CGM

DAV Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Jalandhar
EXPERIMENT No.1
OBJECTIVE: Introduction of AutoCad Software.
Theory:-
Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing area is one of the fastest growing areas in the
engineering industry today. CAD/CAM systems have become basic systems that can help the
designer to design a product by using the speed and efficiency of a computer. At the same
time significant technological advances have been occurring in the areas of computer-aided
design and in computer-aided manufacturing. CAD/CAM courses are normally taught with a
combination of theory and practice. Side by side with the theory, the course requires a student
to undertake assignments with major commercial software. (For example, solid works). The
course involves theory and hands-on experiments. The student participants are expected to
procure a copy of the student version of the software. The course is developed in such a
manner that the participants can get the instruction in a self-paced step-by-step manner with a
combination of theory and practice.
1
Engineering Computer Graphics Lab Manual
Adjust Grid and Grid Snap

To enhance drawing speed and efficiency, you can display and snap to a rectangular grid.
You can also control its spacing, angle, and alignment.
The grid is a rectangular pattern of dots or lines that extend over the area you specify as the
grid limits. Using the grid is similar to placing a sheet of grid paper under a drawing. The grid
helps you align objects and visualize the distances between them. The grid is not plotted.
Grid mode and Snap mode are independent but are often turned on at the same time.
Control the Display Style and Area of the Grid
You can display the grid either as a rectangular pattern of dots or as rectangular pattern of
lines. The grid displays dots only when the current visual style is set to 2D Wireframe,
otherwise the grid displays lines. A lined grid is displayed for all visual styles while working
in 3D. There are several methods to change the current visual style, including the
VSCURRENT command.
By default, the X and Y axes of the UCS display in a different color than the grid lines. You
can control the color in the Drawing Window Colors dialog box. This dialog box is accessible
from the Drafting tab in the Options dialog box.
LIMITS
The command controls the drawing area covered by the grid. As an option, you can override
the limits to make the grid cover the entire XY plane of the user coordinate system (UCS).
You can access this option in the Drafting Settings dialog box or use the GRIDDISPLAY
system variable. Note When you use dynamic UCS, the grid limits are set automatically
relative to the size of the selected face of the solid and the drawing area available
2
Drafting Settings dialog box

To turn off the display of major grid lines, set the frequency of major grid lines to 1.
Note if the grid is displayed as lines, the grid limits are displayed also as darker lines. Do not
confuse these boundaries with major grid lines.
Note when the grid is displayed as lines and SNAPANG is set to a value other than 0, the grid
will not display. SNAPANG does not affect the display of the dotted grid.
Change the Grid Dynamically During Zooming

If you zoom in or out of your drawing, the grid spacing is adjusted automatically to be more
appropriate for the new magnification. This is called adaptive grid display.
3
For example, if you zoom way out, the density of displayed grid lines reduces automatically.
Conversely, if you zoom way in, additional grid lines display in the same proportion as the
major grid lines.
Change Grid and Snap Spacing
As you work, you can turn Grid and Snap mode on and off, and you can change the grid and
snap spacing. You can turn Snap mode on and off temporarily by using an override key.
Snap spacing does not have to match grid spacing. For example, you might set a wide grid
spacing to be used as a reference but maintain a closer snap spacing for accuracy in
specifying points.
CHANGE THE GRID AND SNAP ANGLE AND BASE
If you need to draw along a specific alignment or angle, you can change the grid and snap
angle by rotating the user coordinate system (UCS). This rotation realigns the crosshairs on
the screen to match the new angle. In the following example, the UCS is rotated 30 degrees to
match the angle of the anchor bracket.
The grid and snap points are always aligned with the UCS origin. If you need to shift the grid
and grid snap origin, move the UCS.
 Click Tools menu Drafting Settings. At the command prompt, enter settings.
 In the Drafting Settings dialog box, Snap and Grid tab, select Grid On to display the
grid.
 Under Snap Type, make sure Grid Snap and Rectangular Snap are selected.
 For Grid X Spacing, enter the horizontal grid spacing in units.
 To use the same value for vertical grid spacing, press ENTER. Otherwise, enter a new
value for Grid Y Spacing.
 Click OK.
TO TURN ON SNAP MODE AND SET SNAP SPACING

 Click Tools menu Drafting Settings. At the command prompt, enter settings.
 In the Drafting Settings dialog box, Snap and Grid tab, select Snap On.
4
 Under Snap Type, make sure Grid Snap and Rectangular Snap are selected.
 In the Snap X Spacing box, enter the horizontal snap spacing value in units.
 To specify the same vertical snap spacing, press ENTER. Otherwise, enter a new
distance in the Snap Y Spacing box.
 Click OK.
TO SET THE GRID LIMITS
 Click Format menu Drawing Limits. At the command prompt, enter limits.
 At the command prompt, enter the coordinate values for a point at the lower left
corner of the grid limits.
 Enter the coordinate values for a point at the upper right corner of the grid limits.
The grid limits are set to a rectangular area defined by the two points.
To temporarily override Snap mode
 Hold down F9 while you work.
When you release the key, snap mode is restored.
To rotate the grid and snap angle and change the base point
 Click View tab UCS panel Z. At the command prompt, enter UCS.
 Enter the rotation angle for the UCS.
 Click View tab UCS panel Origin. At the command prompt, enter UCS.
 Specify a new origin point for the UCS.
 Click OK.
To change the grid display between dots and lines
 At the command prompt, enter VSCURRENT.
 Do one of the following:
 To display the grid as dots, specify the 2D Wireframe option.
 To display the grid as lines, specify any other option.
UNITS
Among the most important concepts that newcomers to AutoCAD need to get to grips with
are those of drawing scale and drawing units. You cannot start creating sensible drawings
with AutoCAD until you are familiar with scale, units and the commands you use to control
them. Most people who use AutoCAD, draw using decimal drawing units. What these
drawing units represent is entirely up to the individual. However, you must decide what units
you will use before you start drawing. One drawing unit could represent one millimeter, one
centimeter, one meter, kilometer, mile, furlong or fathom. It is entirely up to you. However,
in most parts of the world it is common practice to work in either millimeters or meters.
Which of these two units you use will largely depend upon the type of drawing you are
creating. For example, if you were creating a detail drawing of a flight of steps, you would
most likely use millimeters (Architects will almost always use millimeters). If, on the other
5
hand you are drawing a landscape master plan, you would probably want to work in meters
(Landscape Architects and Civil Engineers usually use meters)
DRAWING UNITS DIALOG BOX

Linear Units
You can see from the dialogue box that there are five different linear unit types for you to
choose from, one of which is "Decimal", the default. The table below shows the effect of the
different unit settings on two drawing unit values to give you an idea how the various settings
might be used along with a brief description.
Unit Type 1.5 Drawing Units 1500 Drawing Units Description
Decimal 1.5000 1500.0000 Metric or SI units
Scientific 1.5000E+00 1.5000E+03 Decimal value raised to a power
Engineering 0'-1.5000" 125'-0.0000" Feet and decimal inches
Architectura 0'-1 1/2" 125'-0" Feet and fractional inches

l
Fractional 1 1/2 1500 Whole numbers and fractions
Notice that when you change the unit type, the co-ordinate display on the status bar changes
to show co-ordinates using the current unit type. Changing the unit typealso affects the way
distances, areas and volumes are reported when using the appropriate inquiry command.
For the most part you should not need to change the unit type. Units such as "Architectural"
and "Engineering" are there mainly for AutoCAD users in the USA where Feet and Inches
are still in common use.
Angular Units
Looking at the Drawing Units dialogue box again, you will notice that there are also five
angular unit types. The default is decimal degrees, but there are other options. The table
below shows the effect of the different unit types on two angular unit values. As with the
linear units, there are not many circumstances under which you would want to use anything
other than the default.
6
Unit Type 12.5 Angular Units 180 Angular Units Description
Decimal Degrees 12.500 180.000 Metric units
Deg/Min/Sec 12d30'0" 180d0'0" Degrees, Minutes and Seconds
Grads 13.889g 200.000g 400 grads = 360 degrees
Radians 0.218r 3.142r 2 Pi radians = 360 degrees
Surveyor N 77d30'0" E W Compass bearings
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
TYPES OF CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

 Absolute co-ordinate system.
 Relative co-ordinate system.
 Polar co-ordinate system.
7
ABSOLUTE COORDINATES:-
Absolute Coordinates uses the Cartesian System to specify a position in the X, Y, and (if
needed) Z axes to locate a point from the 0-X, 0-Y, and 0-Z (0, 0, 0) point. To locate a point
using the Absolute Coordinate system, type the X-value, Y-value, and, if needed, the Z-value
separated by commas (with no spaces).
Example:
If you type 12, 8 for a position, AutoCAD will locate an entity or part of an entity 12 along
the X-axis and 8 along the Y-axis.
RELATIVE RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM :-

 A Relative Rectangular Coordinate allows you to specify a position along the X-
axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis (if needed) to locate a point relative to the last point
youspecified.
 To locate a point using the RelativeRectangularCoordinate system, type @ and
then the X-value, Y-value, and, if needed, the Z-value,separated by commas and no
spaces.
Example:
If your last point was at 12,8 (see FIGURE below), you can type @11,7 and
AutoCAD will locate an entity or point 11 along the x axis and 7 along the y axis
from the 12,8 point.
8
Polar co-ordinate system.

The Polar Coordinate System is a two-dimensionalcoordinate system in which each
point on a plane is determined by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a
fixed direction.
The fixed point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian system) is called the pole, and
the ray from the pole in the fixed direction is the polar axis. The distance from the
pole is called the radial coordinate or radius, and the angle is the angular coordinate,
polar angle.
DRAW TOOLBAR
LINE
The minimum shortest distance between two points is known as line. Here is the example of
square which is made by line commands by using absolute co-ordinate system.
9
Example:-
Command: _line Specify first point: 0, 0
Specify next point or [Undo]: 50, 0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0, 50
CONSTRUCTION LINE
This is also a type of line which is extended to infinity such as xline can be used to create
trimming boundaries and reference lines.
POLYLINE
The line which is having a single region or a single entity is known as polyline. Here is the
example of square which is made by line commands by using absolute co-ordinate system.
10
Example: - POLYLINE
Command: _line Specify first point: 0, 0
POLYGON
To draw a circumscribed polygon
 Click Home tab Draw panel Polygon. At the command prompt, enter polygon.
 At the command prompt, enter the number of sides.
 Specify the center of the polygon (1).
 Enter c to specify a polygon circumscribed about a circle.
 Enter the radius length (2).
11
To draw a polygon by specifying one edge

 Enter e (Edge).
 Specify the start point for one polygon segment.
 Specify the endpoint of the polygon segment.
 To draw an inscribed polygon
 Specify the center of the polygon.
 Enter i to specify a polygon inscribed within a circle of specified points.
 Enter the radius length.
CIRCLE
To create circles, you can specify various combinations of center, radius, diameter, points on
the circumference, and points on other objects.
You can create circles in several ways. The default method is to specify the center and the
radius. Three other ways to draw a circle are shown in the illustration.
Draw a Circle Tangent to Other Objects

The tangent point is a point where an object touches another object without intersecting it. To
create a circle that is tangent to other objects, select the objects and then specify the radius of
the circle. In the illustrations below, the bold circle is the one being drawn, and points 1 and 2
select the objects to which it is tangent.
12
To create a circle tangent at three points, set running object snaps ( OSNAP) to Tangent and
use the three-point method to create the circle.
To draw a circle by specifying a center point and radius or diameter

Do one of the following:
 Click Home tab Draw panel Center, Radius. Enter circle at the command prompt.
 Click Home tab Draw panel Center, Diameter. Enter circle at the command
prompt.
 Specify the center point.
 Specify the radius or diameter.
To create a circle tangent to two objects
 Click Home tab Draw panel Tan, Tan, Radius. Enter circle at the command
prompt.
The command starts Tangent object snap mode.
 Select the first object to draw the circle tangent to.
 Select the second object to draw the circle tangent to.
Specify the radius of the circle

RECTANGLE
Rectangles are very basic and easy to draw in AutoCAD. They make an even, closed-box
shape instead of an open shape created by the line command. Click the rectangle icon on the
draw toolbar. Click in the drawing area to specify your first point. Move your mouse and
click again to specify the second point. You can move your mouse to the left or right, above
or below your first point when choosing your second point.
13
REVCLOUD
REVCLOUD stores the last used arc length in the system registry. This value is multiplied by
DIMSCALE to provide consistency when the program is used with drawings that have
different scale factors.
You can create a new revision cloud by dragging your cursor, or you can convert a closed
object such as an ellipse or polyline into a revision cloud. Use revision clouds to highlight
parts of a drawing that are being reviewed.
SPLINE
A spline is a smooth curve that passes through or near a given set of points. You can control
how closely the curve fits the points
The SPLINE command creates a particular type of spline known as a no uniform rational B-
spline (NURBS) curve. A NURBS curve produces a smooth curve between control points.
ELLIPSE
The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width. The longer
axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis
The illustrations below show two different ellipses created by specifying axis and distance.
The third point specifies only a distance and does not necessarily designate the axis endpoint.
14
INSERT BLOCK
Specifies the name and position of the block or drawing to insert.The last block you insert
during the current editing session becomes the default block for subsequent uses of INSERT.
The position of the inserted block depends on the orientation of the UCS.
Name Specifies the name of a block to insert, or the name of a file to insert as a block.
Browse Opens the Select Drawing File dialog box (a standard file selection dialog box)
where you can select a block or drawing file to insert.
Path specifies the path to the block.
Preview displays a preview of the specified block to insert. A lightning bolt icon in the lower-
right corner of the preview indicates that the block is dynamic. An icon indicates that the
block is annotative.
Insertion Point Specifies the insertion point for the block.
Specify On-Screen
Specifies the insertion point of the block using the pointing device.
X Sets the X coordinate value.
Y Sets the Y coordinate value.
Z Sets the Z coordinate value.
Scale
Specifies the scale for the inserted block. Specifying negative values for the X, Y, and Z scale
factors inserts a mirror image of a block.
Specify On-Screen
Specifies the scale of the block using the pointing device.
X Sets the X scale factor.
Y Sets the Y scale factor.
Z Sets the Z scale factor.
15
Uniform Scale
Specifies a single scale value for X, Y, and Z coordinates. A value specified for X is also
reflected in the Y and Z values.
Rotation
Specifies the rotation angle for the inserted block in the current UCS.
Specify On-Screen
Specifies the rotation of the block using the pointing device.
Angle
Sets a rotation angle for the inserted block.
Block Unit
Displays information about the block units.
Unit
Specifies the INS UNITS value for the inserted block.
Factor
Displays the unit scale factor, which is calculated based on the INS UNITS value of the block
and the drawing units.
MAKE BLOCK
When a Block is created there are several options that sometimes are overlooked. One of this
is the option to not allow the block to be exploded. If you don't know that this exists, you
might find yourself unable to explode a block that you really, really, really need to explode (I
am no fan of Block exploding, I mostly hate people who do that as a hobby, but sometimes
you do need to explode. The trick is to open the block definition dialog box (type "b", or
"block") without selecting anything. Then on the drop down list search for the block you are
unable to explode. You will see that the "allow exploding" option is unselected. Select it and
click OK. Now select the Block, enter X for EXPLODE.
16
HATCH AND GRADIENT

TYPE
Sets the pattern type User-defined patterns are based on the current line type in your drawing.
A custom pattern is a pattern that is defined in any custom PAT files that you have added to
the search path. You can control the angle and scale of any pattern.
Predefined patterns are stored in the acad.pat or acadiso.pat files supplied with the product.
PATTERN
Lists the available predefined patterns: The six most recently used predefined patterns appear
at the top of the list. HATCH stores the selected pattern in the HPNAME system variable.
The Pattern option is available only if you set Type to Predefined.
BUTTON
Displays the Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box, in which you can view preview images for all
predefined patterns at once to help you make a selection.
SWATCH
Displays a preview of the selected pattern. You can click the swatch to display the Hatch
Pattern Palette dialog box. When the SOLID pattern is selected, you can click the right arrow
to display a list of colors or the Select Color dialog box.
CUSTOM PATTERN
Lists the available custom patterns. The six most recently used custom patterns appear at the
top of the list. The name of the selected pattern is stored in the HPNAME system variable.
The Custom Pattern option is available only if you set Type to Custom.
17
BUTTON
Displays the Hatch Pattern Palette dialog box, in which you can view preview images for all
custom patterns at once to help you make a selection.
ANGLE AND SCALE

Specifies an angle and a scale for the selected hatch pattern.
ANGLE
Specifies an angle for the hatch pattern relative to the X axis of the current UCS. HATCH
stores the angle in the HPANG system variable.
SCALE
Expands or contracts a predefined or custom pattern. HATCH stores the scale in the
HPSCALE system variable. This option is available only if you set Type to Predefined or
Custom.
DOUBLE
For user-defined patterns, draws a second set of lines positioned at 90 degrees to the original
lines, creating a crosshatch. This option is available only if you set Type to User Defined on
the Hatch tab.
RELATIVE TO PAPER SPACE
Scales the hatch pattern relative to paper space units. Using this option, you can easily
display hatch patterns at a scale that is appropriate for your layout. This option is available
only from a layout.
SPACING
Specifies the spacing of lines in a user-defined pattern. HATCH stores the spacing in the
HPSPACE system variable. This option is available only if you set Type to User Defined.
ISO PEN WIDTH
Scales an ISO predefined pattern based on the selected pen width. This option is available
only if you set Type to Predefined and set Pattern to one of the available ISO patterns
18
REGION
Regions are two-dimensional areas you create from closed shapes or loops. Closed polylines,
lines, and curves are valid selections. Curves include circular arcs, circles, elliptical arcs,
ellipses, and splines
TABLE
A table is an object that contains data in rows and columns. A table object can be created
from an empty table or table style. A table can also be linked to data in a Microsoft Excel
spreadsheet. After the table has been created, you can click any gridline on the table to select
it and then modify it by using the Properties palette or grips.
TEXT
The TEXT command creates a single-line text object. It displays a simplified version of the
In-Place Text Editor that consists of a bounding box that is the height of the text and expands
as you type. Right-click to select options on the shortcut menu.
19
If TEXT was the last command entered, pressing ENTER at the Specify Start Point of Text
prompt skips the prompts for paper height and rotation angle. The text that you enter in the
In-Place Text Editor for single-line text is placed directly beneath the previous line of text.
The point that you specified at the prompt is also stored as the insertion point of the text.
THE MODIFY TOOLS
Erase, Copy, Mirror, Offset, Array, Move, Rotate, Scale, Stretch, Lengthen, Trim, Extend,
Break at point, Break, Chamfer, Fillet, Explode.
Erase –
Select this button then a drawing element to erase it permanently from the drawing.
Copy –
The copy command will copy any selected drawing elements and reposition where specified
by the user, without affecting the original elements.
1) Select the copy button, then select the object(s) to copy then hit return (or right click)
2) Select the base point where to copy from (For example if copying a circle, it would be
sensible for the base point to be the centre of the circle)
3) Enter the second point of displacement - this is where the new base point of the copied
objects is to be positioned. Note that the base point is not visible, just a co-ordinate in
AutoCAD’s drawing system to enable accurate positioning of objects where required.
When quickly copying an object it is quite acceptable to simply pick a rough point to copy
and then position an object without specifying co-ordinates, it can then be accurately
positioned in the drawing area using the move command.
Mirror –
The mirror command will create a mirror image of any selected drawing elements along any
line of symmetry specified by the user.
20
Offset –
Offset will make a copy of a line or series of selected lines by a specified distance in the
direction specified. The example below shows an original red box (50mm x 50mm) with an
offset yellow box 10mm to the outside of the original box.
Array –
The array command quickly creates copies of a selected object(s) to a specified spacing. The
array command can save lots of drawing time when used correctly. There are two types of
array; rectangular and polar. A rectangular array would create copies of an object in rows and
columns at specified spacing. A polar array would create copies of an object in a circular
pattern based on a specified centre point. Shown below are the two types of array. The red
objects are the original objects, and the yellow are the copies created with the array.
Rectangular Array
Download the appropriate tutorial file for your version of AutoCAD:
(AutoCAD Array options are not in a dialogue box although the same settings apply)
The drawing is a plan view of a chair. We will use the array command to create more chairs
at a regular spacing of 1000mm centers as shown in the above example.
1)Open the AutoCAD file, select the array button
2)Select 'rectangular array'
3)For select object, select the chair
4) For the rows and columns, we will select 5 each time. This tells AutoCAD to repeat the
object 5 times horizontally and 5 times vertically.
5) For column offset and row offset enter 1000
21
An array will have been created with the rows, columns and spacing specified. Your drawing
should be similar to the rectangular array drawing shown above.
Polar Array
1)Open the AutoCAD file, select the array button
2) Select 'polar array'

3) For select object, select the entire drawing (the circle and vertical line)
4) For centre point, choose the bottom end of the vertical line. This is the point where the
copies of the original object will be rotated about.
5) For number of items, enter 12.
6) For angle to fill, enter 360(we have just told AutoCAD to array 12 items about the centre
point for a full 360°)
.
Move –
The move command works exactly the same as the copy command described above, except
instead of creating a copy of the selected objects, the second objects are moved.
Rotate –
The rotate command rotates any selected objects about a defined point by the angle specified.
By default AutoCAD will rotate objects anticlockwise when an angle is entered.
1)Load the drawing we used in the polar array example.
2) Select the rotate button from the modify toolbar.
3) Select the vertical line and circle.
4) Select the base point for the rotation. This is the point which the selected objects will be
rotated about. Select the bottom end of the vertical line.
5) AutoCAD asks for a rotation angle. Note how mouse movements rotate the object in real
time enabling quick rotations to be made. We will specify an angle of 45°. Enter 45 and hit
enter
22
Scale –
The scale command scales the size of a selected object(s) by a defined scale factor from a
selected base point. The selected objects can be scaled up to increase size or down to reduce
the size.
For example: Entering a scale factor of 2 would result in the object being doubled in size.
Entering a scale factor of 0.5 would result in the selected object being halved in size.Try
scaling the object we rotated in the above rotate tutorial, to get a feel for how the scale
command operates.
Stretch –
The stretch command will stretch a selected part of an object, and can be used to lengthen or
shorten a particular object. Looking at the stretch command introduces two very different
ways of selecting objects. So far you have probably been 'picking' an element of a drawing
with one single click of the mouse while the cursor is over the object. A quicker way is to
pull a window over the objects we want to select. There are two ways to select objects with a
window, with each method yielding different results. A window drawing a box from top left
to bottom right will select all objects FULLY within the window. Drawing a window with a
box from bottom right corner to top left will result in all objects being selected that ANY part
of the window passes through.
The selection window (shown green) with a box drawn top left to bottom right results in the
objects within the window being selected as shown on the second image shown above. Note
that the circle only partially within the window does not get selected.
23
The selection window shown green above (Note how the different window selection type is
shown as dotted) results in all objects within and passing through the selection window
become selected. Now we know the different selection types we can have a go with the
stretch command.
1) Download and open the original polar array lesson drawing above.
2) Select the stretch command button
3) Use the bottom right to top left window type to draw a dotted window around the end of
the object as shown below:
4) AutoCAD asks for a base point, select around where the line and circle meet.
5) Notice how where we move the mouse the object is becoming stretched. We can simply
select a point with the mouse to stretch the object, or enter a more accurate position such as
@0,50 .
Lengthen
The lengthen command will lengthen a selected line.When the lengthen command is
activated, before the line is selected, we need to tell Autocad how we will lengthen the
line.
Trim –
The trim command is an extremely useful tool which will erase all parts of an object beyond
or within its intersection with another object.
24
The protruding lines on the image on the left have been trimmed to the edge of the rectangle
as shown on the right image.
Extend –
The extend command is similar to the trim command in how it functions, except it extends a
selected line to a point of intersection of another selected object. In order to successfully use
the command, you have to make sure that when the line is extended it will actually intersect
the object selected which the line is to extend to!
1) Download the trim tutorial file above and use the trim command we learnt to trim the
yellow lines to the circle as shown below:
We will now use the extend command to extend the yellow lines back up to the edge of the
rectangle
1) Select the extend command
2) When asked to select an object select the boundary edge which the lines will be extended
to. In this case we want to extend to the rectangle, so select the rectangle.
3) We are now asked to select the object to extend. As with the trim command, the effect of
the command is dependent upon whereabouts along the length of the object it is selected.
AutoCAD will always extend the end of the line which is nearer to the point where the line
was selected. Select each end of the yellow lines (near the intersection with the circle) to
extend each line up to the rectangular boundary edge we selected.
4) Hit enters to end the command.
25
Break at Point
The break at point command enables the user to break an object at a specific point, creating
two separate objects.
1) Draw a line that is roughly horizontal; don't worry about its size.
2) Select the break at point command . When prompted to select object, select the line we
just drew.
3) When prompted to select a break point, select somewhere along the length of the line.
Now try selecting the line, note how it is now broken into two separate lines, at the point we
selected. This command can be used on most drawn objects within AutoCAD.
Break –
The break command is identical to the above break at point command, except the break line
isn't as neat as when using the above command i.e the break point leaves a significant gap
between what is now two separate objects:
The top line was broken with 'break at point'. The bottom line was broken with the standard
'break' command.
Chamfer –The chamfer command will chamfer the intersection of two lines to a specified
distance. This is best shown with the example below:
The rectangle on the left is 50mmx50mm. The rectangle on the right has been chamfered by a
distance of 5mm.
26
Fillet –
The fillet command is very similar to the chamfer command above, except instead of creating
a straight line chamfer, AutoCAD creates a radius between the two points.
The rectangle on the left is 50mmx50mm. The rectangle on the right has been filleted by a
radius of 5mm.
1) Draw a Rectangle using the line command, with a size of 50x50.

2) Select the fillet button
3) We will specify a radius, so enter R for radius
4) AutoCAD asks for the fillet radius, enter 5 then hit enter
The fillet radius is now set.
5)Select the first line segment to fillet then hit enter
6)Select the second line segment to fillet then hit enter
The two lines will have been filleted with a radius of 5 as we specified. Repeat the procedure
to fillet the remaining 3 corners.
As with the chamfer lesson above, we can apply the fillet command to a polyline which will
fillet all intersecting lines. While using the fillet command be careful not to specify a radius
too large.
Explode-
The explode command is very straightforward. It simply breaks down an object down to its
basic line entities.
For example, a rectangle drawn with the rectangle command is drawn as a polyline, the
separate lines making the rectangle can't be selected or edited. If we choose the explode
button, then select the rectangle object, it will be broken down (or exploded!) into its 4
separate lines.Explode can also be used to break apart a block and also hatching (covered
later).A basic rule of thumb would be: If you can't select an object you wish to edit, or wish
to edit only part of an object, try exploding it to break it down to its basic form of lines and
arcs.
27
Exercise 2 Draw rectangular and polar array drawing.
Theory
ARRAY (Command) Creates copies of objects arranged in a pattern. You can create copies
of objects in a regularly spaced rectangular, polar, or path array. The system variable controls
whether the source objects of the array are deleted or retained after the array is created.
Rectangular Array:
Commands Used
Array (ar)
Rectangular Array (r)
Circle (c)
Rectangle (r)
28
Polar Array :
Commands Used
Array (ar)
Polar Array (po)
Circle (c)
Rectangle (r)
29
Exercise 3 Draw drawing of metal grate .
Theory
Commands Used
Rectangle (r)
Hatch (h)
30
Exercise 4 Draw drawing of slotted base .
Theory
Commands Used
Line (L)
Dimension (Dim)
31
Exercise 5 Draw drawing of Link .
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
32
Exercise 5 Draw Base plate.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
33
Exercise 5 Draw Bush.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
34
Exercise 8 Draw Bush
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
35
Exercise 9 Draw Flange coupling.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Polar Array (ar)
36
Exercise 10 Draw Bell crank lever.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
37
Lab Work-II: Using the geometric shape and size data learnt in Lab Work I,
extrude or revolve the sketch to obtain 3-D drawing.
Study and practice various options available for 3-D drawing.
MODELLING TOOLBAR
A primitive solid is a ‘building block' that you can use to work with in 3D
Rather than extruding or revolving an object, AutoCAD has some basic 3D shape
commands at your disposal. From these basic primitives, you can start building your 3D
models. In many cases, you get the same result from drawing circles and rectangles and
then extruding them, but doing it one command is generally faster. Using these with
Boolean operations can be a very effective way of drawing in 3D. There are eight different
primitives that you can choose from and are on the Home > Modeling Tool Panel (when in
the 3D workspace).
(Click on the ICON below to go to the command)
SHAPE COMMAND ICON DESCRIPTION
BOX Creates a solid box after you provide 2

BOX
opposite corners and a height.
SPHERE Creates a solid sphere from a center point and

SPHERE
radius.
CYLINDER Creates a straight cylinder from a center point,

CYLINDER
radius and height.
CONE Creates a tapered cone from a center point,

CONE
radius and height.
WEDGE Creates a triangular wedge from 2 opposite

WEDGE
points.
TORUS Creates a torus (donut shape) based on center

TORUS
point, radius and tube radius.
PYRAMID / Draws a solid object with a polygon (3-32
PYRAMID PYR sides) base that rises to a central point.
PSOLID Draws a solid object with width and height as

POLYSOLID
would draw a polyline.
You can use primitives to either begin building a model, or it can even be a finished object in
its own. Many of these commands are similar to 2D commands, except with an extra co-
ordinate in the Z axis. Here is a summary of working with these commands.
38
BOX
Think of a box as an extruded rectangle. It has width, height and depth. It is created by
establishing a starting corner and then establishing a second corner by either picking or
giving relative co-ordinates.
BOX
Center/<Corner of box><0,0,0>:Cube/Length/<other corner>: L Length: 5 <X AXIS> Width: 4
<Y AXIS>Height: 6 <Y AXIS>
Of course you can also draw a box by picking two opposite corners with your mouse. This is
useful for filling in areas and can be very quick. Make sure to use your Osnaps.
SPHERE
A Sphere is a globe-like shape. It is very similar to drawing a circle in that you pick a
center point and then input either the radius (default) or diameter. Both methods draw the
same sphere in the following examples:
39
Specify center point or [3P/2P/Ttr]: <PICK POINT>Specify radius or [Diameter] <2.3756>:

6 <ENTER>
Command:
SPHERE
specify center point or [3P/2P/Ttr]: <PICK POINT>Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: D
Specify Diameter: 12 Both of the above methods will give you the same result. You also have
the options of selecting 3 Points, 2 Points, or using 2 tangents and radius (TTR).
CYLINDER
A cylinder is just like an extruded circle. Creating one is very similar to creating a circle,
except that you are giving depth to it.These two examples would draw the same cylinder:
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4Specify center point for base of cylinder or
[Elliptical]<0, 0, 0>:<PICK POINT>Diameter/<Radius>: 2.5Center of other end/<Height>: 1.2
CONE
Drawing a cone is the same as drawing a cylinder, except that the resulting object tapers
smoothly from the bottom to a point at the top.
40
WEDGE
One of the trickier primitives to draw is the wedge. You have to be careful which co-
ordinates you input to make the wedge lie in the position you want. If it doesn't turn out just
as you hoped for, you can always rotate it.Here is an example of drawing a wedge:
Command: WEDGE Specify first corner of wedge or [Center] <0, 0, 0> : <PICK>
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: @5, 2, 4
Once the first corner is established, you can either enter points, or pick a spot. AutoCAD
will draw the shape like it would draw a cube except it is slice in half along the length
starting at the point above the first corner. There are other options to drawing wedges and
see the box examples for these.
TORUS
41
A torus is a donut-like shape or something resembling an inner tube. When drawing one
you have to enter the center point, a radius to the center of the tube and the radius of the
tube itself.
Command: TORUS Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4 Specify center of torus <0,0,0>:
Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: 3Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]:.25
The diagram above shows the resulting diameters from the input above. A center mark
indicates the picked center of the torus.
PYRAMID
To draw a pyramid, you need to know the diameter of the base and the height. The
diameter can either be inscribed (inside the circle) or circumscribed (outside the circle).
POLYSOLID
This is a new command for AutoCAD 2007. A polysolid allows you to draw a solid object
while defining the height and the width. I think this command is aimed at the architects, who
will enjoy the ability to quickly draw solid walls.
42
Models
3D models represent a 3D object using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by
various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of
data (points and other information), 3D models can be created by hand, algorithmically
(procedural modeling), or scanned.3D models are widely used anywhere in 3D graphics.
Actually, their use predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers. Many
computer games used pre-rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could
render them in real-time. Today, 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields. The medical
industry uses detailed models of organs. The movie industry uses them as characters and
objects for animated and real-life motion pictures. The video game industry uses them as
assets for computer and video games. The science sector uses them as highly detailed models
of chemical compounds. The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed
buildings and landscapes through Software Architectural Models. The engineering
community uses them as designs of new devices, vehicles and structures as well as a host of
other uses. In recent decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D
geological models as a standard practice.
Solid - These models define the volume of the object they represent (like a rock). These are
more realistic, but more difficult to build. Solid models are mostly used for nonvisual
simulations such as medical and engineering simulations, for CAD and specialized visual
applications such as ray tracing and constructive solid geometry
Shell/boundary - these models represent the surface, e.g. the boundary of the object, not its
volume (like an infinitesimally thin eggshell). These are easier to work with than solid
models. Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models. Working in 3D
usually involves the use of solid objects. At times you may need to combine multiple parts
into one, or remove sections from a solid. AutoCAD has some commands that make this easy
for you. These are the Boolean operations as well as some other helpful commands for solids
editing.
COMMAND INPUT ICON DESCRIPTION
UNION UNION / UNI Joins two or more solids into creating

(Boolean) one based on the total geometry of all.
SUBTRACT / Subtracts one or more solids from

SUBTRACT
SU another creating a solid based on the
(Boolean)
remaining geometry.
INTERSECT /
INTERSECT Creates a single solid from one more
IN solids based on the intersected geometry.
(Boolean)
EXTRUDE SOLIDEDIT Allows you to increase the size of a solid

FACE by extruding out one of its faces.
SLICE Slices a solid along a cutting plane.

SLICE
3DALIGN Aligns 2 3D Objects in 3D space.

3D ALIGN
43
The Boolean commands work only on solids or regions. They are easy to work with IF you
follow the command line prompts. Here is an example of each.
Start these exercises by drawing a box 5W X 7L X 3H and cylinder 3 units in diameter so
that the center of the circle is on the midpoint of the block.
UNION
Below left, there is a box and a cylinder. These are two separate objects. If you want to
combine them into one object, you have to use the union command.
The UNION command combines one or more solid objects into one object.
Here are the command line prompts and the resulting object:
Command: UNION <ENTER>Select objects: <SELECT THE BLOCK>1 found Select objects :<
SELECT THE CYLINDER> 1 found select objects: <ENTER>
NOTE: The object that you select first will determine the properties of the unioned object
when it is created.
SUBTRACT
The subtract command is used to cut away, or remove the volume of one object from another.
It is important to check the command line when using this command. Remember that
AutoCAD always asks for the object that you are subtracting FROM first, then it asks for the
objects to subtract. Here is an example:
The SUBTRACT command removes the volume of one or more solid objects
from an object.
44
Command: SUBTRACT Select solids and regions to subtract from... Select objects: <SELECT
THE BLOCK> 1 found <ENTER> Select objects: Select solids and regions to subtract...
Select objects: <SELECT THE CYLINDER> 1 found <ENTER>Select objects: <ENTER>
INTERSECT
This command creates a new solid from the intersecting volume of two or more solids or
regions. AutoCAD will find where the two objects have an volume of interference and retain
that area and discard the rest. Here is an example of this command shown below:
EXTRUDE FACE
Just as there is a "trim"-like command in 3D - there is also a "stretch". This is a new
command in recent versions. I usually start this command by clicking on the Ribbon item
Home > Solids Editing > Extrude Faces. The command is quite easy to use, but you need to
be careful on which face you select. Try to extend one edge of the block by 1 inch. Start the
command and pick the face on the side (on the bottom line). You'll notice that the bottom
face highlights as well. Next type R and pick the bottom face to remove it. Then follow the
command line to finish the command.
Command: _solid edit Solids editing automatic checking: SOLIDCHECK=1 Enter a solids editing
option [Face/Edge/Body/Undo/eXit] <eXit>: F Enter a face editing option
[Extrude/Move/Rotate/Offset/Taper/Delete/Copy/coLor/Undo/eXit] <eXit>: E Select faces or
[Undo/Remove]: <PICK BOTTOM LINE OF SIDE FACE> 2 faces found.Select faces or
[Undo/Remove/ALL]: R Remove faces or [Undo/Add/ALL]:<PICK AN EDGE ON THE
BOTTOM FACE>2 faces found, 1 removed. Remove faces or [Undo/Add/ALL]:<ENTER>
Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: 1<ENTER> Specify angle of taper for extrusion
<0>:<ENTER> Solid validation started.Solid validation completed. Enter a face editing option
[Extrude/Move/Rotate/Offset/Taper/Delete/Copy/coLor/Undo/eXit] <eXit>:<ENTER>
You should end up with this:
45
Another way of editing faces in AutoCAD 2007 and newer is to use grips to extrude the
faces, just like you would on a 2D object. Here is an image below that shows some of the
grips available. This option is only available on the basic shapes shown in lesson
46
3D ALIGN
Sometimes, you may find it faster or easier to draw something separately and then move and
align it into place. The command to use this in 3D is (funnily enough) 3DALIGN. This is a
simple example, but will show you the method.
47
Exercise No. 11 Draw a Bracket.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
48
Exercise No. 12 Draw a Hand Wheel.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Array (ar)
Extrude
49
Exercise No. 13 Draw a Hexagonal Nut and Bolt.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
50
Exercise No. 14 Draw a Key.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
51
Exercise No. 15 Draw a Body of journal Bearing.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
52
Exercise No. 16 Draw a Shaft.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
53
Exercise No. 17 Draw a Screw jack cup.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
Revolve
54
Exercise No. 18 Draw a Screw jack Body
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
Revolve
55
Exercise No. 19 Draw a V-Block.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
56
Exercise No. 20 Draw a Glad.
Commands Used
Line (l)
Circle (c)
Rotate (ro)
Trim (tr)
Hatch (h)
Extrude
Revolve
57

CGM

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

CGM

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

DAV Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Jalandhar

OBJECTIVE: Introduction of AutoCad Software.

Adjust Grid and Grid Snap

Drafting Settings dialog box

Change the Grid Dynamically During Zooming

TO TURN ON SNAP MODE AND SET SNAP SPACING

DRAWING UNITS DIALOG BOX

Decimal 1.5000 1500.0000 Metric or SI units

Scientific 1.5000E+00 1.5000E+03 Decimal value raised to a power

Engineering 0'-1.5000" 125'-0.0000" Feet and decimal inches

Architectura 0'-1 1/2" 125'-0" Feet and fractional inches

Unit Type 12.5 Angular Units 180 Angular Units Description

Decimal Degrees 12.500 180.000 Metric units

Deg/Min/Sec 12d30'0" 180d0'0" Degrees, Minutes and Seconds

Grads 13.889g 200.000g 400 grads = 360 degrees

Radians 0.218r 3.142r 2 Pi radians = 360 degrees

Surveyor N 77d30'0" E W Compass bearings

TYPES OF CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

 Relative co-ordinate system.

 Polar co-ordinate system.

RELATIVE RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM :-

Polar co-ordinate system.

To draw a polygon by specifying one edge

Draw a Circle Tangent to Other Objects

To draw a circle by specifying a center point and radius or diameter

Specify the radius of the circle

HATCH AND GRADIENT

ANGLE AND SCALE

THE MODIFY TOOLS

line of symmetry specified by the user.

2) Select 'polar array'

1) Draw a Rectangle using the line command, with a size of 50x50.

Exercise 2 Draw rectangular and polar array drawing.

Rectangular Array (r)

Polar Array (po)

Exercise 3 Draw drawing of metal grate .

Exercise 4 Draw drawing of slotted base .

Exercise 5 Draw drawing of Link .

Exercise 5 Draw Base plate.

Exercise 5 Draw Bush.

Exercise 8 Draw Bush

Exercise 9 Draw Flange coupling.

Polar Array (ar)

Exercise 10 Draw Bell crank lever.

SHAPE COMMAND ICON DESCRIPTION

BOX Creates a solid box after you provide 2

SPHERE Creates a solid sphere from a center point and

CYLINDER Creates a straight cylinder from a center point,

CONE Creates a tapered cone from a center point,

WEDGE Creates a triangular wedge from 2 opposite

TORUS Creates a torus (donut shape) based on center

PSOLID Draws a solid object with width and height as

Specify center point or [3P/2P/Ttr]: <PICK POINT>Specify radius or [Diameter] <2.3756>:

COMMAND INPUT ICON DESCRIPTION

UNION UNION / UNI Joins two or more solids into creating

SUBTRACT / Subtracts one or more solids from

EXTRUDE SOLIDEDIT Allows you to increase the size of a solid

SLICE Slices a solid along a cutting plane.

3DALIGN Aligns 2 3D Objects in 3D space.

Exercise No. 11 Draw a Bracket.

Exercise No. 12 Draw a Hand Wheel.

Exercise No. 13 Draw a Hexagonal Nut and Bolt.

Exercise No. 14 Draw a Key.