
[f(x) + k ] = lim
x a
f(x) + k

(8) lim
x a
[f(x)]g(x) = { lim
x a
f(x)} lim g (x)
xa

(9) xlim

f(x)  xlim
 0
f(1/x) and xlim

f(x)  xlim
0
f(1/x) (Important)

(10) Sandwitch theorem or Squeeze Play theorem :

If g(x)  f(x)  h(x) in the neighbourhood of x = a such that lim
x a
g(x) = lim
x a
h(x) = k, a finite quantity,,

then lim
x a
f(x) = k

y  h x
P  a, k  y  f x

y  g x

xa

# 5
7. SOME STANDARD LIMITS

1
sin x x x
(1) lim = lim = lim sin x = lim =1
x 0 x x  0 sin x x 0 x  0 sin 1 x
x

 sin x   x   x   sin1 x 
lim  lim 1
Also, lim   lim 1   0 and  x 0 sin x   x0 x 
 x0 x   x0 sin x 
(where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function)
x
as 0  sin x  1 and 0  1
x sin 1 x
 1 
(2) lim cos x = lim   =1
x 0 x 0  cos x 

1
tan x x x
(3) lim = lim = lim tan x = lim =1
x 0 x x  0 tan x x 0
x x 0
tan 1 x
x
 1
lim1    lim1  x   e
1/ x
(4) x
 x x 0

g x  lim  f  x  1g  x 
(5) If lim f  x   1 and lim g  x    then lim f  x   e x a
x a x a x a

ax 1 ex  1
(6) lim = loge a (a > 0) and lim =1
x 0
x x 0
x

xn  an (1  x) n  1
(7) lim  n  an1 and lim =n
xa x  a x 0 x

n 1  x  log a 1  x 
(8) lim
x 0
= 1 and lim
x0
= logae
x x

 0 if 0  a 1
 1 if a 1
(9) lim ax = 
x 
  if a 1
 D.N.E. if a0

 a0
b if mn
a 0 x  a1x  ..........  a m 
m m 1 0

(10) lim  0 if mn

x  b x n  b x n 1  ..........  b
0 1 n  if m  n & a 0  b0  0

 if m  n & a 0  b0  0

8. IMPORTANT EXPANSIONS

x x x2 x3
(1) e  1    ............ x  R
1! 2! 3!
x ln a x 2 ln 2 a x 3ln 3a
(2) ax  1    .........a  0
1! 2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
(3) ln(1+ x) = x     .........for  1  x  1
2 3 4
# 6
 eix  e ix x3 x5 x7   
(4) sin x  x    ....... x    , 
2i 3! 5! 7!  2 2
eix  e  ix x 2 x4 x6
(5) cos x  1    ...... x   ,  
2 2! 4! 6!

x 3 2x 5   
(6) tan x = x    ........ x    , 
3 15  2 2
12.x 3 12.32.x 5 12.32.52 x 7 1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x 7
(7) sin 1 x  x     .......  x           .......
3! 5! 7! 2 3 2 4 5 2 4 6 7

   12.x 3 12.32.x 5 12.32.52 x 7 

(8) cos 1 x   sin 1 x    x     ....... 
2 2  3! 5! 7! 

  1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x 7 
   x           ....... 
2  2 3 2 4 5 2 4 6 7 

x3 x5 x7
(9) tan–1x = x     .......
3 5 7
x 2 52.x 4 61x 6
(10) sec–1x = 1+   + ......
2! 4! 6!
e x  e x x3 x5
(11) sin h x = = x    .......
2 3! 5!
ex  e x x2 x4
(12) cos h x = = 1    .......
2 2! 4!
x 3 2x 5
(13) tan h x = x –   ......
3 15
(14) The Binomial Theorem :
n   n  1 n  n  1 n  2 
1  x 
n
1 n  x   x2   x 3  ....... (for rational values of n only)
2! 3!

 x 11 
(15) (1 + x)1/x = e 1   x  .......... 
2

2 24
 

9. STANDARD APPROACHES TO EVALUATE THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

1. Substitution

3x 2  5x  1
Illustration 12 Evaluate : lim
x  7x 2  3x  1
2
1 3x  5x  1 lim y  5 y  3
2
3
Sol. Put x = y , lim
x  7x  3x  1
2 =  2
y  3y  7
= 
y 0 7

e x  e  x  2x
Illustration 13 Evaluate : lim
x 0 x3
e x  e  x  2x
Sol. The given limit l = Lim , put x = 3y
x 0 x3

# 7
 = lim
e 3 y  e 3 y  6 y
= lim 
e y  ey   3e
3 y

 ey  6y
x 0
27 y 3 x 0
27 y 3

8  e2 y  1 
3
1 y y  e2y  1 
= lim
x 0 
27  2y 
  lim
x 0 9
 e  e  2y  

Using lim
y 0 2y
 1

8 1 8l 8 1
=  l=   l
27 9 9 27 3
x  sin x
Illustration 14 Evaluate : lim
x 0 x3
x  sin x 3t  sin 3t
Sol. The given limit l = lim = lim
x 0
x 3 x 0
27 t 3
3t  (3 sin t  4 sin 3 t ) lim 3(t  sin t)  lim 4sin t 1
3
4
lim
= x 0 = x 0 3 3 = l
27 t 3 27 t x  0 27t 9 27
8l 4 1
   l
9 27 6
 1 1 
Illustration 15 Evaluate the limit : lim   
x 1 n x x 1 


 1 1 
Sol. The given limit   lim   
x 1 n x x 1 


 
1  1 1 
Put x  , then   lim   
t t 1
 n  1  1  1 
 t t 
   

 1 t 
 lim   
t 1 n t 1 t 


 1 1   1 1 
 lim  1   1  lim   
t 1 n t
 t 1  t 1
 n t t  1 
   1 
 2  1
1
 
2

2 Factorization
x 2  3x  2
Illustration 16 Evaluate : lim
x 1
x2 1
Sol. Note that, for x = 1 both the numerator and the denominator of the given fraction vanish.
0
Hence, it converts into an indeterminate form of .
0

# 8
 x 2  3x  2 (x  1)(x  2) x2 1
Therefore we have lim = lim
x 1 (x  1)(x  1)
= lim =–
x 1
x 1
2 x 1
x 1 2

x 3  x 2 log x  log x  1
Illustration 17 Evaluate : lim
x 1 x2 1

Sol. The given limit = lim

x  1 x  1log x
3 2

x 1 x2 1

 x  1  x 2  x  1   x  1 x  1 log x
= lim
x 1  x  1 x  1
 x  1  x 2  x  1   x  1 log x 
= lim
x 1  x  1 x  1
1 2  1  1  1  1  lo g 1 3
= 
1  1  2

 1  2 (2x  3)
Illustration 18 Evaluate : lim  3
x 2 
 x  2 x  3x 2
 2x 

 1 2 (2x  3) 
Sol. The given limit = lim  x  2  x(x  1)(x  2) 
x 2
 

 x(x  1)  2(2x  3) 
= lim  x(x  1)(x  2) 
x 2
 

 x2  5x  6   (x  2)(x  3) 
lim
= x 2   = lim  
 x(x  1)(x  2)  x  2  x(x  1)(x  2) 
 x 3  1
= lim
x 2
 x(x  1)  = –
  2

3 Rationalization or Double Rationalisation

Illustration 19 Evaluate : xlim x  x 2  k  x  , k > 0

  

 x2  k  x
 
lim x  x  k  x  
 2  
Sol. The given limit = x     x2  k  x
 
 

lim

x x2  k  x2  lim
x  
xk

= x   x 2  k  x  =  | x | 1  k    x
    x 2  

Here we have to consider two cases
(i) When x   ; |x| = x
xk xk k
then the given limit = lim = lim 
x   k  x    k   2
x 1  2   x x  1  2   1
 x    x  
 

# 9
 (ii) When x  –  ; |x| = – x
xk
then we have xlim
–   k 
 x 1  2   x
 x 

xk k k
lim  
  –
x–   k  1  1 0–
x   1  2  1
 x 

1 x  x2 1
Illustration 20 Evaluate : lim
x 0
x
Sol. By rationalization of numerator

1  x  x 2 1 1 x  x 1
2

= lim .
x0
x 1 x  x2 1

1  x  x 2 1
= lim
x 1  x  x 2  1 
x 0

 

1 x 1
= lim 2 =
x0
1 x  x 1 2

1 x  1 x
Illustration 21 Evaluate : lim
x0
x
0
Sol. The given limit taken the form when x  0. Rationalising the numerator, we get
0

 1 x  1 x 1 x  1 x 
= lim   
x0
 x 1 x  1 x 

 
 (1  x)  (1  x) 
= lim
x0  x
 
1 x  1 x  


 
2x
= lim  
x0

x  1 x  1 x 
 
 2 2 
= lim   = =1
x0
 1  x  1  x  2

Illustration 22 lim
(2x  3)  x 1 
x 1
2x  x  3
2

 (2x  3) x  1

  
lim
Sol. The given limit = x 1  (2x  3)(x  1) 
 

# 10
 

(2x  3) x  1   

lim

= x 1  (2x  3) x  1 x  1
   


 
 2x  3 
= lim
x 1 

(2x  3) x  1   

1 1
= (5)(2) =
10

4 Use of Binomial Theorem and other expansions

2 sin x  sin 2x
Illustration 23 f(x) is integral of , x  0 then, find lim f ' x 
x3 x0

2 sin x  sin 2 x
Sol. lim f '  x  = lim
x 0 x 0
x3
 x3   8 x 3 
2 x  ........   2 x 
= lim  3!   3! 
x 0
x3

82
= = 1
3!

2 x  sin 1 x
Illustration 24 Evaluate : xlim
0 2 x  tan 1 x

 x3 
2x   x   ...
 6 1
Sol. lim  3
 3
x 0 x
2x   x   ...
 3 

e x  1 x
Illustration 25 Evaluate : xlim
0 2
x

lim e x  1 x
Sol. x0
x2

 2 
1  x  x .......   1  x
 2!  1
= xlim   =
0
x 2 2

7  x )1/ 3  2
Illustration 26 Evaluate : xlim
0
x 1
Sol. Put x  1 + h,
lim (8  h)1/ 3  2
h0
h

# 11
  1  1  h 
2 
   1  
 1 h 3  3  8  
1/ 3
2 1  .   .......  1
 h  3 8 1. 2 
2 . 1   2  
lim  8 = hlim   {using binomial theorem}
h0 0
h h

1 1
= hlim
0 2 × =
24 12

x2
Illustration 27 Evaluate : lim
x  2x  3
x2
Sol. lim
x  2x  3

lim 1  2 / x = 1 .
x  23/x 2

x 2  4x  5
Illustration 28 Evaluate : lim 2 3
x  3x  x  2

x 2  4x  5
Sol. lim 2 3
x  3x  x  2

1 4 5
 
x x2 x3
= lim 3 2 =0
x   1 3
x x

3x 2  2
Illustration 29 Evaluate : xlim 
x2

lim 3x 2  2
Sol. x  
x2
1
Put x = as x  –, t  0+
t

1
3  2t 2 .
t2 3  2t 2 t
= tlim
 0 1  2t = tlim
 0  (1  2t ) t |
|
t

3
= =– 3.
1

3(n  1)!
Illustration 30 Evaluate : Lim
n  (n  1)3 (3n )!

 1  2  1 
(3n  3)(3n  2)(3n  1)(3n )! 27n 3 1   1   1  
Sol. Lim = Lim  n  3n  3n  = 27
n  (n  1)3 (3n )! 3
3 1
n 
n 1  
 n

# 12
Illustration 31 Let Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + n and
S2 S3 S4 Sn
Pn = S  1 · S  1 · S  1 · ........ · S  1 where n  N (n  2). Find Lim Pn .
2 3 4 n n 

n ( n  1) ( n  2)(n  1)
Sol. Sn = and Sn – 1 =
2 2
Sn n ( n  1) 2 Sn  n   n 1 
    
Sn  1 = 2
·
(n  2)(n  1)
=
Sn  1  n  1   n  2 

2 3 4 5 n  3 4 5 n 1 
Pn =  · · · ·.......... ·   · · ·.......... · 
1 2 3 4 n 1   4 5 6 n2

 n  3 
Pn =    
 1  n  2 

 Lim Pn = 3
n 

1
Illustration 32 Evaluate : lim
x 
x sin
x
1
Sol. lim
x 
x sin
x

sin 1/ x   sin y 

= lim =1  Using lim  1
x 
1/ x  y 0 y 

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE 1

 1 1 
1. The value of xlim    is
1  x  1 1x

1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C)  (D) 1
2 2
|x2|
2. The value of lim is
x 2 x2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) does not exist
1
3. The value of lim 1
is
x 0
3 2x
(A) 0 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/2 (D) does not exist
1
1  2x
4. The value of lim 1
is
x 0
3 2x
(A) 0 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/2 (D) does not exist
x
5. The value of lim ; where [ ] is the greatest integer function, is
x 3 [x ]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) does not exist

# 13
 sin x
6. The value of Lim is
x  x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) does not exist

The value of lim  

1 2 3 n 
7.
2 2
 2  ...  2  is
n  n n n n 
(A) 0 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/4

The value of lim  4

3
n
8. is
n n
1 1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
4 3 2
n!
9. The value of Lim is
n (n  1)!  n!
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) does not exist
3
x2 + 1  x2 + 1
10. The value of Lim is
x  4 5
x4 + 1  x4 + 1
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C)  (D) 1
2 2

30 + 4 x + (7 3 x )
11. The value of Lim is
x  2+ 4x  7 + 3 6x  2
7
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
6

12. The value of Lim ( x  x 2 + x ) is

x 

(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/2 (D) 1

x
13. The value of lim is
x 
4x2  1  1
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/2

 x2 1 
14. I f Lim   ax  b  = b, where a, b are constants, then the value of a + b, is

x 
 x  1 
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/2 (D) 1

1+ x  1 + x 2
15. The value of Lim is
x 0 x
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C)  (D) 1
2 2

1  x  x2 1
16. The value of lim is
x 0 x
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C)  (D) 1
2 2

# 14
 x 2 1  x 1
17. The value of lim+ is
x 1
x 2 1
1 1
(A) 1 (B) 1  (C) 1  (D) does not exist
2 2
x2  4
18. The value of Lim is
x 2 3x  2  x  2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8

19. The value of Lim (sec x  tan x ) is


x
2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) 1

3n  1  2n  2
20. The value of Lim is
n 5.3 n  2 n  1
1 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
5 5 5

ANSWER KEY

1 A 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D 6 A 7 C 8 B 9 A

10 D 11 C 12 C 13 D 14 B 15 B 16 B 17 C 18 D

19 A 20 C

5 By application of standard limits

x3  8
Illustration 33 Evaluate : xlim
2 2
x 4
Sol. Method I
x 3  ( 2) 3 x 3  ( 2) 3 x 2  ( 2) 2
2 2 = 
x  ( 2) x2 x2
3 3 3 2 2
 lim x  8 = lim x  (2)  lim x  (2)
x 2 x 2 x 2
x2  4 x2 x2

x n  an
= 3(22)  2(21) (using xlim
a
= nan–1 )
xa
= 12  4 = 3
Method II
3
lim x  8 = lim

x 2  2x  4  x  2  2 
lim x  2x  4
=
x 2
x2  4 x 2  x  2  x  2  x 2
x2

(2)2  2(2)  4 12
= = =3
22 4

# 15
 1  x 1/ 3
Illustration 34 Find lim
x  1 1  x1/ 5
x1/ 3  (1) 5
Sol. Limit = xlim 1/ 5 =
 1 x  (1) 3

Note : lim
x  1/ 5 5
 (1)
 5(1) 4
1/ 5
x  1 x  (1)

( x1/ 3 )3  (1)
lim 1/ 3 = 3 (–1)2
x 1 x  (1)

sin 2x
Illustration 35 Evaluate : lim
x 0 x
sin 2x sin 2x
Sol. lim
x 0
 lim
x 0
.2 = 2
x 2x

sin 2x
Illustration 36 Evaluate : lim
x 0 sin 3 x

sin 2x  sin 2x 2x 3x 
Sol. lim
x  0 sin 3 x
= lim 
x  0  2x
. .
3 x sin 3 x 

 sin 2x  2  3x 
= 2lim . . lim
 x 0 2x  3  3x 0 sin 3x 



2  sin 3 x  2 2
=1. . 3lim 3 x  = ×1=
3  x  0  3 3

tan x  sin x
Illustration 37 Evaluate : Limit
x 0 3
x
tan x  sin x
Sol. Limit
x 0 3
x
x
Limit tan x(1  cos x )  lim
tan x 1  cos x tan x . 2 sin2
= x 0
 = Limit
x 0
2
x 3 x 0 x x2 x3
2
 x
 sin 
tan x 1  2  1  1  cosx 1 
= Limit .  x  = .  Note that : lim = 
x 0
x 2   2  x0 x2 2
 2 

1 x
Illustration 38 Evaluate : xlim
1
cos x 
1 2

Sol. Put cos-1 x = y and x  1  y  0

1  cos y
The given limit = lim
y 0 y2
now rationalizing numerator
1  cos y 
= lim 
y 0 y 2 1  cos y 
# 16
 1  cos y 1 1 1 1
= lim
y0 y 2
lim
y  0 1  cos y = . 
2 2 4
1
x 2 cos
Illustration 39 Evaluate : Lim x
x0 sin x
x ·cos(1 x ) · x 1
Sol. The given limit = Lim = Lim x cos = 0  (a finite quantity between  1 and 1) = 0
x0 sin x x0 x

cos 1 (1  x )
Illustration 40 Lim
x 0 x

Sol. Put cos 1 1  x    , then as x  0 ,   0

  2(  2)
Lim = Lim Lim
2 sin( 2) = 0 = 2
 0 1  cos  0 2 sin( 2)

1  cos(1  cos x )
Illustration 41 Evaluate : lim
x 0
sin 4 x
 x
1  cos 2 sin 2  1  cos(1  cos x ) (1  cos x ) 2 1  1  cos x 
2
1
lim
Sol. x  0  2  lim
 x 0 2
· 4
lim
= x 0 
·  =
(1  cos x ) x 2  x 2
 8
x4
  
cos 
 2 cos x 
Illustration 42 Evaluate : Lim
x 0 sin(sin x 2 )

  
cos
 2 cos x 

 · sin x
2
   
cos
 2 cos x

 ·Lim x 2
  
cos 
Sol. l = Lim = Lim =  2 cos x 
Lim
x 0 sin x 2 ·sin(sin x 2 ) x 0 x2 x 0 sin x 2 x 0 x2

     
sin       
 2 2 cos x   2 2 cos x    
l = Lim · Lim  taking    common 
x 0    x 0 x2   2 
  
 2 2 cos x 

  (1  cos x ) 1  1 
= (1)   Lim · 2 =– · =– Ans. ]
 2  x 0 cos x x 2 2 4

e x  e3
Illustration 43 Evaluate : xlim
3 x3
Sol. Put y = x – 3. So, as x  3, y  0. Thus
x 3 e 3 y  e3 e3 . e y  e3 ey  1
lim e  e = lim lim
= y 0 3 lim
= e y 0 y = e3 . 1 = e3
x 3 y 0 y y
x3

# 17
 e3x  1
Illustration 44 Evaluate : Limit
x 0
x/2

e3x  1 e3x  1
Sol. Limit
x 0 = Limit
x 0 2×3 = 6.
x/2 3x

x(e x  1)
Illustration 45 Evaluate : xlim
0 1  cos x

x x2 ex  1 1
Sol. lim x(e  1) = x 0 1  cos x x   1  1  2
lim 
x 0 1  cos x
 
2

Illustration 46 Evaluate : lim


sin  cos 2 x 
2
x 0 x

Sol. lim

sin  cos 2 x  = lim sin(1  sin x) 2

x 0 x2 x 0 x2

= lim

sin    sin 2 x 
2
x 0 x

= lim

sin  sin 2 x 
2
x 0 x

lim

 sin  sin 2 x  sin 2 x 
  2 

= x 0 
  sin x
2
1 x 

= lim

sin  sin 2 x     lim sin 2
x
= 1 × × 1 = 
2 2
x 0  sin x x 0 x

x
 2
Illustration 47 Evaluate : xlim

1  
x

x 2
Sol. lim 1  2  = e xlim
 x
.x
= e2.
x  x
 
1/ x
  
Illustration 48 Evaluate : lim tan   x  
x 0  4 

1
 1  x
   tan 4  tan x 
 x
1 1
lim tan  x   lim   1  tan x  x  2 tan x  x
Sol.  lim    lim 1  
x 0  4  x 0
1  tan  tan x  x 0 1  tan x  x 0  1  tan x 
 4 
 2 tan x  1
lim  
x 0  1 tan x  x
e
tan x 1
lim 2 .
 e x 0 x 1 tan x  e2

# 18
 ln x  1
Illustration 49 Evaluate : lim
xe xe

x
ln  
e
Sol. The given limit = lim
x e  x 
e   1
e 

x
Put  1  y , as x  e, y  1
e
ln 1  y  1
 The given limit = lim 
y 0 ey e

6 By using Sandwich Theorem

[x]
Illustration 50 Evaluate : lim
x  x
1 [x]
Sol. x – 1 < [x]  x,  1  
x x
1 As x    x  0

 1
Now lim  1    1.
x 
 x
[x ]
Therefore by Sandwitch theorem lim 1
x  x

3 2
Illustration 51 Evaluate : Lim x cos
x 0 x
2 2 2
Sol. – 1  cos  1; – x3  x3 cos  x3 for x > 0 and x3  x3 cos  – x3 for x < 0
x x x
in both the cases limit is zero
5x 2  sin 3x
Illustration 52 Evaluate : lim
x  x 2  10
Sol.   1  sin 3x  1
5x 2  1 5x 2  sin 3x 5x 2  1
   2
x 2  10 x 2  10 x  10
5x 2  1 5x 2  sin 3x 5x 2  1
 lim  lim  lim
x  x 2  10 x  x 2  10 x  x 2  10

5x 2  1 5x 2  1 5x 2  sin 3x
Since lim = 5 and lim = 5. Hence lim = 5.
x  x 2  10 x  x 2  10 x  x 2  10

 n n n n 
Illustration 53 Evaluate : Limit  2  2  2  ....  2 
n   n  1 n  2 n  3 n n
n n n n
Sol. Let f (n) = 2
 2  2  ....  2
n 1 n  2 n  3 n n
note that f(n) has n terms which are decreasing

# 19
  n n n n 
Suppose h (n) =  2  2  2  ....  2  , n terms
 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

n2
h (n) = 2 ( obviously f (n) < h (n) )
n 1
 n n n n 
and g (n) =  2  2  2  ....  2  , n terms
n n n n n n n n

n2
= 2 ( obviously g (n) < f (n) )
n n
Hence g (n) < f (n) < h (n)
Since Limit g(n) = 1 = Limit h (n)
n  n 

Hence, using Sandwich Theorem Limit

n   f (n) = 1

Illustration 54 If [x] denotes the integral part of x, then evaluate

lim
1 x  2 x  ...  n x
2 2 2

n  n3
Sol. Let Sn = [12x] + [22x] + . . . + [n2x]
x – 1 < [x]  x
 12 x – 1 < [12x]  12x
22x – 1 < [22x]  22x
32x – 1 < [32x]  32 x
..................
..................
n2x – 1 < [n2x]  n2x
 (12 + 22 + . . . + n2 ) x – n < Sn  (12 + 22 + . . . + n2) x
n(n 1)(2n 1) n S n(n 1)(2n 1)
 3
x  3  n3  lim .x
6n n n n  6n3
 n(n  1)(2n  1) 1 S n(n  1)(2n  1)
 lim  3
x  2   lim n3  lim .x
n 
 6n n  n  n n  6n 3
 n(n  1)(2n  1) 1 x n(n  1)(2n  1) x
 lim  3
x  2  = and lim .x =
n 
 6n n  3 n  6n 3
3
Sn x
Hence required limit i.e. nlim 3
 .
 n 3

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE 2

sin 5 x  sin 3 x
1. The value of Lim is
x 0 sin x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) does not exist

tan 2 x  x
2. The value of Lim is
x 0 3 x  sin x
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/2 (D) 1

# 20
 e sin x  1
3. The value of Lim is
x 0 x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) None of these

sin (2  x )  sin(2  x )
4. The value of lim is
x 0 x
(A) sin 2 (B) cos 2 (C) 2 sin 2 (D) 2 cos 2

1 x  1 x
5. The value of lim is
x 0 sin 1 x
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 2

cos x  sin x
6. The val ue of Lim i
s
x
   4x
4

1 1 1 1
(A) (B)  (C) (D) 
2 2 2 2 2 2
1  cos 2 x
7. The value of Lim is
x
 (  2 x )2
2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/2

x n (1  x )
8. The value of Lim is
x 0 1  cos x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) does not exist

ax  b x
9. The value of lim is
x 0 x
2 2
a  b a  b
(A) n   (B) n   (C) n   (D) n  
b a  b a 
2.3 x  3.2 x
10. The value of Lim is
x 1 x 1
3 2 3 2
(A) 6 n (B) 6 n (C) 3 n (D) 3 n
2 3 2 3

ax  b x  cx  3
11. The value of Lim (a , b , c > 0), is
x 0 x

(A)  n  abc  (B) n  abc  (C) n  abc  (D) n  abc 

1 1/3 1 / 3

x  x 2  ...  x n  n
12. The value of Lim is
x 1 x 1
n n 1 n  n  1 n  n  1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 4

# 21
 x  cos(sin 1 x )
13. The value of lim is
x
1 1  tan(sin 1 x )
2

(A) 1/ 2 (B) 1/ 2 (C) 1 (D) does not exist

 
14. The value of xlim x 2 sin  n cos  is

 x

2 2 2 2
(A)  (B)  (C) (D)
2 4 2 4

15. The value of Lim (1 + sin x )cot x is

x 0

(A) 1 (B) e (C) e 1 (D) e 1 / 2

1
 tan x  x 2
16. The value of Lim   is
x 0  x 

(A) 1 (B) e (C) e (D) 3 e

8 x2 3
 2x 2  3 
Lim
17. The value of x   2  is
 2x  5 
(A) e 2 (B) e 4 (C) e 8 (D) e 1
x
xc
18. If Lim    4 , then the value of c is
x   x  c 

(A) 1 (B) n2 (C) n 2 (D) 2 n 2

1
 x  1  cos x  x
19. The value of Lim
x 0
  is
 x 
(A) 1 (B) e (C) e (D) 1 / e

[ x ]  [2 x ]  ...  [nx ]
20. The value of Lim , where [ ] is the step function (x is real), is
n n2
(A) 0 (B) x (C) x/2 (D) does not exist

ANSWER KEY

1 C 2 B 3 B 4 D 5 C 6 C 7 C

8 C 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 C 13 B 14 B

15 B 16 D 17 C 18 B 19 D 20 C

# 22
 SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

cos 2x  1
1. lim 
x
 sin 2x
2

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1/2

Sol. (a)
cos 2x  1 cos 2x  1 1  cos 2x
lim  lim 
x
 sin 2x x
 sin 2x 1  cos 2x
2 2

sin 2x
 lim  0.
x  1  cos 2x

2

1  sin 2x
2. Value of lim
x
 4x   is
4

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  (d) limit does not exist

Sol. (d)

 sin x  cos x 
2
1  sin 2x sin x  cos x
L  lim  lim  L  lim
x 4x   x 4x   x 4x  
4 4 4

Now

 
sin  x  
sin x  cos x 2  4 1
LHL   lim  LHL   lim  &
 4x   4 x   2 2
x
4 4 x 
4

 
sin  x  
sin x  cos x 2  4 1
RHL  lim  RHL  lim 
 4x   4 x   2 2
x
4 4 x
4
As LHL  RHL , hence limit dos not exist.

  
ln  tan   x  
4 
3. lim  
x 0 x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) limit does not exist
Sol. (c)
    1  tan x 
ln  tan   x   ln  
 4   1  tan x  ln 1  tan x   ln 1  tan x 
L  lim  lim  L  lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x

 ln 1  tan x  ln 1  tan x   tan x

 L  lim     2.
x 0
 tan x  tan x  x

23
 x 4
4. Value of lim is
x 2 x  7  2x  5

2 2
(a) (b)  (c) 0 (d) limit does not exist
3 3

Sol. (b)
x 2 x2 x 2
L  lim  L  lim 
x 2 x  7  2x  5 x  2  x  7    2x  5 x  7  2x  5
x2 x 2 2
 L  lim   .
x 2 2  x x  7  2x  5 3

 x  2
n
 4n
5. Value of lim is
x 2 sin x
n.4n 1 n.4n
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 
 

Sol. (a)
Let x = h 2, then

 x  2  h  4   4n
n n
 4n
L  lim  lim
x2 sin x h  0 sin  2   h 

h n  n C1.h n 1.4  n C 2 .h n  2 .42  ...  n Cn  2 .h 2 .4 n  2  n Cn 1.h.4n 1

 L  lim
h 0 sin h

h  h n 1  n C1.h n  2 .4  n C 2 .h n 3 .4 2  ...  n C n  2 .h.4n  2  n Cn 1.4n 1  n4n 1

 L  lim 
h 0  sin h   .
h  
 h 

a sin x 1  1
6. Value of xlim
1/2 tan 2 2x
is

ln a ln a ln a ln a
(a)  (b) (c) (d) 
4 4 8 8

Sol. (d)
Let x = 1 + h, then
a sin x 1  1 a cos h 1  1
L  lim  lim
x 1/2 tan 2 2 x h  0 tan 2 2h

 2sin2 h  h
a  2sin 2
2
1 2  cos 2 2h
 lim  
h
 sin 2h
h 0 2
 2sin 2
 2 

24
 h
2sin 2
 ln a  lim 2  cos 2 2h
2
h 0
 h h 
 4sin cos cos h 
 2 2 
ln a
L .
8

  x 
sin x
7. Value of xlim
 
is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)  (d) not defined

Sol. (a)
Let x    h , then
L  lim  h   ln L  lim sin h  ln h 
sinh

h 0 h 0

sin h
 ln L  lim  h  ln h   0
h 0 h
 L  1.

2x 2  3
 x2 1 
8. lim
Value of x   2  is
 x 2
(a) e (b) e 2 (c) e2 (d) not defined

Sol. (b)
2x 2  3  x 2 1 
 x2 1  
lim  2 1 2x 2  3
x   
 x 2 
L  lim  2  Le
x  x  2
 
 2x 2  3 
 lim  2 
x  x  2 
Le  

 3 
 2 2 
 lim  x 
2
x 
 1 2

 .
Le  x 
 e 2

tan 2x  2x
9. Value of lim is
x 0 sin 3x  3x
2 2 2 4
(a)  (b) (c)  (d) 
81 27 27 27

Sol. (c)

 x3 
 2x   ...   2x
tan 2x  2x 3
L  lim  L  lim  
x  0 sin 3x  3x x 0  27x 3

 3x   ...   3x
 6 

25
 x3
 ...
4
 L  lim 3 3 
x 0 27x 27
  ...
6

x2

 sin 1  t 
1
10. Value of lim is
x 1 3x  x 3
2 1 1 2
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
3 3 3 3

Sol. (b)
x2

 sin 1  t  2x sin 1  x 
L  lim 1
 L  lim
x 1 3x  x 3 x 1 3 1  x 2 

sin 1  x  2x 1
 L  lim 
x 1 1  x  3 1  x  3

eax  bsin x  c
11. Value of lim  2,  a  0  , then a =
x 0 x2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) 0

Sol. (a)
 a 2x2   x3 
 1  ax   ... 
  b x   ...   c
e  b sin x  c
ax
2 6
lim 2
 lim   
2

x 0 x x 0 x

a2x2
1 c  a  b x   ...
 lim 2
x 0 x2

a2
Now for L = 2, 1  c  0, a  b  0,  2.
2
Hence a = b = 2 & c = 1.

x  sin x
12. If f (x)  , then lim f  x  is
x  cos 2 x x 

(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d) Does not exist

Sol. (c)

sin x
1
x  sin x x =1
lim  lim
x  x  cos 2 x x  cos 2 x
1
x
26
 a tan x  sin bx 11
13. If lim  , then a + b =
x  x 2 ln 1  x  2
(a) 5/2 (b) 6 (c) 9/2 (d) 3/2

Sol. (b)

 x3   b3 x 3 
a  x   ...    bx   ... 
a tan x  sin bx 3 6
lim 2  lim    
x  x ln 1  x  x   3 x 4

 x   ... 
 2 

 a b3  3
a  b x     x  ...
 lim 3 6 
x   3 x4 
 x   ... 
 2 

a b3 11
Now a  b,   , hence b3  2b  33 or b  3 .
3 6 2

 13  23  33  ...  n 3 
14. Value of lim   is
n 
 n4 
2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
3 3 2

Sol. (b)

1  1   2   3  
2 2 2
 13  23  33  ...  n 3 
lim    lim  
        ... 
n 
 n4  n  n   n   n   n  
2
1 n r
 lim   
r 1  n 
n  n

1
1
  x 2 dx 
0
3

x 2n sin x  cos x     3 
15. If f  x   lim , then f    f   
n  x 2
2n
4  4 
3
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c)  (d)
2 2

Sol. (d)
x 2n sin x  cos x cos x
If x  1, then lim x 2n  0, hence f  x   lim  f x 
n  n  x 2
2n
2

27
  1
f   
4 2 2

cos x
sin x 
1 x 2n  f  x   sin x
If x  1, then lim 2n  0, hence f  x   lim
n  x n  2
1  2n
x

 3  1
f   
 4  2
    3  3
Hence f    f   
4  4  2 2

28
 EXERCISE - 1 (A)
 x, when x  1
1. If f (x)   2 , then lim f (x) 
 x , when x  1 x 1

(a) x2 (b) x (c) –1 (d) 1

| x 2|
2. lim 
x 2 x  2

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Does not exist

 2
 , when x  3
3. If f (x)   5  x , then
5  x, when x  3

(a) lim f (x)  0 (b) lim f (x)  0

x 3 x 3

(c) lim f (x)  lim f (x) (d) None of these

x  3 x 3

 3x, if 0  x  1
4. Let the function f be defined by the equation f (x)   , then
5  3x, if 1  x  2
(a) lim f (x)  f (1) (b) lim f (x)  3
x 1 x 1

(c) lim f (x)  2 (d) lim f (x) does not exist

x 1 x 1

|x|
5. lim 
x 0x
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Does not exist

6. lim (3x 2  4x  5) 
x 1

(a) 12 (b) –12 (c) 4 (d) Does not exist

3x / 2  3
7. The value of lim x is
x 2 3  9

1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) ln 3
3 6

x5  a 5
8. The value of lim is
x a xa
(a) 0 (b) 5a4 (c) 4a5 (d) 1

1 1 1
9. lim    equals
h 0 h x  h x
1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 
2x 2x x2 x2
29
 1 x2  1 x2
10. The value of lim is
x 0 x2
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) –2 (d) 0

x 3
11. lim equals
x 3 x 2  4x
3 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 4

ax 2  bx  c
12. lim 2 
x  dx  ex  f

b c a d
(a) (b) (c) (d)
e f d a

 
13. lim  x  x  x  x  is equal to
x 
 
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) ln 2 (d) e4
2

14. lim x x 
x 1

(a) 1 (b)  (c) Not defined (d) None of these

1
15. lim(1  x) x 
x 1

(a) 2 (b) e (c) Not defined (d) None of these

 3sin x  3 cos x 
16. lim  
x  6x   
6

1 1
(a) 3 (b) (c)  3 (d) 
3 3

x 3  x 2  18
17. The value of the limit of as x tends to 3 is
x 3
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 21

x3  8
18. The value of the limit of as x tends to 2 is
x2  4
(a) 3 (b) (c) 1 (d) 0

x
19. lim is equal to
x 0 1 x  1 x
1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
2
30
 a  2x  3x
20. lim equals
x a 3a  x  2 x
2a 2
(a) (b) 3 3a
(c) 0 (d) None of these
3 3

199  299  399  ....  n 99

21 lim =
n  n100
99 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
100 100 99 101

2 x 3
22 The value of lim is
x  7 x 2  49

2 2 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 
9 49 56 56

 n 2
r 
lim  r 1 3  
23 n 
 n 
 

1 1 1 1
(a)  (b) (c) (d) 
6 6 3 3

4x  9x
24 lim 
x  0 x(4 x  9 x )

2 1 3 1 3 3

(a) log   (b) log   (c) log   (d) log  
3 2 2 2 2 2

2 x 3 2  2x  1
25 If f (x)  , g(x)  and h(x)   2 then lim  f (x)  g(x)  h(x)  is
x 3 x4 x  x  12 x 3

2
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c)  (d) 0
7

sin x  log(1  x)
26. lim is equal to
x 0 x2
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c)  (d) None of these
2 2
 x3  1 
27. If x   x 2  1  ( ax  b)   2, then
lim
 
(a) a = 1, b = 1 (b) a = 1, b  1 (c) a = 1, b  2 (d) a = 1, b = 2

31
 (x  1)10  (x  2)10  .....  (x  100)10
28. lim is equal to
x  x10  1010
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) 100

xex  log(1  x)
29. lim equals
x 0 x2
2 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 2

sin 1 x  tan 1 x
30. lim is equal to
x 0 x3
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2

1  sin x
31. lim
x 2x  
2

1 1
(a) Exists and it equal (b) Exists and it equals 
2 2
(c) Does not exist (d) None of these

(1  cos 2x) sin 5x

32. lim 
x 0 x 2 sin 3x
10 3 6 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 10 5 6

x3
33. lim 
x  0 sin x 2

1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 3 (d)
3 2

sin 3x  sin x
34. lim =
x 0 x
1 1
(a) (b) 3 (c) 4 (d)
3 4

(1  x)8  1  8x
35. lim 
x 0 x2
(a) 28 (b) 56 (c) –28 (d) 16
 sin[x]
 , x0
36. If f (x)   [x]
, then lim f (x) equals
 0 , 0  x 1 x 0

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) Does not exist
32
 tan 2x  sin 2x
37. Value of lim is
x 0 x3
16
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) (d) 2
3

sin(e x  2  1)
38. If f (x)  , then lim f (x) is given by
log(x  1) x 2

(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1

a cot x  a cos x
39. lim 
x  / 2 cot x  cos x

(a) ln a (b) ln 2 (c) a (d) ln x

sin x cos x tan x

f (x)
40. If f (x)  x 3
x 2
x , then lim is
x 0 x2
2x 1 1
(a) 3 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1

1  1  x  f (x)  f (a)
2
 3x  x 3  1
41. If f (x)  cot 1  2 
and g(x)  cos  lim
2  , then x  a
, 0  a  is
 1  3x   1 x  g(x)  g(a) 2

3 3 3 3

(a) 2 1  a 2  (b)
1 a2
(c)
2
(d)
2

tan x 1  cos x 
42. lim is equal to
x 0 1  tan x  x 3

1 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) 
8 4

 2(a  2)x  tan x  sin 2x  0,

43. If lim then a is equal to
x 0 x2
3 5
(a) 0 (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 2

log e (1  4h)  2log e (1  2h)

44. lim
h 0 h2
(a) – 4 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) –2

ln 1  (x  a) 
45. lim 
x a (x  a)
(a) – 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) –2
log10 (1  h)
46. lim 
h 0 h
(a) 1 (b) log10 e (c) log e 10 (d) None of these
33
 log(3  2x)  log(3  2x)
47. If lim  k, then the value of k is
x 0 x
2 4 4
(a) 0 (b)  (c) (d) 
3 3 3

e 2x  e x  x
48. lim 
x 0 x2
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) 1
2

ex  1  x
49. The value of lim is
x 0 x2
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d)
2 4

2x  1
50. lim is equal to
x 0 1 x 1
1
(a) ln 4 (b) ln 2 (c) ln 2 (d) ln
2
x 3
 x4
51. The value of lim 
x  x  1
 is
 
(a) e4 (b) e3 (c) 1 (d) e2
c  dx
 1 
52. If a, b, c, d are positive, then lim 1  
x 
 a  bx 
(a) ed/b (b) ec/a (c) e(cd)/(a  b) (d) e

lim  2x  
3x
53. x 0

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) e (d) None of these

1
ex
(1  x) x  e 
54. The value of lim 2 is
x 0 x2
11e 11e e
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
24 24 24
m
 x
55. lim  cos  =
m 
 m
(a) 0 (b) e (c) 1/e (d) 1
n(n 1)
 n2  n 1 
56. lim  2  
n  n  n  1
 
(a) e (b) e2 (c) 1/e (d) 1

34
 1  cos mx
57. lim 
x 0 1  cos nx
m n m2 n2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n m n2 m2

 sin 2x  cos 2x 
58. 8  lim 
 x  8x   
 8 
1
(a) 2 2 (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2

x3  a 3
59. lim 
x a sin  x  a 

3a 2
(a) 0 (b) (c) 3a (d) 3a 2
2

4  sin h  2
60. lim 
h0 h
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) Does not exist
4 2

sin 2   sin 2 
61. lim
  2  2

sin 2  sin 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2

tan 4x  2x
62. lim equals
x 0 6x  sin 3x

(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) 0

5  26  x 2
63. lim equals
x 1 x 1
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c)  24 (d)
26 5 24

g(x)f (1)  g(1)f (x)

64. If f (1)  2,f '(1)  1, g(1)  1, g '(1)  2, then lim equals
x 1 x 1
1 1
(a) –3 (b) (c) 3 (d) 
3 3

x2 1  x2  2
65. Value of lim is
x  x 1
1 1
(a) –2 (b) (c) 2 (d) 
2 2
35
 EXERCISE - 1 (B)

x 2  2, x  1
1. If f(x) =  , then Lim
x 1
f(x) equals
2x  1, x  1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) Does not exist

1 / x
2. lim 1  e
x0 1 / x is equal to
1 e
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Does not exist

x  1, x  0

3. If f(x) =  1 / 4, x  0 then xlim
0
f(x) equals
 x2, x  0

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) Does not exist

x 3
4. lim , is equal to
x 3 | x  3 |

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) Does not exist

2
5. lim 2 x  3x equals
x 
3x 2  4
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/4 (d) 0

6. lim  x 2  1  x  equals
x   
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None of these

x  sin x
7. If f(x) = , then xlim f(x) equals
x  cos 2 x 

(a) 0 (b)  (c) 1 (d) None of these

 2 
8. lim  x  (a  1)x  a  is equal to
x a
 x3  a3 

a 1
(a) (b) a – 1 (c) a (d) 0
3a 2

tan x
9. lim is equal to
x  0 1  sin x  1  sin x

(a) 1/2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0

36
10. lim tan 2 x  x equals
x 03 x  sin x
(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) 0

1/ x 2

11. lim  sin x  is equal to

x 0  x 
 
(a) e 1/ 3 (b) e1/3 (c) e1/ 6 (d) e 1/ 6

12. lim sin x º is equal to

x 0 x
(a) 1 (b)  (c) x (d) /180

1/ x

13. lim   tan 1 x  equals
x
2 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)  (d) –1

G(x)  G(1)
14. If G (x) = – 25 x 2 , then lim equals
x 1
x 1
(a) 1/24 (b) 1/5 (c) – 24 (d) None of these

f (x)  3
15. If f(9) = 9 and f’(9) = 4, then xlim
9
is equal to -
x 3
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 9

16. Let f (1)  g(1)  k and their n th derivatives f n (1) , g n (1) exist and are not equal for some n.
f (1) g(x)  f (1)  g(1) f (x)  g(1)
If lim  4, then the value of k is
x 1 g(x)  f (x)
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0

 2x sec2 2t dt 
2

 
lim 0
17. The value of x 0  x sin x  is
 
 
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0

sin 1  3x  4x 3 
18. The value of lim is
x 0 ln 1  2x 
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 3/2 (d) 6

37
 1 1

19. The value of lim

 x 2  5 2   x 3  1 2 is
x 2 x2  4
(a) 4/3 (b) 2/3 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/6

tan 2x  sin x
20. The value of lim is
x 0 x
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 1/6

sin 4x  sin 2x  sin x

21. The value of lim is
x 0 x cot x  1
(a) 1 (b) 3/2 (c) 2 (d) 2/3

ln 1  sin x 
22. The value of lim is
x 0 e tan 2x  1
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (c) 2 (d) 0

23. The value of lim

1  cos 2x 1tan x is
x
4

(a) e (b) 1/e (c) e2 (d) 1/e2

a sin x  b cos x  ce x
24. If lim  2 , then
x 0 x2
4 4 4
(a) a  b  ,c   (b) abc
3 3 3
4 4 4
(c) abc (d) a  b   ,c 
3 3 3

2x
 ax  1 
25. If lim    e1/ 2 , then a =
x  ax  2
 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1/2

sin  x 
26. The limit lim , where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x, is equal to
x 0 x

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c)  (d) not defined

1
27. The limit lim 1   x  x , where [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x, is equal to
x 0

(a) 1 (b) e (c) 0 (d) does not exixt

38
28. lim
x 
 x 2  8x  3  x 2  4x  3  
(a) 0 (b)  (c) 2 (d) 1/2

2x  3x  1
29. lim is equal to
x 0 1  cos 2x
(a) ln 3 (b) ln 9 (c) 0 (d) ln 3

15  25  35  ........  n 5
30. The value of lim 
n  n6
(a)  (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) 1/6

 3 12 27 
31. The value of lim     ....  n terms  is equal to
n  1  n 3
8  n 27  n
3 3
 
(a) ln 3 (b) ln 2 (c) 0 (d) 1

4x  4x
32. The value of lim 
x 0 sin 1 2x
(a) 2 (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) 1/4

1
 1x  3x  5x  ...   2n  1x x
33. The value of lim   is
x   n 
 
(a) 2n 1 (b) (2n 1)/n (c) 0 (d) 1

1
 1x  2x  3x  ...n x  x
34. The value of lim   is
x 0
 n 

 n!  n!
1/n n
(a) 1 (b) (c) 0 (d)

8  2x  3x  tan x
35. lim 
x 0 1  cos 4x
3 2
(a)  (b) ln (c) 0 (d) ln
2 3

39
 EXERCISE - 1(C)
13
x7x
1. The value of lim is
x 1 5
x3x
9 5 9 45
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 91 91 91

 100 k 
  x   100
2. The value of lim  K 1  is
x 1 x 1
(a) 4950 (b) 5050 (c) 5150 (d) 5151

 p q 
3. The value of Lim    p , q  N , is
x 1  1  x p
1 xq 
pq pq qp
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 2 2

1  3 tan x
4. Lim
The value of x  3  1  2 cos 2 x is
4

1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c)  (d) 
2 3 2 3

5. The value of lim

x 0
 ln(1  sin ²x)  cot  ln 2 (1  x)  is
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d)
2

2 x  3x1/ 3  5x1/ 5
6. The value of Lim
x  1/ 3 is
3x  2  (2x  3)
1 2
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 3
3 3

sec 4 x  sec 2 x
7. The value of Lim
x 0 is
sec 3x  sec x
2 3
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2
3 2

tan x  sin x
8. The sum of an infinite geometric series whose first term is the limit of the function f(x) = as x  0
sin 3 x
1 x
and whose common ratio is the limit of the function g(x) = as x  1, is
(cos 1 x) 2
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 2 3

40
9. The value of lim
x 
 x  ln  cosh x   is
(a) 0 (b) ln 2 (c) 1 (d) 2 ln 2

8  x2 x2 x2 x2 
10. The value of lim
x 0 x 8
1  cos 2  cos 4  cos 2 cos 4  is
 
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 32 64 8

Lim 2  cos   sin 

11. The value of  4 is
( 4  ) 2
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 2 8 2 16 2

 cos x
Lim 2 1
12. The value of x  2 x ( x   ) is

2

ln 2 2ln 2 ln 8 ln16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
   

(ln (1  x )  ln 2)(3.4 x 1  3x )
13. The value of Lim
x 1
1 1 is
[(7  x ) 3  (1  3x ) 2 ]. sin( x  1)
3 4 3 4 9 4 9 4
(a) ln (b)  ln (c) ln (d)  ln
4 e 4 e 4 e 4 e

n
  
14. The value of Lim
n 
  (r  1) sin r  1  r sin r  is
r 2

  1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 2  2 (d) 
2 4 2

(3x 4  2x 2 ) sin 1x  | x |3 5
15. The value of xLim is

| x |3  | x |2  | x | 1
(a) 2 (b)  2 (c) 1 (d) 1

(x 3  27 ) 1n (x  2)
16. The value of Lim
x 3 2 is
x 9
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 9

Lim 27x  9x  3x  1
17. The value of x 0 is
2  1  cos x

(a) 8 2  ln 3 (b) 4 2  ln 3 (c) 2 2  ln 3 2  ln 3 

2 2 2 2
(d)

41
 1/ x
 1  x 1/ x 
18. The value of lim   is
x 0
 e 

1 1
(a) e (b) (c) (d) e
e e
2 n 2  n 1
 n2  n 1 
19. The value of n  
lim 
 is
 n 
1 1
(a) e (b) (c) (d) e
e e

tan 2x
 x 
20. The value of lim  tan  is
x 1
 4 
1
(a) e (b) e 1 (c) e (d)
e

1/ x
  
21. lim  tan   x   is equal to
x 0
 4 
(a) e 1 (b) e (c) e2 (d) e

 3x  1 
22. lim   equals
x 0
 x 
(a) log 3 (b) 3 log 3 (c) 2 log 3 (d) None of these

cos(sin x)  1
23. lim 
x 0 x2
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 1/2 (d) – 1/2

e1/ x
lim 
24. x 0 1
1
e x

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) Does not exist

a sin x  1
25. lim 
x  0 b sin x  1

a b log a log b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b a log b log a

 ex 1 
26. lim  
x 0
 x 
1
(a) (b)  (c) 1 (d) 0
2

42
 x 1
 x 3
27. lim   =
x  x  1
 
(a) e2 (b) e3 (c) e (d) e 1
1
28. lim(1  ax) x 
x 0

(a) e (b) e a (c) 1 (d) ea

x n  sin x n
29. If lim is non zero definite, then n must be
x 0 x  sin n x
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these

x(2  a cos x)  b sin x

30. The values of a and b such that lim  2, are
x 0 x3
(a) a  5, b  3 (b) a  5, b  3 (c) a  5, b  3 (d) a = 5, b = 3

   
3 sin   h   cos   h 
31. lim 6  6 
h 0 3h( 3 cos h  sin h)

1 3 2
(a)  (b)  (c)  3 (d)
3 8 3

x cos x  log(1  x)
32. The value of lim is
x 0 x2
1
(a) (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None of these
2
 1  tan x 
33. lim  equals
x   1  2 sin x 
4

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –2 (d) 2

3x  1
34. lim equals
x 0 4x 2
(a) log 9 (b) log 81 (c) log 3 (d) log 27

 sin  2  2x   sin  2  2x   2sin 2 

35. lim
x 0

x sin x
 is equal to
 
(a) 4 sin 2 (b) 4 sin 2 (c) 1 (d) 2sin 2
x

 /4
t 2 dt
36. lim is equal to
x cos 2x
4

2 2 2
(a)  (b) (c)  (d) 
32 32 16
43
 (x  h) sec(x  h)  x sec x
37. lim 
h 0 sin h
(a) sec x(x tan x  1) (b) x tan x  sec x
(c) x sec x  tan x (d) None of these

 
sin   2x 
38. lim 3  is equal to
x 2 cos 2x  1
6

1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d)
2 3 3

4
e x  2 cos x 2
39. lim is equal to
x 0 x4
3 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
2 2 3

x cos 2 x  sin 2 x
40. lim equals
x 0 x  sin x
1 1
(a) (b)  (c) 1 (d) 1
2 2

44
 WINDOW TO JEE MAIN

ln x n   x 
1. lim , n  N , ([x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x)
x 0 x
(a) has value – 1 (b) has value 0 (c) has value 1 (d) does not exist
(2002)

f  x  1
2. If f (1) = 1, f (1) = 2, then lim is
x 1 x 1
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 1/2
(2002)
1  cos 2x
3. lim is
x 0 2x
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) does not exist.
(2002)
1
 x 2  5x  3  x
4. lim  2  
x 
 x  x 3 
(a) e4 (b) e2 (c) e3 (d) 1
(2002)
x f  2   2f  x 
5. Let f (2) = 4 and f (2) = 4 then lim equals
x 2 x2
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) – 4 (d) 3
(2002)
log  3  x   log  3  x 
6. If lim  k the value of k is
x 0 x
(a) –1/3 (b) 2/3 (c) –2/3 (d) 0
(2003)
1  24  34  ...  n 4 1  23  33  ...  n 3
7. The value of lim  lim is
n  n5 n  n5
(a) zero (b) 1/4 (c) 1/5 (d) 1/30
(2003)

 x
1  tan  1  sin x 
2
lim 
8. x  x 3 is
2  1  tan     2x 
 2
(a) 0 (b) 1/32 (c)  (d) 1/8
(2003)

9. Let f (a) = g(a) = k and their nth derivatives fn(a), gn(a) exist and are not equal for some n.
f a  g  x   f a   g a  f  x   g a 
Further if lim  4 , then the value of k is
x a gx  f x
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 4
(2003)

45
  a b  2
10. If lim 1   2   e , then the values of a and b, are
x 
 x x 
(a) a  R, b = 2 (b) a = 1, b  R
(c) a  R, b  R (d) a = 1 and b = 2
(2004)
1  cos  ax 2  bx  c 
11. Let a and b be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then lim is equal to
x  
x  2

a 2       a 2    
2 2 2

(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 

2 2 2
(2005)
f  3x  f  2x 
12. Let f : R  R be a positive increasing function with lim  1 , then lim 
x  f  x  x  f  x 

2 3
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 3
3 2
(2010)
13. Let p(x) be a function defined on R such that, p '  x   p ' 1  x  , for all x   0,1 , p(0) = 1 and p(1) = 41.
1

Then  p  x  dx equals
0

(a) 41 (b) 21 (c) 41 (d) 42

(2010)
1  cos 2  x  2 
14. lim
x 2 x2
1
(a) equals (b) equals 2 (c) equals  2 (d) does not exist
2
(2011)

lim
1  cos 2x  cos x  3 
15. x 0 x tan 4x
1 1
(a)  (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
4 2
(2013)

46
 EXERCISE - 2 (A)
More than one options may be correct

2    2 f ()  2  2  1
1. Assume that Lim f () exists and  2  holds for certain interval containing the
1 3  3
point  = – 1 then Lim f ()
1
(A) is equal to f (–1) (B) is equal to 1 (C) is non existent (D) is equal to – 1

1
x  cos 2 x h dx
2. Let l1 = Lim
x  x  sin x
and l2 = Lim
h 0
 h 2  x 2 . Then
1

22
(A) both l1 and l2 are less than
7
(B) one of the two limits is rational and other irrational.
(C) l2 > l1
(D) l2 is greater than 3 times of l1.

3. Lim f(x) does not exist when

x c
(A) f(x) = [[x]]  [2x  1], c = 3 (B) f(x) = [x]  x, c = 1
tan (sgn x)
(C) f(x) = {x}2  {x}2, c = 0 (D) f(x) = ,c =0.
sgn x
where [x] denotes step up function & {x} fractional part function.

 tan 2{x}
 x 2 [x]2 for x 0

4. Let f (x) =  1 for x 0 where [ x ] is the step up function and { x } is the fractional part function


 {x}cot{x} for x0

of x, then :
(A) Lim f (x) = 1 (B) Lim f (x) = 1
x 0 x 0

2
 
(C) cot–1  Lim f ( x )  = 1 (D) f is continuous at x = 1.
 x 0 

5. Which of the following limits vanish?

1 1
(A) Limit
x   x sin
4 (B) Limit
x  /2 (1  sin x) . tan x
x
2 x2  3 [x]2  9
(C) Limit . sgn (x) (D) Limit
x  3
x x2  x  5 2
x 9
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function

47
 1
2 x 2 n sin x
6. Let f (x) = Lim x then which of the following alternative(s) is/are correct?
n  1  x 2n

(A) Lim x f ( x ) = 2 (B) Lim

x1
f ( x ) does not exist.
x 

(C) Lim
x0
f ( x ) does not exist. (D) xLim

f ( x ) is equal to zero.

7. If lim
x 
 
x 4  ax 3  3x 2  bx  2  x 4  2x 3  cx 2  3x  d  4 , then
(A) a = 2 (B) b  R (C) c = 5 (D) d  R

a  b sin x  cos x  ce x
8. If lim exists finitely, then
x 0 x3
(A) a = 2 (B) b = 1 (C) c = 1 (D) d  R

 a  x  x
 ,x 0
9. If f  x     x   x , then which of the following is correct
ln a , x0


1
(A) lim f  x   1  (B) xlim f  x   ln a
x 0 a  0

(C) lim f  x  does not exist (D) f(x) is continuous at x = 0

x 0

2x
 x 
10. Let f(x) =   , then
2x 
1
(A) Lt f (x) = e–4 (B) Lt f (x) = (C) Lt f (x) = e4 (D) none of these
x  x 1 9 x 

ae1/ x  be 1/ x
11. If
lim
x 0 1/ x
 2 , then the roots of bx 2   a  2c  x  2d  0, a , b, c, d  Q are
ce  de
1/ x

(A) real (B) integral (C) rational (D) equal

y
12. Which of the following statements are true
of the function f defined for  1  x  3 in
the figure shown. 2

(A) lim  2
x 1

(B) lim f  x  does not exist 1

x2

(C) xlim f  x  2

1
x
(D) xlim f  x   lim f  x 
 
1 0 1 2
0 x 0

48
13. For all positive real valued functions f & g defined for real values of x. Let R be a relation defined by the
f  x
statement that “f is related to g only & only if lim  1 ”. Which of the following can be concluded if f is
x  g x

related to g?
(A) f 2 is related to g2 (B) f is related to g
(C) e f is related to e g (D) f + g is related to 2g

x
tan 2
 a 2a 
14. If lim  2   e 
, then which of the following is correct
xa
 x

(A) a   , 0  (B) aR (C) a   0,   (D) a   1,1

15. Which of the following is correct? ([x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x)

 2x 2  1  4x 2  1 
 2 (B)  lim
sin 2x   tan 3x 
lim
(A)  x  2  1 (C)  lim 3 (D) x    x  2   2
 lim
 x 2   x  0 x   x 0 x   

PASSAGE 1
Let f(x) is a function continuous for all x  R except at x = 0. Such that f  (x) < 0  x  (– , 0) and
f  (x) > 0  x  (0, ). Let Lim f(x) = 2, Lim f(x) = 3 and f (0) = 4.
 x  0¯
x 0

   
16. The value of  for which 2  Lim f ( x 3  x 2 )  =   Lim f (2 x 4  x 5 )  is
 x 0   x 0 
4
(A) (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
3

f ( x ) x 2
17. The values of Lim where [ · ] denote greatest integer function and { · } denote fraction part
x  0 1  cos x 
 
 [ f ( x )] 
function.
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 18 (D) 24

   x 3  sin 3 x     sin x 3   
Lim  3 f    f  
18. x  0¯   x 4 
  x    where [ · ] denote greatest integer function.
      
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9

PASSAGE 2

  3  f  x  ky   f  x  ky   1 for every

n
Suppose that function f : R  R satisfies the inequality, k

k 1

positive integer n and for all x, y  R . Also let g(x) = ax3  (3 + b)x2 + cx for x R, where a, b, c
axe x  b ln 1  x   cxe  x
are are such that lim 2.
x 0 x 2 sin x

49
19. If f (13) = 17, then the value of f (293) is
(A) 17 (B) 297 (C) 13 (D) 293
20. If f (13) = 23, number of solutions of g(x) = f (x) is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
g x  3
21. Value of lim
x 1 ln 2  x is equal to
 
(A) 12 (B) 3 (C) 9 (D) None of these
PASSAGE 3
n
 x

1  x 1  e1/n    
and h  x   tan g  f  x   .
n
Let f  x   lim  cos  , g  x  nlim
1 1 1
n 
 n 

ln  f  x  
22. Value of lim is equal to
x 0 ln  g  x  
(A) 1/2 (B) -1/2 (C) 0 (D) 1
23. Domain of the function h(x) is
(A)  0,   (B) R (C) (0, 1) (D) [0, 1]
24. Range of the function h(x) is
       
(A)  0,  (B)   ,0 (C) R (D)  , 
 2  2   2 2
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
25 Column-I Column-II
1  cos 2x
(A) Lim 2 equals (P) 1
x 0
ex  ex  x

 3 x   1 
1x

(B) If the value of Lim   can be expressed in the (Q) 2

x 0  3 x   1 

form of ep/q, where p and q are relative prime then (p + q) is equal to

tan 3 x  tan x 3
(C) Lim equals (R) 4
x 0 x5
x  2 sin x
(D) Lim (S) 5
x 0
x  2 sin x  1  sin 2 x  x  1
2

26 Column-I Column-II
1
(A) Lim cos2   3 n 3  n 2  2n   where n is an integer, equals (P)
n     2
1
(B) Lim n sin  2 1  n 2  (n  N) equals (Q)
n    4
 (n  1) 
(C) Lim (1) n sin   n 2  0.5n  1  sin  is (where n  N) (R) 
n    4n 
x
xa
(D) If Lim    e where 'a' is some real constant then the (S) non existent
x   x  a 

value of 'a' is equal to

50
27 Column-I Column-II

(A) Lim  x  x  x  x  equals (P) –2

x   
sin 2 x  2 tan x
(B) The value of the limit, Lim is (Q) –1
x 0 ln (1  x 3 )
(C)
x 0 

Lim ln sin 3 x  ln ( x 4  ex 3 ) equals  (R) 0

(D) L et tan(2 | sin  | ) = cot (2 | cos  | ), where   R (S) 1

 2 
and f (x) = ( | sin  | + | cos  | )x. The value of Lim   equals
x   f ( x ) 

(Here [ ] represents greatest integer function)

28 Column–I Column-II
ln x
(A) Lim (P) 2
x 1 x 4 1
3e x  x 3  3x  3 2
(B) Lim (Q)
x 0 tan 2 x 3

  2 tan 1 x 3
(C) Lim (R)
x   1 2
ln  1  
 x
2 sin x  sin 2x 1
(D) Lim (S)
x 0 x (cos x  cos 2x ) 4

e x  e  x  2x
(E) Lim
x 0 x  sin x

29 Column I Column II
x
 x 
(A) Lim   equals (P) e2
x   1  x 
x
 1 1
(B) Lim  sin  cos  (Q) e–1/2
x   x x

Lim cos x cot

2
x
(C) (R) e
x 0
1x
  
(D) Lim  tan  x   (S) e–1
x 0  4 

51
 EXERCISE - 2 (B)

sin 3 x  A sin 2 x  B sin x

1. If lim  C , then find the value of A + B + C.
x 0 x5

x 6000  (sin x)6000

2. Find the value of lim .
x 0 100·x 2 ·(sin x)6000

x  ln  x 2  1  x  p
3. If Lim   = where p and q are coprimes then find the value of p 2  q 2 .
x 0 x 3 q

4. At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points A and B are
joined with a chord. Find the limit of ratio of the areas of the two triangles thus formed as the arc AB decreases
indefinitely.

ae x  b cos x  ce  x
5. If Lim
x 0  2 , then find the value of a + b + c.
x. sin x



4 
  n3 1  
(1  n 1 ) 2
6. Let L =  1  2  ; M =   
 n 3  1  and N =  , then find the value of L–1 + M–1 + N–1.
n 3  n  n 2   n 1 1  2n 1

 1 1 1 1 
7. Find the value of Lim  2  2

2
 ........... 
2
.

n 
 n n 1 n 2 n  2n 

x x 
x
1
8. Find the value of xLim
0  .

1  cos 3x ·cos 9x ·cos 27 x......... cos 3n x

9. If Lim = 310, find the value of n.
x 0 1 1 1 1
1  cos x ·cos x ·cos x......... cos n x
3 9 27 3

1  1 1  ax  11 2 3
10. If the Lim    exists and has the value equal to l, then find the value of     .
x 0 x  1  x 1  bx 
3
8a l b

11. If the equations , x2 + a x + 12 = 0 , x2 + b x + 15 = 0 & x2 + (a + b) x + 36 = 0 have a common positive

root, and the other three roots are also the roots of the polynomial P  x   x 3  ax 2  bx  c , then evaluate
P  x
lim .
ln  x  4 
x 5 5

52
 3 tan x  tan 3 x
12. Evaluate Limit .
3cos  x  6 
x  /3

13. Limit


Evaluate x  1  2
4

1  3x  x 2 
1



3 . x4  1   .

 x  x 1 1  x3  x 3  x 1 
 

x 1  m cos x   n sin x
14. If lim  1 , then find m + n.
x 0 x3

 
 
 
 x 
15. Evaluate lim  .
x  x1/3
x 
 x1/3 
 x  
 x  .... terms 

53
 EXERCISE - 3

Subjecitve type

x
1. Let f ( x )  , x0 and g( x )  x  3, x 1
sin x
 2  x, x  0  x 2  2x  2, 1  x  2
 x  5, x2
find LHL and RHL of g f ( x )  at x = 0 and hence find Lim g f ( x )  .
x0

Pn
2. Let Pn  a Pn 1  1 ,  n = 2, 3,.......and Let P1 = ax – 1 where a  R+ then evaluate Lim .
x0 x
3. Let {an}, {bn}, {cn} be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1 ; (ii) anbn +bncn + cnan = 2n – 1 ; (iii) anbncn = – 1 ; (iv) an < bn < cn
Then find the value of Lim na n .
n 

4. If n  N and an = 22 + 42 + 62 + ....... + (2n)2 and bn = 12 + 32 + 52 + ..... + (2n – 1)2. Find the value
a n  bn
Lim .
n  n

5. At the end points A, B of the fixed segment of length L, lines are drawn meeting in C and making angles  and 2
respectively with the given segment. Let D be the foot of the altitude CD and let x represents the length of AD.
Find the value of x as  tends to zero i.e. Lim x .
0

x2
  a 

6. Lim  cos  2   x    aR

x     1  x   
  
1
Lim  x  1  cos x 
x
7. x 0
 x 
nx
 x 1 1
x 
1 1

Lim  a 1  a 2  a 3 ..... a n  where a ,a ,a ,......a > 0

x x

8. x   n  1 2 3 n
 

sin 1 (1  {x}).cos 1 (1  {x})

9. Let f(x) = then find xLim
0 
f(x) and xLim
0 
f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional part
2{x} . (1  {x})
function.

1  a2  x2  a   x  
10. Lim   2 sin   sin    where a is an odd integer
x a (a  x 2 ) 2
2  ax  2   2 


(1  x )(1  x 2 )(1  x 3 )......(1  x 2n )

11. If L = Lim then show that L can be equal to
x 1 [(1  x )(1  x 2 )(1  x 3 ).........(1  x n )]2
n
nr 1 n
(a)  r (b)  ( 4 r  2)
n! r 1
r 1
(c) The sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1.
(d) The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n.
54
 1  x  ln x
12. Evaluate, Lim
x 1 1  cos x
  ay   by  
 exp x ln(1  )  exp x1n(1  ) 
 x   x 
13. Lim  Limit
y 0  x y 
 
 

14. Let x0 = 2 cos and xn = 2  x n 1 , n = 1, 2, 3, .........., find Lim 2( n 1) · 2  x n .
6 n 

Lim  n (1  x)  1 
 1 x

15. x 0 2
 x x

16. A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, 0 < x < as shown in the figure.
2
The point C is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A & B. Let T(x) be the area of
triangle ABC & let S(x) be the area of the shaded region. Compute:
T (x)
(a) T(x) (b) S(x) & (c) the limit of as x  0.
S(x)
n
x
17. Let f (x) = Lim  3n1 sin 3 3n and g (x) = x – 4 f (x). Evaluate Lim 1  g( x ) cot x .
n  x 0
n 1

n
 2  
18. If f (n,)=  1  tan r  , then compute Lim f (n, )
r 1  2  n 

cos 2x  (1  3x )1 3 3 4 cos 3 x  ln (1  x ) 4

19. L = Lim 2 4
x 0 x
If L = a b where 'a' and 'b' are relatively primes find (a + b).

x2
 cosh (  x )  et  et
20. Lim   where cosh t =
x    cos ( x )  
2

21. Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn & on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that
AT = AP. If TP produced meet the diameter through A at Q, prove that the limiting value of AQ when P moves
upto A is double the diameter of the circle.
 
22. If L = Lim 
1

1  then find the value of L  153 .
x 0  ln (1  x )
 ln ( x  1  x 2 )  L

1  cos x ·cos 2x ·cos 3x........ cos nx

23. If Lim has the value equal to 253, find the value of n (where n  N).
x 0 x2
24. Let a1 > a2 > a3 ............ an > 1; p1 > p2 > p3......... > pn > 0 ; such that p1 + p2 + p3 + ...... + pn = 1


Also F (x) = p1a1x  p 2 a 2x  .......  p n a nx 
1x
. Compute

(a) Lim F( x ) (b) Lim F( x ) (c) Lim F( x )

x 0 x  x  

1  2 3
n

25. Evaluate n   cot  r   .

lim
r 1  4
55
 WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED

x
 x  3
1. For x  R , Lim
x    = [JEE 2000]
 x  2
(A) e (B) e 1 (C) e 5 (D) e5

sin(  cos 2 x )
2. Lim equals [JEE 2001]
x 0 x2

(A) – (B)  (C) (D) 1
2

a tan x  a sin x
3. Evaluate Lim , a > 0. [REE 2001]
x 0 tan x  sin x

(cos x  1)(cos x  e x )
4. The integer n for which Lim is a finite non-zero number is
x 0 xn
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
[JEE 2002]

sin(n x )[(a  n )n x  tan x ]

5. If Lim  0 (n > 0) then the value of 'a' is equal to
x 0 x2
1 n2 1
(A) (B) n2 + 1 (C) (D) None
n n
[JEE 2003]

2 1 
6. Find the value of Lim  (n  1) cos 1    n  . [JEE ' 2004]
n    n 

x2
a  a2  x2 
7. Let L  Lim 4 , a  0 , If L is finite, then
x 0 x4
1 1
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C) L = (D) L =
64 32
[ JEE ' 2009]
1
8.
x 0

If lim 1  x ln 1  b 2   x
 2b sin 2 , b  0 &   ,  , then the value of is

   
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
4 3 6 2
[JEE ' 2011]
 x2  x 1 
9. If lim   ax  b   4 , then
x 
 x 1 
(A) a = 1, b = 4 (B) a = 1, b = -4 (C) a = 2, b = -3 (D) a = 2, b = 3
[JEE ' 2012]

56
10. 
Let  (a) and (a) be the roots of the equation 1  a   1 x 
1/32
   
1  a  1 x  1  a 
1/6

 1  0, a  1 ,

then alim   a  & lim   a  are

0  a 0

1 3 1 3
(A) 1 &  (B) 1 &  (C) 1 &  (D) 1 &
2 2 2 2
[ JEE ' 2012]

1a  2a  ...  n a 1
11. For a  R (the set of all real numbers), a  1 , lim 
 n  1   na  1   na  2   ...   na  n   60 , then
n  a 1

a=
15 17
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C)  (D) 
2 2
[ JEE ' 2013]

57
 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1(A)

1. D 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. C

8. B 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A

15. A 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. C 20. B 21. B

22. D 23. C 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. C 28. D

29. D 30. D 31. C 32. A 33. A 34. C 35. A

36. D 37. A 38. D 39. A 40. D 41. D 42. C

43. D 44. A 45. C 46. B 47. C 48. D 49. B

50. A 51. B 52. A 53. B 54. A 55. D 56. B

57. C 58. A 59. D 60. A 61. D 62. A 63. B

64. C 65. A

EXERCISE - 1(B)

1. C 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. B 7. C

8. A 9. C 10. C 11. D 12. D 13. B 14. D

15. C 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. A 21. B

22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. D 28. C

29. A 30. D 31. A 32. D 33. A 34. B 35. D

EXERCISE - 1(C)

1. D 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C

8. D 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. A

15. B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20 B 21. C

22. A 23. D 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. B

29. A 30. C 31. D 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. B

36. C 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. A

58
 WINDOW TO JEE MAIN

1. D 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C

8. B 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. D

15. D

EXERCISE - 2 (A)

1 A,D 2 A,B,C,D 3 B,C 4 A,C 5 A, B, D

6 A,B,D 7 A,B,C,D 8 A,B 9 A,B,C 10 A,B

11 A,B,C 12 A,C,D 13 A,B,D 14 A,C 15 B,C,D

16 C 17 B 18 B 19 A 20 B

21 A 22 B 23 C 24 D

25 (A) R; (B) S; (C) P; (D) Q 26 (A) Q; (B) R; (C) P; (D) P

27 (A) S; (B) P ; (C) Q; (D) R 28 (A) S; (B) R; (C) P; (D) Q ; (E) P

29 (A) S; (B) R; (C) Q; (D) P

EXERCISE - 2 (B)

1 2 2 10 3 35 4 4 5 3
6 8 7 2 8 1 9 4 10 9
11 2 12 8 13 3 14 4 15 1

EXERCISE - 3
3
1 – 3, –3, – 3 2 (ln a)n 3 – 1/2 4
2
2L 2 a2
5 6 e 2  7 e–1/2 8 (a1.a2.a3....an)
3

   2a 2  4 1
9 , 10 12 – 13 ab
2 2 2 16a 4 2

14 15 1/2
3
1 x x sin x 1 1 3
16 T(x) = tan2 . sin x or tan  , S(x) = x  sin x, limit =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

17 g (x) = sin x and l = e 18  19 19 20 e

2

tan 

59
22 307 23 11 24 (a) a1p1 ·a p2 2 .....a pn n ; (b) a1 ; (c) an
1
25 cot 1
2

WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED

1 C 2 B 3 ln a 4 C 5 C
2
6 1 7 A, C 8 D 9 B 10 A

11 B,D

60