Op amp output

Electronics
Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

Terry Sturtevant

Wilfrid Laurier University

July 29, 2013

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

The equation for the output of an op amp is always true as long as

the output is not saturated

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

The equation for the output of an op amp is always true as long as

the output is not saturated

V+
Vo
V−

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

The equation for the output of an op amp is always true as long as

the output is not saturated

V+
Vo
V−

Vo = A (V+ − V− )

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For negative feedback, make the voltage at V− be some

portion of Vo .

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For negative feedback, make the voltage at V− be some

portion of Vo .
This ratio of V− to Vo is called the feedback factor, β.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For negative feedback, make the voltage at V− be some

portion of Vo .
This ratio of V− to Vo is called the feedback factor, β.


β

V− 6
Vo
V+

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For instance, with just a wire from V− to Vo , the feedabck

factor is 1.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For instance, with just a wire from V− to Vo , the feedabck

factor is 1.
This is the case for a voltage follower.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For instance, with just a wire from V− to Vo , the feedabck

factor is 1.
This is the case for a voltage follower.

 β=1 

V−
Vo
V+

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback
V− = βVo

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback
V− = βVo
where

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback
V− = βVo
where
β ∈ [0, 1]

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback
V− = βVo
where
β ∈ [0, 1]

So the op amp equation

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback
V− = βVo
where
β ∈ [0, 1]

So the op amp equation

Vo = A (V+ − V− )

becomes

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback
V− = βVo
where
β ∈ [0, 1]

So the op amp equation

Vo = A (V+ − V− )

becomes
Vo = A (V+ − βVo )

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

For feedback
V− = βVo
where
β ∈ [0, 1]

So the op amp equation

Vo = A (V+ − V− )

becomes
Vo = A (V+ − βVo )

Vo = AV + − βAVo

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Vo + βAVo = AV+

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Vo + βAVo = AV+

Vo (1 + βA) = AV+

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Vo + βAVo = AV+

Vo (1 + βA) = AV+

Vo (1 + βA) = AV+

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Vo + βAVo = AV+

Vo (1 + βA) = AV+

Vo (1 + βA) = AV+

A
 
Vo = V+
1 + βA

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Vo + βAVo = AV+

Vo (1 + βA) = AV+

Vo (1 + βA) = AV+

A
 
Vo = V+
1 + βA
!
1
Vo = V+ 1
A +β

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If the gain, A, is much greater than 1, then

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If the gain, A, is much greater than 1, then

Aβ

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If the gain, A, is much greater than 1, then

Aβ

and so
1
β
A

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If the gain, A, is much greater than 1, then

Aβ

and so
1
β
A

!
1
Vo = V+ 1


A + β

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If the gain, A, is much greater than 1, then

Aβ

and so
1
β
A

!
1
Vo = V+ 1


A + β
thus
1
 
Vo ≈ V+
β

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If the gain, A, is much greater than 1, then

Aβ

and so
1
β
A

!
1
Vo = V+ 1


A + β
thus
1
 
Vo ≈ V+
β
so Vo only depends on β.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

1
 
Vo ≈ V+
β

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

1
 
Vo ≈ V+
β
So for a voltage follower, where β = 1,

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

1
 
Vo ≈ V+
β
So for a voltage follower, where β = 1,

Vo ≈ V+

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

1
 
Vo ≈ V+
β
So for a voltage follower, where β = 1,

Vo ≈ V+

as expected.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Non-inverting amplifier

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Non-inverting amplifier

Rf
V− -

V+ - Vo

Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Rf
V−

V+ Vo

Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Rf
V−

V+ Vo

Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Rf and Ri form a voltage divider, so the voltage at V− is a

fraction of Vo

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Rf and Ri form a voltage divider, so the voltage at V− is a

fraction of Vo
By definition, this is the feedback factor, β.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Rf and Ri form a voltage divider, so the voltage at V− is a

fraction of Vo
By definition, this is the feedback factor, β.
Thus

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Rf and Ri form a voltage divider, so the voltage at V− is a

fraction of Vo
By definition, this is the feedback factor, β.
Thus
Ri
β= Rf +Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Rf and Ri form a voltage divider, so the voltage at V− is a

fraction of Vo
By definition, this is the feedback factor, β.
Thus
Ri
β= Rf +Ri
so

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Rf and Ri form a voltage divider, so the voltage at V− is a

fraction of Vo
By definition, this is the feedback factor, β.
Thus
Ri
β= Rf +Ri
so
1 Rf +Ri
gain = β = Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Rf and Ri form a voltage divider, so the voltage at V− is a

fraction of Vo
By definition, this is the feedback factor, β.
Thus
Ri
β= Rf +Ri
so
1 Rf +Ri
gain = β = Ri
as expected

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Rf

VB
 VA

Vi Ri Vo
R
@

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

This can be redrawn

Rf

VB
 VA

Vi Ri Vo
R
@

Vo VA Rf
Vi = VB =1+ Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If Ri is not grounded, then it looks like this.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If Ri is not grounded, then it looks like this.

Rf

VB
 VA

Vi Vo
Ri
R
@

VC

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If Ri is not grounded, then it looks like this.

Rf

VB
 VA

Vi Vo
Ri
R
@

VC

V0 is VA - VC

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If Ri is not grounded, then it looks like this.

Rf

VB
 VA

Vi Vo
Ri
R
@

VC

V0 is VA - VC
Vi is VB - VC

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

If Ri is not grounded, then it looks like this.

Rf

VB
 VA

Vi Vo
Ri
R
@

VC

V0 is VA - VC
Vi is VB - VC
Vo VA −VC Rf
so Vi = VB −VC =1+ Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

We can redraw the circuit slightly differently.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

We can redraw the circuit slightly differently.

Rf
VC
Ri
VB VA

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

We can redraw the circuit slightly differently.

Rf
VC
Ri
VB VA

VA −VC Rf
Since VB −VC =1+ Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

We can redraw the circuit slightly differently.

Rf
VC
Ri
VB VA

VA −VC Rf
Since VB −VC =1+ Ri
 
Rf
This can be rewritten VA − 1 + Ri VB = − RRfi VC

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

The derivation goes like this:

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

The derivation goes like this:

VA − VC Rf
=1+
VB − VC Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

The derivation goes like this:

VA − VC Rf
=1+
VB − VC Ri

Rf
 
VA − VC = 1 + (VB − VC )
Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

The derivation goes like this:

VA − VC Rf
=1+
VB − VC Ri

Rf
 
VA − VC = 1 + (VB − VC )
Ri

Rf Rf
 
VA − 
V
C = 1+ VB − C −
V VC
Ri Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

The derivation goes like this:

VA − VC Rf
=1+
VB − VC Ri

Rf
 
VA − VC = 1 + (VB − VC )
Ri

Rf Rf
 
VA − 
V
C = 1+ VB − C −
V VC
Ri Ri

Rf Rf
 
VA − 1 + VB = − VC
Ri Ri

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Finally, we can set VB to ground.

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Finally, we can set VB to ground.

Rf
VC
Ri
VA
VB = 0

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Finally, we can set VB to ground.

Rf
VC
Ri
VA
VB = 0

 
Rf
So if VA − 1 + Ri VB = − RRfi VC

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Finally, we can set VB to ground.

Rf
VC
Ri
VA
VB = 0

 
Rf
So if VA − 1 + Ri VB = − RRfi VC
and VB = 0

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Finally, we can set VB to ground.

Rf
VC
Ri
VA
VB = 0

 
Rf
So if VA − 1 + Ri VB = − RRfi VC
and VB = 0
Then VA = − RRfi VC

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Finally, we can set VB to ground.

Rf
VC
Ri
VA
VB = 0

 
Rf
So if VA − 1 + Ri VB = − RRfi VC
and VB = 0
Then VA = − RRfi VC which is an inverting amplifier!

Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers

 Op amp output with negative feedback
Op amp output
Example: non-inverting amplifier

Finally, we can set VB to ground.

Rf
VC
Ri
VA
VB = 0

 
Rf
So if VA − 1 + Ri VB = − RRfi VC
and VB = 0
Then VA = − RRfi VC which is an inverting amplifier!
So the feedback factor, β, is the same as for a non-inverting
amplifier.
Terry Sturtevant Electronics Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifiers