FOUNDATIONS
5-1
Foundation Selection
Shallow foundations:
• Used at rock sites or when firm soils are at shallow
depth
• Not recommended where soils are:
• Compressible, expansive, collapsible, liquefiable, prone
to scour
Deep foundations are used when shallow
foundations are not suitable
Note: Can excavate and replace or improve problem
soils if shallow enough
5-2
1
Earthquake Effects on
Foundations
Primary effects:
Force and moment demand due to inertial
forces
Secondary effects:
Displacement demand due to:
• Seismic settlement
• Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading
• Slope instability
• Fault displacement
5-3
Shallow Foundation:
Seismic Vulnerability
• Little field evidence of collapse due to
geotechnical failure modes (excessive
eccentricity, bearing, sliding)
• Structural failure has occurred due to
overstressing of concrete, steel. Modes
include; flexure, shear, and joint shear
• Permanent ground deformation can be a
source of damage
5-4
2
Seismic Vulnerability of
Deep Foundations
Pile cap / pile head connection failure
Inadequate structural capacity
• Force demand
• Displacement demand
Inadequate geotechnical capacity
• Excessive pile / pile cap deformation
6-5
Soil-Foundation-Structure
Interaction
Seismic loading on foundations depends upon
soil-foundation-structure interaction
• Inertial interaction: interaction between the
superstructure and the structural foundation
• Kinematic interaction: interaction between the
structural foundation and the adjacent soil
• Not important except for stiff piles in very soft ground
and massive structures on shallow foundations (e.g.,
nuclear power plants)
6-6
3
Soil-Structure Interaction:
Inertial Interaction
x xry
xry ry
6-7
Soil-Structure Interaction:
Kinematic Effects
1. Kinematic Seismic Response
Kinematic motion
6-8
4
Modeling Soil-Structure Interaction:
Approach:
Model foundation as a node at the base of the
global bridge model
Procedures:
Attach decoupled linear soil springs to
foundation node
• Linear spring stiffness may depend upon deformation
• Springs represented by stiffness matrix
6-9
5-10
5
Foundation Stiffness Matrix
5-11
Detailed model of
superstructure
6-12
6
Pile Head Stiffness Matrix
x y z x y z
k11 0 0 0 k15 0
0 k 0 k 0 0
22 24
0 0 k33 0 0 0
0 k 42 0 k 44 0 0
k51 0 0 0 k55 0
0 0 0 0 0 k66
7
Load Components on Footings
e = M/V
5-15
5-16
8
Shallow Foundation Design Checks
Global stability
Geotechnical capacity
• Excessive eccentricity
• Bearing resistance
• Sliding resistance
Structural capacity
• Flexure
• Shear
• Joint shear 5-17
Geotechnical Design
Geotechnical Ductile
5-18
9
Eccentricity Limits
10
Reduced Foundation Width
(Meyerhoff’s Method)
B B 2e
N
q
B
5-21
5-22
11
Soil Shear Strength
For seismic loading, FS = 1
Use effective stress parameters (c’, ’) for
medium dense to dense sand, gravel
• For loose sand, reduce c’ and ’ by 1/3rd;
i.e. c = 0.67c’ and ’ = tan-1(0.67 tan’)
Use total stress parameters for saturated silt,
clay
• c = undrained shear strength, Su; = 0 for
saturated soil
5-23
Friction only
Rn = (W + P) tan
b + PP L
12
Secondary Seismic Loads
Displacement demands from permanent
foundation soil deformations
• Vertical settlement
• Lateral displacement
5-25
6-26
13
Geotechnical Capacity of Deep
Foundations
For axial capacity
• Plunging and uplift due to force and moment
demand
• Plunging due to downdrag-induced
displacement demand
For lateral capacity
• Pushover analysis using Lpile-type analysis
with static p-multipliers and passive resistance
of cap
• Stiffness usually governs lateral loading
6-27
14
Moment Capacity for a Pile Group
6-29
Note:
p-Multipliers
for
displacement
(lateral
stiffness)
analyses are
different
• See GEC-3
for more
information 6-30
15
Pile Head Pullout Failure
Sudden loss of uplift capacity
Significant reduction in moment capacity
• Theoretically can lead to overturning
Design Requirements
• Anchoring devices for timber, steel H piles and
unfilled pipe piles
• Sufficient embedment length of reinforcement
and dowels for concrete and concrete filled pipe
piles
6-31
Batter Piles
Carry more lateral load
than vertical piles due to
greater stiffness
16
Lesson 5.4
Questions?
5-33
17