Dwi Setyati 2016

Cell division
 Cell division is the process by which cells produce
new cells
 Cell division differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and
eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, & animals)
 Some tissues must be repaired often such as white
blood cells, skin cells etc.
 Other cells do not divide at all after birth such as
muscle & nerve
Cell Division
 An integral part of the cell cycle
 Results in genetically identical daughter cells
 Cells duplicate their genetic material
 Before they divide, ensuring that each daughter
cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material,
DNA
 Functions of Cell Division
100 µm
(a) Reproduction. An amoeba,
a single-celled eukaryote, is
dividing into two cells. Each
new cell will be an individual
organism (LM).
200 µm
(b) Growth and development.
This micrograph shows a
sand dollar embryo shortly after
the fertilized egg divided, forming
two cells (LM).
20 µm
(c) Tissue renewal. These dividing
bone marrow cells (arrow) will
give rise to new blood cells (LM).
Reasons for Cell Division:
 Cell growth
 Repair & replacement of damaged cell parts
 Reproduction of the species
The cells come from preexisting cell, therefore cells need to
make more cells called cell division
Cell division in Prokaryotes
 Prokaryotes such as bacteria do not have a nucleus
 Prokaryotes divide into two identical new cells by the
process of binary fission
 Binary fission is an asexual method of reproduction
 In binary fission, the chromosome, attached to cell
membrane, makes a copy of itself and the cell grows to
about twice its normal size
 Next, a cell wall forms between the chromosomes & the
parent cell splits into 2 new identical daughter cells
(clones)
Binary Fission
Cell Division in Eukaryotes:
 Eukaryotes have a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
which must be copied exactly so the 2 new cells formed
from division will be exactly alike

 The original parent cell & 2 new daughter cells must have
identical chromosomes

 DNA is copied in the S phase of the cell cycle & organelles,

found in the cytoplasm, are copied in the Growth phases

 Both the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

must be divided during cell division in eukaryotes
 Cell division includes mitosis (nuclear division)
and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
 Interphase is the longest part of a cell's life cycle
and is called the "resting stage" because the cell
isn't dividing
 Cells grow, develop, & carry on all their normal
metabolic functions during interphase
 Interphase consists of 3 parts --- G1, S, & G2phases
Mitosis
Some haploid & diploid cells divide by mitosis.
Each new cell receives one copy of every chromosome
that was present in the original cell.
Produces 2 new cells that are both genetically
identical to the original cell.
DNA duplication
during interphase

Mitosis

Diploid Cell
 MITOSIS
 Mitosis biasanya merupakan fase terpendek dalam daur
sel, hanya berlangsung selama 1 jam dari waktu total daur
sel sepanjang 8 – 24 jam dalam sebuah sel hewan normal.
 Fase-fase lainnya membutuhkan waktu yang beragam
tetapi umumnya
Fase G1 berlangsung selama 6 – 12 jam, fase S selama 6 – 8
jam, dan fase G2 3 – 4 jam.
 Fase yang paling singkat adalah metafase.
MITOSIS:
• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase
MITOSIS
www.micro.utexas.edu/.../ genetics/celldiv.html
PROFASE
 Kromosom mengkerut dan
menebal
 Tiap kromosom membelah dan
anakan kromosom disebut
kromatid
 Kromatid dihubungkan oeh
sentromer
 Sentriol mulai membelah
 Pada akhir profase benang
gelondong mulai terbentuk dan
selaput inti mulai menghilang
PROFASE
www.ucm.es/.../grupod/ mitosis/mitosis.htm

chromatids

centromere
METAFASE
 Kromosom berkumpul
pada bidang ekuator,
sentromer melekat pada
benang gelondong
 Benang gelondong
nampak jelas.
ANAFASE
 Kromosom bergerak ke
arah kutub berlawanan
 Terbentuk sekat sel
dekat bidang ekuator
(anafase akhir)
The Mitotic Spindle
• Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of
chromosomes and move the chromosomes to the metaphase
plate
 In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move along the
kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell

Aster
Sister Centrosome
Microtubules Chromosomes chromatids Metaphase
plate
Kineto-
chores

Overlapping
nonkinetochore Kinetochore
microtubules microtubules
Centrosome 1 µm 0.5 µm
TELOFASE
 Benang gelondong hilang
 Membran inti dan
nukleolus terbentuk
kembali
 Sekat sel terbentuk kembali
dan sel membelah menjadi
2 sel anak
 Terjadi sitokinesis
TELOFASE

• Gelendong berdegenerasi, membran nukleus terbentuk

kembali, dan sitoplasma membelah dalam proses yang disebut
sitokinesis.
• Pada sel hewan, sitokinesis berlangsung melalui
pembentukan lekukan penyibakan (Cleavage furrow) yang
bergerak dari arah membran luar sel semakin ke dalam dan
akhirnya membagi sel menjadi dua.
• Pada sel tumbuhan, sitokinesis melibatkan pembentukan
lempeng sel dari pektin yang berawal dari bagian tengah sel
bergerak meyebar secara lateral ke dinding sel.
• Selanjutnya, selulosa dan materi-materi penguat lainnya
ditambahkan ke lempeng sel dan mengubah lempengen
tersebut menjadi dinding sel baru.
 Mitosis in a plant cell
Nucleus Chromatine Chromosome
Nucleolus condensing

Metaphase. The
1 Prophase. 2 Prometaphase. 3 4 Anaphase. The 5 Telophase. Daughter
spindle is complete,
The chromatin We now see discrete chromatids of each nuclei are forming.
and the chromosomes,
is condensing. chromosomes; each chromosome have Meanwhile, cytokinesis
attached to microtubules
The nucleolus is consists of two separated, and the has started: The cell
at their kinetochores,
beginning to identical sister daughter chromosomes plate, which will
are all at the metaphase
disappear. chromatids. Later are moving to the ends divided the cytoplasm
plate.
Although not in prometaphase, the of cell as their in two, is growing
yet visible nuclear envelop will kinetochore toward the perimeter
in the micrograph, fragment. microtubles shorten. of the parent cell.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
Cytokinesis
• Cleavage of cell into two
halves
– Animal cells

 Constriction belt of

actin filaments
– Plant cells

 Cell plate

– Fungi and protists

 Mitosis occurs

within the nucleus

Cytokinesis In Animal And Plant Cells

100 µm
Cleavage furrow Vesicles Wall of 1 µm
forming patent cell Cell plate
cell plate New cell wall

Contractile ring of Daughter cells

microfilaments
Daughter cells
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)
http://www.cbp.pitt.edu/faculty/yong_wan/images/main_cell_cycle.jpg
Meiosis

 Reduces the chromosome number such that each

daughter
 Cell has a haploid set of chromosomes
 Ensures that the next generation will have:
 Diploid number of chromosome
 Exchange of genetic information (combination of traits
 that differs from that of either parent)
Meiosis
 Only diploid cells can divide by meiosis.
 Prior to meiosis I, DNA replication occurs.
 During meiosis, there will be two nuclear divisions, and the result will be
four haploid nuclei.
 No replication of DNA occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II.
Meiosis
Interphase
Homologous pair
of chromosomes

 Meiosis reduces the

in diploid parent cell

number of chromosome
sets from diploid to Chromosomes
replicate

haploid Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes

 Meiosis takes place in two Sister

chromatids Diploid cell with
replicated

sets of divisions Meiosis I

chromosomes

 Meiosis I reduces the

number of chromosomes 1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate

from diploid to haploid Haploid cells with

replicated chromosomes

 Meiosis II produces four Meiosis II

2 Sister chromatids

haploid daughter cells separate

Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

Figure 13.7
MEIOSIS
 MEIOSIS I
 PROFASE I :
 LEPTOTEN
 ZIGOEN
 PAKHITEN
 DIPLOTEN
 DIAKINESIS
 METAFASE I
 ANAFASE I
 TELOFASE I

 MEIOSIS II
 PROFASE II
 METAFASE II
 ANAFASE II
 TELOFASE II
Meiosis Phases
 Meiosis involves the same four phases seen in
mitosis
 prophase
 metaphase
 anaphase
 telophase
 They are repeated during both meiosis I and
meiosis II.
 The period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II
is called interkinesis.
 No replication of DNA occurs during interkinesis
because the DNA is already duplicated.
MEIOSIS I
 PROFASE I :
 LEPTOTEN/LEPTONEMA
Atau tahap benang tipis).
Pada tahap ini muncul struktur seperti benang dalam
materi kromatin yang semula amorfus di nukleus
kemudian berkondensasi menjadi kromosom yang
panjang dan tipis.

Kromosom tampak panjang sebagai filamen panjang

Nukleolus dan selaput inti masih ada
MEIOSIS
PROFASE I
Zygonema (Zigoten atau tahap benang-berganda).
Tahap ini merupakan awal sinapsis, dimana pasangan-
pasangan kromosom homolog bertemu dan digabungkan
oleh sebuah struktur protein seperti pita yang disebut
kompleks sinaptonema.
Sinapsis diperkirakan terjadi di sepanjang kromosom
berpasangan yang mempunyai kemiripan informasi
genetik dari kedua kromosom homolog tersebut.
PROFASE I : ZIGOTEN
 Kromosom homolog berpasangan (sinapsis)
 Pasangan kromosom homolog (bivalen)

http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-20/2002.jpg
MEIOSIS I
PROFASE I : PAKHITEN
Pakinema (Pakiten atau tahap benang-tebal).
Semua kromosom yang telah mempunyai pasangan akan
terus memendek sehingga sehingga setiap kromosom
terlihat tebal dan terpisah dari pasangan yang baru
Pasangan dua kromosom homolog disebut bivalen, dan
disebut tetrad karena terdiri dari empat kromatid.
Terbentuknya dua kromatid merupakan tanda memasuki
tahapan berikutnya.
 Masing-masing bivalen menjadi dua dan terlihat empat
kromatid (tetrad)
MEIOSIS I
PROFASE 1 : DIPLOTEN
Diplonema (Diploten atau tahap benang-ganda).
Terjadi pindah silang (Crossing over), berpisah, bertukar
untaian DNA, dan bergabung kembali sehingga terjadi
pertukaran materi genetik.
Titik pertukaran antara dua kromatid bersaudara disebut
kiasma (jamak kiasmata).

Prophase I Nonsister
of meiosis chromatids

Tetrad

Chiasma,
site of
crossing
over
MEIOSIS I
PROFASE I : DIAKINESIS
Diakinesis (tahap pergerakan-ganda).
Kromosom mencapai kondensasi maksimal, kromatid
yang saling melilit (akibat pindah silang) mulai terurai
(bivalen berjauhan), kiasma hilang satu per satu, mulai
dari arah sentromer menuju ujung kromosom.

 Proses selanjutnya nukleolus dan membran nukleus

menghilang, aparatur gelondong mulai terbentuk, dan
tahap profase I yang kompleks ini berakhir.
 Profase I ini dapat berlangsung sampai beberapa hari atau
bahkan lebih lama, biasanya memakan lebih dari 90 %
waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk meiosis.
PROFASE I
fai.unne.edu.ar/biologia/ cel_euca/meiosis.htm
PROFASE I
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
METAFASE I
 Benang spindle menjadi teratur dan sentromer
setiap pasang kromosom homolog melekat pada
spindle
 Sentromer dari bivalen terdapat pada bidang
metafase yaitu merupakan pasangan kromosom
bukan merupakan kromosom tunggal seperti pada
metafase mitosis
METAFASE I
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
ANAFASE I
 Pemisahan kromosom homolog selesai dan kromosom
bergerak ke kutub berlawanan
 Sentromer tidak membelah
 Jumlah kromosom terbagi dari diploid (2n) menjadi
haploid (n)
ANAFASE I
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
METAFASE I & ANAFASE I
fai.unne.edu.ar/biologia/ cel_euca/meiosis.htm
TELOFASE I
 Diad sampai pada kutub yang berlawanan
 Selaput inti terbentuk kembali (pada beberapa
spesies)
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Meiosis.html
TELOFASE I
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
TELOFASE I
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
fai.unne.edu.ar/biologia/ cel_euca/meiosis.htm
PROFASE II
 Diad masih dihubungkan oleh sentromer
 Kromosom mejadi pendek dan tebal
 Benang gelondong mulai terbentuk
PROFASE II
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
METAFASE II
 Diad terletak pada bidang ekuator ( benang
gelendong yang terbentuk akan mengikat
kromosom pada sentromer dan akibat tarikan yang
seimbang maka kromosom akan terletak di bidang
ekuator).
 Kromosom terdiri dari dua kromatid
METAFASE II
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
ANAFASE II
 Sentromer telah membelah dan sentromer masing-
masing kromosom, benang gelendong memendek dan
menarik belahan diad (kromatid) ke arah berlawanan
dalam suatu pembelahan berimbang (seperti mitosis).
 Kromatid memisah, kromosom bergerak menuju
kutub
ANAFASE II
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
METAFASE DAN ANAFASE II

fai.unne.edu.ar/biologia/ cel_euca/meiosis.htm
TELOFASE II
 Kromosom telah sampai pada kutub berlawanan,
membran nukleus terbentuk kembali, selanjutnya
masing-masing sel membelah melalui sitokinesis dan
menghasilkan empat sel anakan yang haploid (n).
TELOFASE II
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
TELOFASE II
:www.agen.ufl.edu/.../ lect/lect_08/lect_08.htm
 Gambar 1.9. Meiosis
I dan II (Sumber:
http://id.wikipwdia.
org/wiki/genetika)
 Gambar 1.9. Meiosis I dan II
(Sumber:
http://id.wikipwdia.org/wi
ki/genetika)
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-20/2010.jpg
A Comparison Of Mitosis And Meiosis
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Parent cell Chiasma (site of
MEIOSIS I
(before chromosome replication) crossing over)

Prophase Prophase I
Chromosome Chromosome
replication replication Tetrad formed by
Duplicated chromosome 2n = 6 synapsis of homologous
(two sister chromatids) chromosomes

Chromosomes Tetrads
positioned at the positioned at the Metaphase I
Metaphase
metaphase plate metaphase plate

Anaphase Sister chromatids Homologues

Telophase separate during Anaphase I
separate
anaphase Telophase I
during
anaphase I;
sister Haploid
chromatids n=3
Daughter
remain together
cells of
meiosis I
2n 2n
Daughter cells MEIOSIS II
of mitosis

n n n n
Daughter cells of meiosis II

Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II

Comparison
• Mitosis
 Meiosis • Homologous
 DNA duplication chromosomes do not
followed by 2 cell pair up
divisions
• No genetic exchange
 Sysnapsis between homologous
 Crossing-over chromosomes
 One diploid cell • One diploid cell
produces 4 produces 2 diploid
haploid cells cells or one haploid
 Each new cell has cell produces 2
a unique haploid cells
combination of • New cells are
genes genetically identical to
original cell (except for
mutation)
 Tabel Rangkuman Mitosis dan meiosis
Mitosis
 Pembelahan berimbang yang
memisahkan kromatid-kromatid
sesaudara
 Kromosom homolog tidak
bersinapsis, tidak terbentuk
kiasmata
 Tidak terjadi pertukaran materi
genetik antar kromosom homolog
 Kandungan genetik sel anakan sama
dengan sel induk
 Jumlah kromosom sel anakan sama
dengan sel induk
 Dihasilkan dua sel anakan per siklus
 Terjadi pada sel somatik
Meiosis
 Meiosis I : pembelahan reduksional
 Meiosis II: pembelahan berimbang
 Kromosom-kromosom bersinapsis
dan terbentuk kiasmata
 Terjadi pertukaran materi genetik
antar kromosom homolog
 Kandungan genetik sel anakan
berbeda satu sama lain dan berbeda
dengan sel induk
 Jumlah kromosom sel anakan
separuh jumlah kromosom sel
induk
 Dihasilkan empat sel anakan
(disebut gamet) per siklus
 Terjadi pada sel nutfah (sel
germinal)
NON DISJUNCTION
NON DISJUNCTION
The effects of
non-disjunction in
meiosis.

The non-disjunction
involves only the
single pair of
chromosomes
(meiosis I) or the
single chromosome
(meiosis II) shown;
all the other
chromosomes (not
shown) disjoin and
segregate normally.

Fig. 2.12 © Scion Publishing Ltd

Somatic mosaicism (eg trisomy 21) as a result of mitotic
non-disjunction

Mitosis

Non-disjunction

Normal disomy Normal disomy Trisomy Monosomy (lethal to cell)

TERIMAKASIH ……