October 2, 2017 2
An official definition of a “Smart Grid”
by the U.S. Department of Energy
http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid
October 2, 2017 3
What a “Smart Grid” should provide,
according to the U.S. Department of Energy
► attack resistance
► self-healing
► consumer motivation
► power quality
► generation and storage accommodation
► enabling markets
► asset optimization
October 2, 2017 4
Beware the buzz words
popularity of the
term “smart grid”
understanding what
a “smart grid” is
time
October 2, 2017 5
1 picture > 103 words?
October 2, 2017 6
http://www.ecnmag.com
October 2, 2017 7
http://smartgridtech.wordpress.com
October 2, 2017 8
October 2, 2017 9
http://www.renesas.eu
spydergrid.com
October 2, 2017 10
Question: What don’t these diagrams tell you?
October 2, 2017 11
A “smart grid” (according to von meier &
stewart)
► …also introduces new options and ambiguities about who can and should do
what
October 2, 2017 12
Components and Functionality
October 2, 2017 13
How distribution systems are different than transmission
systems
1. Architecture 2. Diversity 3. Variation 4. Vulnerability 5. Opacity
October 2, 2017 14
115kV Transmission network Distribution substations
https://www.pge.com/b2b/energysupply/wholesaleelectricsuppliersolicitation/PVRFO/PVRAMMap/index.shtml
October 2, 2017 15
October 2, 2017 16
How distribution systems are different than transmission
systems
1. Architecture 2. Diversity 3. Variation 4. Vulnerability 5. Opacity
October 2, 2017 17
How distribution systems are different than transmission
systems
1. Architecture 2. Diversity 3. Variation 4. Vulnerability 5. Opacity
Note: 80-90% of
customer outages
originate in the
distribution system
October 2, 2017 19
October 2, 2017 20
How distribution systems are different than transmission systems
1. Architecture 2. Diversity 3. Variation 4. Vulnerability 5. Opacity
October 2, 2017 21
Eyes & ears in the field
October 2, 2017 22
Substations
October 2, 2017 23
October 2, 2017 24
Important Equipment
Transformers
Conductors
Protective devices
Switches
Voltage control devices
Sensors and meters
October 2, 2017 25
Substation Transformers
October 2, 2017 26
Substation Transformers
October 2, 2017 28
Overhead Lines
Insulation
R Jacket
Concentric Neutral
dod dc Strand
ds Insulation Screen
32 October 2, 2017 32
Switchgear
Distinguish:
October 2, 2017 33
Knife Switch
October 2, 2017 34
October 2, 2017 35
Switches
October 2, 2017 36
October 2, 2017 37
October 2, 2017 38
October 2, 2017 39
October 2, 2017 40
Spot networks are much more expensive and used only in high-
stakes settings such as downtown business districts of big cities
October 2, 2017 41
Present State of Utilities
October 2, 2017 42
Distribution Operator’s control room, 2003
43 October 2, 2017 43
October 2, 2017 44
October 2, 2017 45
newer DO control room at SDG&E
October 2, 2017 46
October 2, 2017 47
Existing & Emerging Technologies
October 2, 2017 48