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Science
Class 10th
1. Since, light travels in straight lines, any obstacle
obstructing the path will cast its shadow. (1)
2. Functions of chromosomes are as follows
(i) They carry hereditary characters from parents to
offsprings.
(ii) They play a vital role in sex-determination. (1)
3. (i) Anita’s mother is suffering from diabetes. It is caused
due to the deficiency of insulin hormone in the body
and leads to rise in the level of blood glucose above
normal range. (1)
(ii) The values shown by Anita are caring nature and
intelligent decision making and the values shown by
her mother are carelessness for health. (1)
4. (i) No, the current flowing in the main circuit does not
have the same magnitude as the current flowing
through resistor in a parallel circuit. It is because in
parallel combination, the magnitude of current in the
individual resistors is always less than the magnitude
of current in the main circuit. (1)
(ii) As we know, heat produced in an electric circuit
H = I2 ´ R ´t
If current is 2I, then
H = (2 I )2 Rt = 4I 2 Rt ,
i.e. the heat will becomes four times. (1)
5. Exhaustible resources are those which cannot be
renewed after exhaustion. These resources are
non-renewable and they cannot be replenished.
Therefore, we should use them wisely, e.g. coal, petrol,
etc. (2)
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6. Applications of a decomposition reaction:
(i) White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight due to
the decomposition of silver chloride into silver
and chlorine.
sunlight
2 AgCl (s) ¾¾¾® 2 Ag (s) + Cl 2
It is used in black and white photography. (1)
(ii) KCIO 3 decomposes on heating and oxygen gas
is prepared.
Heat
2 KCIO 3 ¾¾® 2 KCl + 3 O 2 ­ (1)
(iii) Quicklime can be prepared by thermal
decomposition of calcium carbonate (lime
stone).
Heat
CaCO 3 (s) ¾¾® CaO (s) + CO 2 ­
CaO is used to prepare slaked lime which is
used in white-washing. (1)
Or
(i) Zn (s) + dil. H 2SO 4 (aq ) ¾® ZnSO 4 (aq ) + H 2 ­
(a) The container of the reaction mixture
becomes hot as it is an exothermic
reaction.
(b) Bubbles are seen with the evolution of H 2
gas, which is combustible gas. (1)
(ii) 2 KI (aq ) + Pb (NO 3 )2 (aq ) ¾®
PbI2 (s)¯ +2 KNO 3 (aq )
Yellow
(a) Yellow colour of potassium iodide solution
disappears.
(b) Yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed.
(1)
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Strongly heated 9. (i) The goggles lenses are formed in such a way that
(iii) 2 Pb (NO 3 )2 ¾¾¾¾¾®
2 PbO (s) + 4 NO 2 (g ) + O 2 (g ) both the curved surfaces on the either side of the
lens has equal radius of curvature. Due to this, the
(a) Brown fumes of NO 2 gas are observed.
net focal length becomes infinite. Thus, the power
(b) Yellow residue of lead oxide is obtained. (1)
of these lenses would be zero. (2)
7. The diagram given below is showing human male (ii) Values displayed by Kanchan are curiosity,
reproductive system.
scientific tempered and alertness. (1)
Seminal vesicle
10. (i) A current is induced in the coil only when the net
Ureter
Bladder magnetic field around it is changing. However,
here no current will be induced in the loop, since
Prostate gland the constant current flowing in the straight wire
Penis produces a constant magnetic field. (1½)
Vas deferens Urethra
(ii) Since, the current in the straight wire is changing,
Epididymis the magnetic field lines associated with loop will
change. Hence, induced current will be produced
Scrotum Testis in it. According to Fleming’s right hand rule, the
Human male reproductive system current flowing in the loop will be in clockwise
(3)
direction. (1½)
Or
11. (i) (a) As, absolute refractive index of glass,
(i) The differences between pollination and
Speed of light in vacuum
fertilisation are as follows : am g =
Speed of light in glass
Pollination Fertilisation
4 Speed of light in vacuum
It is the transfer of pollen It is the fusion of a male Þ =
grains from anther to the and a female gamete. 3 2 ´ 10 8
stigma of a flower. 4
Speed of light in vacuum = ´ 2 ´ 10 8
It carries male gamete It leads to the fusion of 3
producing pollen grain to gametes. = 2.6 ´ 10 8 m/s (1)
the female sex organs. (b) Absolute refractive index of water,
It is a physical process. It is a biological Speed of light in vacuum
process. am w =
Speed of light in water
It occurs in seed plants It occurs in both
3 2.6 ´ 10 8
only. plants and animals. Þ =
2 Speed of light in water
(2)
(ii) The various agents of pollination are wind, water, 2.6 ´ 10 8 ´ 2
Speed of light in water =
insects and animals. (1) 3
8. (i) Difference between presbyopia and = 1.7 ´ 10 8 m/s (1)
hypermetropia are as follows : (ii) Total power = P1 + P2 = 3.5 - 2.5 = 1 D (1/2)
Presbyopia Hypermetropia Focal length of combination,
It can be only Only far-sightedness. 1
F = = 1m
sightedness or both far P (1/2)
and short-sightedness. Or
Reason Ciliary muscles Reason Eyeball Given, u = -10 m, f = + 6 cm, h = 5 cm
become weak and becomes shorter or the Using lens formula,
cannot adjust the focal focal length of the lens 1 1 1
length. increases. - =
v u f
(2) 1 1 1 10 - 6 4
(ii) Twinkling of stars takes place due to phenomenon Þ - = Þ =
v -10 6 60 60
of atmospheric refraction of star light. The light
60
coming from star passes through varying optical or v= cm =15 cm
densities of air at different level. Due to this, 4 (1)
continuous refraction of light through these levels Since, ‘v’ is positive, thus image is located on the
takes place. So, star light reaching our eyes other side of the lens.
increases and decreases continuously and they v 15
\ m= = = -15
.
appears to twinkle at night. (1) u -10

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Since, m is negative and greater than 1, image is real, 16. Garbage management can be done in following ways
inverted and larger than the object. (1) (i) Household organic garbage should be used to
h¢ produce biogas which can be used for cooking.
Also, m=
h (ii) Sewage should be treated well before discharging
where, h ¢ is the height of the image. it into water bodies.
h¢ (iii) Volume of hospital wastes can be reduced by
Þ -15
. =
5 incineration.
Þ h = - 7.5 cm (iv) Radioactive wastes can be landfilled or taken away
Thus, the image is 15 cm from the convex lens and is from habitable area, so that no radiation leaks
located on the other side of the lens. It is real, inverted which can cause any abnormality in organisms
and 7.5 cm high. (1) living in nearby areas.
(v) Heavy metals, such as lead and mercury should be
12. (i) The factors on which resistance of a conductor separated and destroyed as these are responsible
depends for various health hazards in human beings. (1×5)
(a) Length of the conductor, i.e. R µ l
17. Electrolytic Refining In this process, a thick block of
(b) Area of cross-section of the conductor, impure metal is used as anode and a thin strip of pure
1
i.e. Rµ metal is used as cathode. A solution of metal salt
A (to be refined) is used as an electrolyte. When electric
(c) Nature of material of conductor, i.e. R µr (2) current is passed, metal ions from the electrolyte are
(ii) Resistivity defined as the resistance of a conductor reduced as metal which get deposited on the cathode.
of unit length and unit area of cross-section. Its SI An equivalent amount of pure metal from the anode
unit is ohm-metre (W-m). (1/2 +1/2) gets oxidised to metal ion and goes into the electrolyte
and from there it goes to cathode and deposits.
13. (i) As we know that if the object is placed at 2F,
i.e. object distance u = 2 f , then image distance, Key e–
v = 2 f . Therefore, from observation III, radius of e–
curvature R = 30 cm. Cathode Anode
R 30
Thus, focal length, f = = = 15 cm
2 2 (1) Acidified
copper
(ii) Last observation is incorrect because when an Cu2+ sulphate
object is placed at a distance less than 15 cm away solution
Cu2+
from convex lens, we will have virtual image which Tank
cannot be taken on screen, hence the observation Impurities
is not supporting the logic. (1) (anode mud)
(iii) At 2F1 Electrolytic refining of copper
A
B F2 2F2 This cycle is repeated until whole of the metal ion from
2F1 F1 O B′ impure block is dissolved and deposited on cathode.
A′ The soluble impurities go into the solution, whereas
the insoluble impurities settle down below anode and
Image is real, inverted and of same size as that of are known as anode mud. Many metals like Cu, Zn, Ni,
object. (1) Ag, Au etc., are refined electrolytically, e.g. in
electrolytic refining of crude copper. Here, anode is
14. (i) Calcium (1)
impure copper whereas cathode is a strip of pure
(ii) It belongs fourth period and second group of the
copper. The electrolyte is a solution of acidified
periodic table. (1)
CuSO 4 . On passing electric current, pure copper is
(iii) From the given text, we inferred that mothers deposited on the cathode. (5)
always possess the values like knowledge and
18. After ovulation, the events taking place in the uterus
health concern for her child. (1)
and vagina depends upon two conditions: (1)
(i) In case fertilisation occurs, the inner wall of uterus
15. thickens to receive the developing zygote. (1)
Part Function (ii) In case fertilisation does not occur, the thickened
A Anther Formation of pollen grain. wall of uterus alongwith the blood vessels breaks
B Style Transfer the male gamete from stigma to down and moves out of the vagina in the form of
ovary during fertilisation. blood discharge called menstrual flow, which lasts
for 2-5 days.
C Ovary Contains ovule which develops into
This cycle of events take place in the ovaries and
seeds while ovary forms the fruit.
uterus every twenty eight days. (3)
(1 ´ 3)

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19. (i) (a) Ketone that diffuse to various locations in plants performing
(b) Aldehyde (1/2 + 1/2) different functions. These hormones produced by
plants are also called as phytohormones.
(ii) Distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid :
Different types of hormones produced by plants are
l
Ethanol does not react with metal carbonate
auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene,
while ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonates etc.
to form salt, water and CO 2 . (1)
Plant hormone Physiological effect
e.g. 2CH 3COOH + Na 2CO 3 ¾®
- + Auxin ˜ Synthesised in the young tip of roots and
2CH 3CO O Na + CO 2 + H 2O shoots. It diffuses towards the shady side of
l
Ethanol does not react with NaOH, while plant, which stimulates the cells to grow
ethanoic acid reacts with NaOH to form sodium longer, resulting in bending of shoot
ethanoate and water. towards light.
e.g. CH 3COOH + NaOH ¾® ˜ Promotes cell elongation and division.
- +
CH 3CO O Na + H 2O ˜ Plays important role in the formation of roots
(1)
and seedless fruits.
l
Ethanol is oxidised to give ethanoic acid in
Gibberellins ˜ Help in the growth of stem and flower.
presence of acidified KMnO 4 , while no reaction
˜ Help in the germination of seed.
takes place with ethanoic acid in presence of
Cytokinins ˜ Promote cell divsion and delay leaf ageing.
acidified KMnO 4 . (1) ˜ Also stimulate leaf expansion.
(iii) When hydrogen gas is passed through an
Abscisic acid ˜ Growth inhibitor.
unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of nickel
˜ Reverses the growth promoting effects of
as a catalyst, a saturated hydrocarbon is obtained. auxins and gibberellins.
Ni
CH 2 == CH 2 + H 2 ¾¾® CH 3 ¾ CH 3 Ethylene ˜ Promotes transverse growth.
Ethene Catalyst Ethane
(Unsaturated (Saturated ˜ Essential for fruit ripening, promotes
hydrocarbon) hydrocarbon) (1) senescence and abscission of leaves.
Or (5)
(i) CH3 Or
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Brain is highly specialised coordinating centre in the
CH3  CH2  CH3  C  CH  CH2CH3 body. It has three major parts namely, i.e. forebrain,
midbrain and hindbrain. The components and the
H 3C CH3 CH3
functions of these parts are tabulated below :
(ii) CH3 CH3 Parts Functions
1 2 3 4 5 6 A. Forebrain
CH3  CH  CH2  CH2  CH  CH3
˜ Cerebrum Major thinking part of the brain.
(iii) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diencephalon Centre of hunger, thirst, etc.
CH3  CH2  CH2  CH2  CH2  CH3
˜

B. Midbrain
CH3 ˜ Cerebral Control reflex movements of eye,
peduncle change pupil size and shape of lens.
(iv) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3  CH2  CH  CH2  CH  CH2  CH3 ˜ Tectum Control reflex movements of neck, head
and trunk.
CH3 C2H5 C. Hindbrain

(v) ˜ Pons Regulate respiration,relay information

CH3 between cerebellum and cerebrum.

CH2 Maintain posture and balance of the

˜ Cerebellum
body.
1 2 3 4 5
CH3CH2  C  CH2CH3 (5)
21. (i) As the pH value of solution A is 3.0, i.e. acidic in
CH2 nature, hence, it turns litmus solution from blue to
CH3 red and phenolphthalein indicator in solution
(1 × 5)
change from colourless to pink. As its pH is 9,
20. Plants perform chemical coordination for various which means it is basic in nature (3)
activities with the help of hormones. These are the (ii) It turns the universal indicator solution green as its
chemical compounds released by stimulated cells pH value is 7. (2)

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22. The blue colour of the solution is of CuSO 4 and its 25. The shape of guard cells in monocot plants is
colour change from blue to pale green because iron is dumb-bell-shaped. In monocot leaves, stomata are
more reactive than copper therefore, it can displace equally distributed on both the surfaces. Dicots have
Cu from CuSO 4 solution. kidney-shaped guard cells which are more distributed
Fe (s) + CuSO 4 (aq ) ¾® FeSO 4 (aq ) + Cu (s) (2) on the upper surface of leaves. (2)
(Blue) (Pale green) (Reddish brown)
Copper sulphate Iron sulphate Copper Or
23. Labelled diagram of glass slab is shown below If KOH solution is not placed in the conical flask of the
experimental setup, CO 2 will not be absorbed and
60° water level will not rise in the bent tube.
KOH absorbs the CO2 , which creates a partial
r
vacuum in the conical flask. This causes a rise in water
level in the U-shaped delivery tube. (2)
42° 26. (i) The method by which Amoeba multiplies is binary
fission.
60°
e (ii) Binary fission occurs in organisms with simple
(1)
The value of angle of refraction (r ) should be 42°. body organisation and fragmentation occurs in
animals with complex cellular organisations. (2)
The value of angle of emergence (e ) should be 60°.
(1) 27. Least count = count of 1 division
24. The container become hot, when water is added to = 0.05 V
quicklime. This is because the reaction is highly Thus, the value at the 15th division = 0.05 ´ 15
exothermic in nature.
= 0.75 V (2)
CaO + H 2O ¾® Ca (OH )2 + Heat (2)
Quicklime Calcium hydroxide

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