Contents

page

1. Determination of the dye stuff groups according

to technical classification 3
1.1. Determination of the class for dyes soluble in
water 4
Case “A” Direct Dye 7

Case “A” Reactive Dye 10

Case “B” Chrome Dye 13

Case “B” Acid Dye 17

Case “C” Dispersed Dye 21

Case “D” Soluble Vat Dye (Indigosol) 23

Case “E” Basic Dye 25

1.2. Determination of the class for dyes insoluble in

27
water
Case “A” Vat dye 28

2
1. Determination of the dye stuff groups according to
technical classification

1. Place traces of the dye stuff in a test tube.

2. Add 5 ml of distilled water & Heat to boiling for 1 minute.
If the dye immediately & completely dissolves, then it may
belong to one of the following classes:-
1. Acidic, Chrome or Metal Complex.
2. Basic (Cationic) dyes.
3. Direct or Reactive dyes.
4. Solubilised Vat dyes (Indigosol).
5. Dispersed dyes (soluble or in soluble but give stable
colloidal solution).
6. Stabilized Diazonium salts (Naphtol salts).

If the dye doesn’t dissolve in water , it may belong to one of

the following classes :-

1. Sulphur or Vat dyes.

2. Naphthol Bases.
3. Pigments.

3
1. 1.Determination of the class for dyes soluble in
water

1. Prepare the stock solution of dye as follow:-

Dissolve about 0.2 gm dye in 250 ml boiling water.
Boil for 5 minutes.
Add cold water to complete to 500 ml solution.

2. Carrying out of dyeing samples in the following dye bath:-

Experiment (I): Dyeing bath of Acidic medium

Dyeing bath: 100 ml of dye + 2 ml of acetic acid (30%)

Samples: Wool, Cotton and Treated Cotton with Tannic Acid

Dyeing conditions: Start the dyeing at 40°c then raise the Temp. slowly
to 95°c during 5 min. then dyeing for 15 min.

After treatment: Wash in hot and cold water then in 100 ml water and
2 ml soap (10%) for 10 min at 80°c.

Experiment (II): Dyeing bath of Neutral medium

Dyeing bath: 100 ml of dye + 10 ml of sodium chloride (NaCl)

(10%)

Samples: Cotton and Wool

Dyeing conditions: Start the dyeing at 40°c then raise the Temp. slowly
to 95°c during 5 min. then dyeing for 15 min.

After treatment: Wash in hot and cold water then in 100 ml water and
2 ml soap (10%) for 10 min at 80°c.

4
Experiment (III): Dyeing bath of Alkaline medium

Dyeing bath: 100 ml of dye + 10 ml of sodium chloride (10%) + 2ml

of Na2Co3 (10%)

Samples: Cotton and Wool

Dyeing conditions: Start the dyeing at 40°c then raise the Temp. slowly
to 95°c during 5 min. then dyeing for 15 min.

After treatment: Wash in hot and cold water then in 100 ml water and
2 ml soap (10%) for 10 min at 80°c.

Experiment (IV): Dyeing bath of Dispersed medium

Dyeing bath: 100 ml of dye + 50 ml of soap solution (10%)

Samples: polyester

Dyeing conditions: Start the dyeing at 40°c then raise the Temp. slowly
to 95°c during 5 min. then dyeing for 15 min.
After treatment: Wash in hot and cold water then in 100 ml water and
2 ml soap (10%) for 10 min at 80°c.

5
 Case “A”

Observation:
In Experiment (III):
Cotton only was dyed.
The dye may be direct dye.

Confirmatory Test:
Try to boil the dyed sample for 5 minutes in
Dimethylformamide solution (25%)
If the dye could be extracted in to solution of
Dimethylformamide.

Result:
The dye will be Direct Dye

6
 The class of in-water soluble dyes determination

Case “A”

Dyeing medium Samples Results

Wool

Acidic
Cotton
Medium

T.Cotton

Wool
Natural
Medium
Cotton

Wool
Alkaline
Medium
Cotton

Dispersed
Polyester
Medium

The conclusion: The dye will be Direct Dye

7
 The confirmatory test
Case “A”

Without
Treatment

Treated with
D.M.F (25%)

The conclusion: The dye will be Direct Dye

8
 Case “A”

Observation:
In Experiment (III):
Wool and Cotton were dyed.
The dye may be Reactive dye.

Confirmatory Test:
If the color is brilliant bright, this may indicate reactive dyes.
Try to boil the dyed sample for 5 minutes in
Dimethylformamide solution (25%).
If the dye couldn’t be extracted in to solution of
Dimethylform-amide solution (25%).

Result:
The dye will be Reactive Dye

9
 The class of in-water soluble dyes determination

Case “A”

Dyeing medium Samples Results

Wool

Acidic
Cotton
Medium

T.Cotton

Wool
Natural
Medium
Cotton

Wool
Alkaline
Medium
Cotton

Dispersed
Polyester
Medium

The conclusion: The dye will be Reactive Dye

10
 The confirmatory test
Case “A”

Without
Treatment

Treated with
D.M.F (25%)

The conclusion: The dye will be Reactive Dye

11
 Case “B”

Observation:
In Experiment (I):
Wool fabric were dyed
In all experiments the results were negative, the dye may be:
Acid , Chrome , or Metal Complex

Confirmatory Test:
Dye two samples of wool fibers in a bath containing (in % of the
sample weight):
2 % dye
3 % Acetic Acid (30 %)
10 % NaCl
L: R 1:50
At 30° C ‫ ـــ‬40 ° C, raise the temperature slowly to boiling and
dye for half an hour
Then:
Add to bath 1 – 2 % conc. Formic Acid or Hydrochloride Acid
and boil For 15 min.
Wash the samples in hot and cold water , Then Treatment one
sample only in bath containing :
1 % K2cr2o7
2 % H2so4 (conc.)
L:R 1:50
At 40°C – 50 ° C raise the temp. to boiling and boil for half an
hour , then wash.

12
After chrome treatment there will be (3) probabilities:

1. No change in color
2. Change in color due to oxidation of the dye on the fabrics
3. Change in color due to formation metal complexion
For confirmation of the results before and after chroming test for
fastness to washing and soaping .If there is increase in color ,
increase in fastness to washing and soaping.

Result:
The dye will be Chrome Dye

13
 The class of in-water soluble dyes determination

Case “B”

Dyeing medium Samples Results

Wool

Acidic
Cotton
Medium

T.Cotton

Wool
Natural
Medium
Cotton

Wool
Alkaline
Medium
Cotton

Dispersed
Polyester
Medium

The conclusion: The dye will be Chrome Dye

14
 The confirmatory test
Case “B”

Before chroming test

After chroming test

The conclusion: The dye will be Chrome Dye

15
 Case “B”

Observation:
In Experiment (I):
Wool fabric were dyed
In all experiments the results were negative, the dye may be:
Acid , Chrome , or Metal Complex

Confirmatory Test:
Dye two samples of wool fibers in a bath containing (in % of the
sample weight):
2 % dye
3 % Acetic Acid (30 %)
10 % NaCl
L: R 1:50
At 30° C ‫ ـــ‬40 ° C, raise the temperature slowly to boiling and
dye for half an hour
Then:
Add to bath 1 – 2 % conc. Formic Acid or Hydrochloride Acid
and boil For 15 min.
Wash the samples in hot and cold water , Then Treatment one
sample only in bath containing :
1 % K2cr2o7
2 % H2so4 (conc.)
L:R 1:50
At 40°C – 50 ° C raise the temp. to boiling and boil for half an
hour , then wash.

16
After chrome treatment there will be (3) probabilities:

1. No change in color
2. Change in color due to oxidation of the dye on the fabrics
3. Change in color due to formation metal complexion
For confirmation of the results before and after chroming test for
fastness to washing and soaping .If there is no change in color or
fastness to washing and soaping.

Result:
The dye will be Acid Dye

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 The class of in-water soluble dyes determination

Case “B”

Dyeing medium Samples Results

Wool

Acidic
Cotton
Medium

T.Cotton

Wool
Natural
Medium
Cotton

Wool
Alkaline
Medium
Cotton

Dispersed
Polyester
Medium

The conclusion: The dye will be Acid Dye

18
 The confirmatory test
Case “B”

Before chroming test

After chroming test

The conclusion: The dye will be Acid Dye

19
 Case “C”

Observation:
In Experiment (IV):
Rayon Acetate or Polyester samples were dyed, where as all
the other results in experiments I, II, III negative
The dye may be Disperse dye.

Confirmatory Test:
1 ml of dye solution (true sol. Or colloidal)
5 ml of water
1 ml of ether and shake well
a) The dye dissolves in water
b) The dye dissolves only in ether but in water stay then,
the disperse dye will be of the type insoluble in water.
Result:
The dye will be Dispersed Dye

20
 The class of in-water soluble dyes determination

Case “C”

Dyeing medium Samples Results

Wool

Acidic
Cotton
Medium

T.Cotton

Wool
Natural
Medium
Cotton

Wool
Alkaline
Medium
Cotton

Dispersed
Polyester
Medium

The conclusion: The dye will be Dispersed Dye

21
 Case “D”

Observation:
If the dye was soluble and the result in all the preview
experiments would be negative
The dye may be soluble Vat dye.

Confirmatory Test:
Take 5 ml of dye solution in a test tube then added few
drop of HCl (dill) then add 0.1 gm NaNo3 and heat since
insoluble dye will be precipitated.

Result:
The dye will be Soluble Vat Dye (Indigosol)

22
 The class of in-water soluble dyes determination
Case “D”
Dyeing medium Samples Results

Wool

Acidic
Cotton
Medium

T.Cotton

Wool
Natural
Medium
Cotton

Wool
Alkaline
Medium
Cotton

Dispersed
Polyester
Medium

The conclusion: The dye will be Soluble Vat Dye

23
 Case “E”

Observation:
In Experiment (I):
Cotton treated with Tannic acid was dyed, Wool was also
dyed whereas and Cotton sample was only stained
Then the dye will be Basic dye.

Confirmatory Test:
a) 1 ml of dye solution is added to (1 ml NaoH) (32.5%) in a
test tube and heat. Change in color or the color disappears
b) To the above solution add 4-5ml water and well cool then
add few ml of Diethyl ether and shake well after while two
layers will separate to above layer the ether add 2-3 ml
Acetic Acid (30%). In presence of Basic dye the Acetic Acid
will be dyed in the original color of dye and Ether stay
uncolored
c) Take
5 ml of dye solution
5ml tannic acid solution (5%)
5 ml sodium acetate solution (10%)
100 ml water
When precipitate would be formed

Result:
The dye will be Basic Dye

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 The class of in-water soluble dyes determination
Case “E”
Dyeing medium Samples Results

Wool

Acidic
Cotton
Medium

T.Cotton

Wool
Natural
Medium
Cotton

Wool
Alkaline
Medium
Cotton

Dispersed
Polyester
Medium

The conclusion: The dye will be Basic Dye

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1.2. Determination of the class for dyes insoluble
in water
This group of insoluble dyes consists of:

Sulphur or Vat dyes.

Naphthol Bases.
Pigments.
To differentiate between these classes carry out the
following experiment:-
a) Place traces of the dye in a test tube + 5 ml of water + 0.5
ml of Sodium chloride (32.5 %) and Heat to 60° -70° C ,
Then add 0.1 gm Glouber salt ( Na2 so4)
b) In beaker, repeat the previous experiment and add 50 ml
of water
c) After that add a cotton simple and dye for 10 minutes ,
Then rinse with cold water

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 Case “A”

Observation:
If there was a change in color with increasing in dye
solubility.
In experiment (I) and the Cotton sample in experiment
(II ) was dyed
Then, the day may be Vat or Sulphur dye.

Confirmatory Test:
To differentiate between these classes carry out the
following experiment (III):
a) Place traces of the dye in a test tube + 5 ml of water + 2
ml of Sodium carbonate (Na2co3) (10 %) + 5 ml of
Sodium chloride (10%) + 2 ml of Na2s (10%) , Then heat
to boiling and notice any change in color .
b) In beaker, repeat the previous experiment and add 50 ml
of water.

Result:
If there was no change in color and the cotton sample was not
dyed, then the dye will be Vat dye

27
 The confirmatory test
Case “A”

Before treatment

After treatment

The conclusion: The dye will be Vat Dye

28