1 Subject score:

Anatomy :50
Physiology :30
Biochemistry :5
Pathology :10
Microbiology :10
Pharmacology :15
Community Medicine :5

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Unit 5
Musculo-skeletal System &
Special Senses
Small effort by…
Divya Darshan
 Anatomy 6. Illustrate the secretomotor pathway of submandibular gland
2 with the help of flowchart. 5
2017 7. Write the boundaries & contents of infratemporal fascia. 5
1. Write short note on venous drainage of the face and also 8. Show the formation & branches of Ansa cervicalis with well
mention its deep connections. 5 labelled diagram. 5
2. Write down the boundaries and contents of posterior 9. Show the different layers of retina with well labelled
triangle. 2+5=7 diagram. 5
3. Write down the superi9or and inferior attachment of 10. Explain the neural pathway of taste with simple diagram.
investing layer of deep cervical fascia and also mention 5
the muscles and glands enclosed by it. 4+4=8
2015
4. Draw a well labeled diagram of cavernous sinus showing the
structures passing through its centre and lateral wall. 7 1. Mention the boundaries & contents of posterior triangle of
5. Name the muscles of mastication with its nerve supply neck. 5
and action. 6 2. Write short notes on: 5x5=25
6. Write short notes on development of internal ear. 5 a. Carotid sheath
7. Draw a well labeled diagram showing arterial supply of b. Development of tongue
lateral wall of nose. What is Kiesselbach’s plexus? 5 c. Folds of duramater
8. Write down the blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic d. Maxillary Sinus
drainage of larynx. 7 e. Contents of Middle Ear Cavity
2016 3. Mention the cartilages & nerve supply of larynx. 5
4. Mention the deep communications of facial vein and its
1. Show the sensory supply of face with well labelled
applied importance. 5
diagram. 5
5. Describe the auditory pathway. 5
2. Show the structures forming the wall of pharynx with well
labelled diagram. 5 2014
3. Define Tenno’s capsule and write the modifications of it. 5 1. Mention the boundaries & contents of posterior triangle of
4. Explain the development of membranous labyrinth with neck. 5
diagram. 5 2. List the layers of scalp with applied importance. 5
5. List all the branches of external carotid artery with well 3. Enumerate the contents of Bony orbit. 5
labelled diagram. 5 4. List the derivatives of first pharyngeal arch. 5
5. Mention the danger area of face and its deep
communication. 5
6. List the components of lacrimal apparatus. 5
7. List the muscles of mastication with nerve supply. 5
8. Mention the paranasal air sinuses with applied importance.
5 1. Write briefly on: 5x3=15
9. Mention the formation and distribution of Ansa Cervicalis. 5
10. List the contents of middle ear. 5
2013
1. Mention the structures passing through superior orbital
fissure with suitable diagram. 5
2. Draw a labelled diagram of cavernous sinus. 5
3. Mention the development of tongue. 5
4. List the layers of scalp and its applied importance. 5
5. Mention the dural folds & its attachments. 5
6. Mention the boundaries and contents of posterior triangle of
neck. 5
7. List the components of lacrimal apparatus. 5
8. Describe Waldeyer’s ring with its applied significance. 5
9. Draw a well labelled histological diagram of Cornea. 5
10. Mention the blood supply of Thyroid Gland. 5
2012
1. Write the innervations of face. 5
2. Write the boundaries & contents of carotid triangle. 5
3. With the help of diagram explain the auditory pathway. 5
4. What are the names of the muscle of mastication? Write the
nerve supply and action of each of those muscles. 1+2+2=5
5. Mention the triangles of neck with suitable diagram. 5
6. Mention the contents of middle ear cavity. 5
7. Name the structures passing through the jugular foramen. 5
8. Enumerate the boundaries of pterygo-palatine fossa.
3 Mention its contents. 2+2
9. Mention the extrinsic muscle of larynx. Name the cartilages,
nerves and vessels of larynx. 4+4+1+4=11
2011
a. Histological structure of Retina
b. Tympanic Membrane.
c. Formation of Nasal septum with its arterial supply.
2. Describe larynx under the following headings:
a. Name the cartilages present in the larynx. 3
b. Name the muscles abducting and adducting vocal
cords. 3
c. Nerve supply of larynx. 2
d. Blood supply of larynx. 2
3. Illustrate with labelled diagram. 5x3=15
a. Blood supply of scalp
b. Cutaneous nerve supply of head and face.
c. Attachment of investing layer of deep cervical fascia at
base of skull.
4. Name the structures at the upper border, lower border and
between two heads of lateral pterygoid muscle. 1+3+1=5
5. Write briefly on vestibule and sinus of larynx. 2+3=5
 2010 2016
4 1. Tabulate and compare between the excitation -contraction
1. Give the relations and nerve supply of parotid gland.
10+5=15 coupling of a skeletal and smooth muscles (use diagram
2. Write briefly on: where appropriate). 5
a. Dangerous area of face. 5 2. Define motor unit with a well labelled diagram. Describe the
b. Nerve supply of lacrimal gland 5 size principle of a skeletal muscle with its physiological
c. Falx cerebri 5 significance. 2+3=5
d. Movements at Tempero-mandibular joint 5 3. State whether muscle contraction and relaxation is an active
e. Pretracheal fascia 5 or passive process. Justify it in relation to the Ratchet theory
f. Tympanic membrane & nerve supply 5+5=10 using a flow-chart. 1+4=5
4. Explain the Duplicity theory of vision. 5
5. What is center surround antagonism? Explain its mechanism.
Physiology 1+4=5
2017 6. Describe the Place principle of frequency determination. 5
1. Describe the mechanism of transmission of nerve
impulse at neuromuscular junction. 5 2015
2. Describe the molecular basis of skeletal muscle 1. Draw a well labelled graph of length-tension relationship of a
contraction. 5 sarcomere and explain it. Draw a well labelled diagram of a
3. Describe the relationship between the resting muscle motor unit. 3+3+2=8
length and the strength of its contraction. 5 2. With the help of flow chart, explain the sequence of events
4. Describe how does primary visual cortex processed in neuromuscular transmission. Add note on denervation
visual signals. 4 sensitivity. 4+3=7
5. Explain the mechanism of phototransduction at 3. Explain briefly the mechanism of dark adaptation with the
photoreceptor. 3 help of a diagram. 5
6. Explain how the intensity of sound is coded in the 4. Explain the mechanism of bipolar cells response when the
auditory pathway. 4 visual stimulus is placed in the center of the receptive fields
7. Describe the mechanism for the perception of odor. 4 with the help of an appropriate diagram. 5
5. State the functions of middle ear. Explain the mechanism of
impedance matching. 2+3=5
 2014
1. Explain the basis of length-tension relationship in a skeletal
muscle with a suitable diagram. 5
2. Tabulate & compare any four differences in the excitation
contraction coupling between skeletal muscle and smooth
muscle. 4
3. Describe the different responses to nerve injury. 5
4. Explain the mechanism of center -surround antagonism of
eye. Mention the physiological significance of it. 4+2=6
5. Explain the mechanism of mechano-electrical transduction of
sound by ear. 5
6. Explain the mechanism of transduction and perception of
odor. 5
2013
1. Explain the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle
fibre based on sliding filament theory. 5
2. With the help of flowchart, explain the steps of
neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction
coupling in skeletal muscle. 5
3. With the help of diagram, explain the basis of twitch,
unfused tetanus and fused tetanus. 5
4. Define centre-surround antagonism in visual perception.
Explain the physiological significance of it. 1+4+2=7
5. Show the diagrammatic neural circuit in olfactory bulb of
olfactory tract. Mention the function of each cell involved in
it. 3+2=5
6. Explain the mechanism of perception of sound. 3
2012
5 1. Tabulate the similarities and dissimilarities between
contraction of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. 6
2. What is end plate potential? Describe the sequences of
events during neuromuscular transmission. 2+4=6
3. Explain visual acuity. Why it is more at fovea of retina than at
periphery? 2.5+2.5=5
4. Name the theories of color vision. Explain color opponency in
brief. 1+3=4
5. Explain impedance matching of matching of middle ear.
Describe the place theory. 2.5+2.5=5
6. Olfactory mucosa and brain can mediate discrimination of
more than 10,000 different odors. Explain. 4
2011
1. Explain briefly, why visual acuity is greatest at the fovea.
Describe near response of the eyes. 3+2=5
2. Write down the sequence of events involved in photo-
transduction in rods with the help of flowchart. Explain dark
adaptation. 3+2=5
3. Describe auditory processing of sound in basilar membrane
after sound wave reaches middle ear. 5
4. Describe sensory transduction for salty and sour taste.
2.5+2.5=5
5. Describe sliding filament mechanism of skeletal muscle
contraction. 5
6. Describe the basis of length-tension relationship in a skeletal
muscle with suitable diagrams. 5
 2010 2013
1. Draw a graph of length-tension relationship of single muscle 6 1. How does calbindin protein participate in calcium
fiber and explain it. 3+2=5 homeostasis? 2
2. List four muscle proteins and describe their functions in 2. Draw schematic diagram showing visual signal transduction.3
skeletal muscle contraction. 1+4=5 2012
3. Describe reduced eye with a diagram. State its significance 1. Explain the role of cGMP in vision. 2
4+1=5 2. State the significance of vitamin D in calcium metabolism. 3
4. Explain the signal transduction and neural organization of 2011
the olfactory neurons. 2+3=5 1. Explain the role of cGMP in vision. 2
5. Define impedance matching. How does middle ear perform 2. Explain the role of vitamin D in maintenance of calcium
this function? 2+3=5 homeostasis in the body. 3
6. Explain the Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision. 5 2010
1. What are retinoids? Describe the role of vitamin A associated
Biochemistry with Wald’s Visual cycle. 5

2017
1. Explain the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium and
Pathology
phosphorous homeostasis. 3
2. Explain the role of vitamin A in vision. 2 2017
2016
1. Describe the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. 5
1. Describe briefly about the calcium homeostasis. 2.5 2. Define osteoporosis. Explain how lack of exercise
2. Describe the Wald’s visual cycle. 2.5 contributes to causing osteoporosis. 1.5+3.5=5
2015 2016
1. How is impulse generated in rod cell transmitted? 2
1. Explain the pathogenesis of pyogenic osteomyelitis. 4
2. Describe briefly about the calcium homeostasis. 3
2. Classify bone tumor. 4
2014
3. Enlist four metabolic bone diseases. 2
1. Write the hormonal regulation of calcium in the body. 3
2015
2. Explain the quarter staggered alignment of collagen. 2
4. Write down the morphological changes seen in synovium in
case of rheumatoid arthritis.
5. Name four benign bone tumors. Write short notes on Microbiology
osteoclastoma. 2+3=5 7
2014 2017
6. Write down the stages of Fracture healing and describe 1. Write note on lab diagnosis of tetanus. 5
events occurring during these stages. 3 2. Describe the pathogenesis of Gas gangrene with the help
7. Write about Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis. 2 of a flow chart. 5
8. Enlist the neoplasms related to the eyes and orbit. Describe 2016
1. Write a short note on methods of anaerobiosis. 5
in brief about gross and microscopic features of
2. Write briefly on the pathogenesis of tetanus. 5
Retinoblastoma. 2+3=5
2013 2015
3. Write a short note on pathogenesis of gas gangrene. 5
9. Write predisposing condition for rickets and in brief about
4. Write briefly on laboratory diagnosis of meningitis. 5
morphology. 2+3=5
2014
10. Discuss briefly about the diseases of Eye and Orbit. 5
5. Write in brief:
2012
a. Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis 5
11. Enumerate four salient points considered to arrive at a
b. Neonatal tetanus 5
diagnose of any bone tumor. 5
12. Write predisposing condition for rickets and in brief about 2013
morphology. 5 6. Write note on the following:
2011 a. Polio vaccines 5
13. Write short notes on predisposing factors and pathogenesis b. Laboratory diagnosis of Otitis media 5
2012
of post-menopausal and senile osteoporosis. 2+3=5
7. Differentiate between oral and injectable polio vaccines. 5
14. Write the morphology of rheumatoid arthritis. 5
8. Explain the pathogenesis of tetanus. 5
2010
15. Define osteomyelitis. Mention four microscopic morphologic
2011
features of the disease. 1+4=5
9. Define gas gangrene. Describe the laboratory approach to
16. Classify bone tumors. Write briefly about histopathology of
diagnose gas gangrene. 1+4=5
Osteosacroma.
10. List any four causative agents of otitis media and describe
the laboratory procedures to diagnose otitis media. 2+3=5
 2010 2014
11. Explain the pathophysiology of tetanus. 5 8
3. Write mechanism of action, side effect, uses,
12. List the causative agents of acute otitis media and how do contraindication and precaution of the following drugs:
you diagnose such infection in laboratory? 2+3=5 3x5=15
a. Vit-D
Pharmacology b. Paracetamol
c. Succinylecholine
2017 2013
1. Write mechanism of action, side effect, uses, 4. Write mechanism of action, side effect, uses,
contraindication and precaution of the following drugs: contraindication and precaution of the following
3x5=15 drugs:3x5=15
a. Calcitonin a. Succinyl choline
b. Paracetamol b. Paracetamol
c. Succinylcholine c. Calcitonin
2016 2012
1. Write mechanism of action, side effect, uses, 5. Write mechanism of action, side effect, uses,
contraindication and precaution of the following drugs: contraindication and precaution of the following
3x5=15 drugs:3x5=15
a. Dantrolene a. Dantrolene
b. Aspirin b. Colchine
c. Pancuranium c. Aspirin
2011
2015 6. Write mechanism of action, side effect, uses,
2. Write mechanism of action, side effect, uses, contraindication and precaution of the following
contraindication and precaution of the following drugs: drugs:2x5=10
3x5=15 a. Succinylcholine
a. Calcitonin b. Celecoxib
b. Aspirin 7. Write the treatment of glaucoma and their rationale. 5
c. Baclofen
 Community Medicine 9
2017
1. Enlist the difference between live and killed vaccine. 2.5
2. Enlist some vitamin A rich food and which are the groups at
risk of vitamin A deficiency? 2.5
2016
1. List the mode of transmission of poliomyelitis? Describe its
clinical spectrum? 2+3=5
2015
2. Illustrate and explain the epidemiological triad of Polio. 5
2014,2013
3. What are the environmental factors responsible for
occurrence of poliomyelitis in a community? Write down the
epidemiological basis for eradication of poliomyelitis. 5
2012
4. What are the functions of vitamin A? Write five ocular
manifestation of vitamin A deficiency. 2.5+2.5=5
2011
5. Write a short on epidemiology of Polio in Nepal.
2010
6. Define blindness and explain in brief about prevention of
blindness in children & mothers. 5