ir
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
1236 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 33, NO. 3, JUNE 2018
Abstract—Reliable protection of modern distribution systems is [3], even as a solution for the coordination of protection means
challenging due to various technical difficulties, mainly related to in multi-recloser schemes [4].
the need for more efficient use of existing networks (e.g., shorter
Major issue for the proper application of distance protection
interruption durations and fewer affected customers, integration
of distributed generation, meshed network operation, etc.). Such in distribution systems with intermediate sources (DG) is the
challenges require, among others, the reconsideration of conven- infeed effect [2]. The latter is explicitly analysed in [5] and
tional protection techniques. A potential solution under examina- the performance of the distance relay is tested by using real-
tion concerns the adoption of distance protection for distribution world event report data. In [6], a multi-zone distance protection
feeders, due to its advantages compared to overcurrent protection. scheme for radial distribution systems with DG is presented,
However, as distance relays are mainly designed for transmission
networks, there are several issues to deal with in distribution ap- taking into account the infeed effect as well as the coordination
plications, such as the proper setting of the zero-sequence compen- of the distance relay with other protection means in the system.
sation factor (K0 ). The latter issue is critical in order to guarantee The application of distance protection to a distribution system
correct relay operation during single-line ground faults. This pa- with DG is examined in [7] but since, in this work, DG is always
per examines the effect of K0 on the operation accuracy of distance connected to the substation bus, coordination issues are not ac-
relays protecting inhomogeneous distribution feeders. Theoretical
analysis, as well as investigation of various influencing factors, re- tually dealt with. In [8], the authors investigate the replacement
sult in the determination of a pattern, which relates relay accuracy of overcurrent relays with distance relays in an actual distri-
to K0 . Based on this analysis, a simple methodology for setting K0 bution network with DG and study the infeed/outfeed effect
properly is proposed, which is implementable with commercially as well as the load variation effect on the performance of the
available relays. The methodology is applied on a test distribution
distance relays. Coordination between the line distance relays
feeder and meaningful conclusions are derived.
and distance relays used at the DG units (instead of common
Index Terms—Distance protection, distribution systems, relay undervoltage elements) to enhance fault-ride-through capabil-
accuracy, zero-sequence compensation factor. ity, is further checked. Distance protection is also considered in
microgrid applications [9], [10].
I. INTRODUCTION A significant issue that requires thorough investigation is the
proper setting of zero-sequence compensation factor (K0 ) so
ODERN distribution systems have to operate reliably
M into a challenging technical, economic, and regulatory
framework. Among other technical issues that need to be re-
that a distance relay installed in a distribution feeder can protect
against single-line-ground (SLG) faults efficiently. Although
this issue is important for transmission [11] and subtransmis-
solved in this context, protection philosophy should also be re- sion [12] systems as well, it is less challenging there, due to
considered in a way to obtain greater controllability and enhance the line homogeneity at high voltage levels, despite the fact
efficiency, reliability, and quality of service [1] in distribution that mutual coupling could make it quite demanding [13]. On
systems. Under such a demanding protection environment, the the contrary, in distribution systems, proper K0 setting could
application of non-conventional, highly-reliable protection con- be much more complicated due to the inhomogeneity of distri-
cepts in distribution systems is investigated. bution lines as for their impedance data. In [14], an optimized
A solution being considered concerns the application of dis- value of K0 is extracted for distance relays protecting distri-
tance relays to distribution systems. Inherent directionality and bution systems, through an optimization algorithm, achieving
independency from external system conditions [2] make dis- discrimination between different distance relays. However, dis-
tance protection an attractive option for distribution networks crimination between the zones of each individual distance relay
is not always achieved.
Manuscript received April 11, 2017; revised August 26, 2017; accepted Oc- As a further step by the authors in the examination of applying
tober 7, 2017. Date of publication October 12, 2017; date of current version distance protection to distribution systems, this paper analyses
April 6, 2018. Paper no. TPWRD-00530-2017. (Corresponding author: V. C.
Nikolaidis.) the effect of K0 on the operation of distance relays protect-
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ing inhomogeneous radial feeders without DG and proposes a
Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 67100, Greece (e-mail: atsimtsi@ methodology for setting K0 properly in order to achieve effi-
ee.duth.gr; vnikolai@ee.duth.gr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online cient protection against SLG faults. The proposed methodology
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. can also be used for setting K0 properly when DG is connected
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2762465 to the feeder, as part of a preliminary attempt to deal with the
0885-8977 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Downloaded from http://iranpaper.ir
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
TSIMTSIOS AND NIKOLAIDIS: SETTING ZERO-SEQUENCE COMPENSATION FACTOR IN DISTANCE RELAYS 1237
1238 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 33, NO. 3, JUNE 2018
vectors ZB1 , ZB2 , . . . , ZBn respectively. Because of the smaller position SC1 (i.e., the non-compensated calculated impedance
cross-sections, ZB vectors have a greater magnitude and smaller for sub-segment LB1 ). We assume that, in (4), K0 has been set
angle compared to ZA vectors. The whole line is protected by according to the impedance data of segment LA1 , i.e., the re-
a distance relay (namely DR) installed at the head of segment lay can operate accurately only for SLG faults occurring in this
LA1 , i.e., at the departure of the feeder. Only one ground dis- segment (and the rest of the main trunk).
tance zone is shown in Fig. 1, which is set to reach up to the The right part of (4) is the sum of two terms. The first term
endpoint of lateral LB1 , covering also a part of lateral LB2 . It is ZA 1n c /(1 + K0 ), where the calculated impedance for seg-
is assumed that the time delay of this zone is set, so that the ment LA1 is “corrected” by being multiplied by 1/(1 + K0 ),
distance relay coordinates properly with the protection means with K0 being compatible with the impedance data of this seg-
(e.g., main fuses fB1 and fB2 ) of laterals LB1 and LB2 . ment. The second term is ZB 1 nc/(1 + K0 ), where the calcu-
Let us focus on the two segments LA1 and LB1 . If K0 is lated impedance for sub-segment LB1 is intended to be “cor-
set according to the positive- and zero-sequence impedance of rected” based on a K0 value, which is incompatible with the
segment LA1 , then, for a SLG fault anywhere in this segment, impedance data of LB1 . Hence, it would be reasonable to say
the ground distance element will calculate the positive-sequence that ZB 1 nc/(1 + K0 ) is the term that affects the impedance
impedance up to the fault position accurately. Nevertheless, in calculation accuracy of the ground distance element and, subse-
case of a SLG fault occurring anywhere in segment LB1 (e.g., at quently, the fault distance calculation accuracy. That means that
point SC1 ’ in Fig. 1), the aforementioned K0 setting will result the inaccuracy rate of the ground distance element is propor-
in an inaccurate ground distance calculation and consequently, tional to the magnitude of ZB 1 nc. Since the impedance mag-
in an inaccurate fault location. It should be noted that this prob- nitude of a line is proportional to its length, we could say that
lem cannot be solved if K0 is set based on the impedance data the inaccuracy rate of a ground distance element increases as
of segment LB1 , as segment LA1 interposes between the relay the length of the protected segment, whose impedance data are
location and segment LB1 . The latter K0 setting would be proper incompatible to the K0 setting, increases.
only if the relay was installed at the beginning of segment LB1 The above conclusions can be further clarified with a more
(i.e., protecting only this segment). In order to achieve accurate detailed analysis using Fig. 1. We examine now three fault cases,
impedance calculation for a SLG fault at point SC1 , K0 should in which SLG faults occur in the main trunk and in the first lateral
be set according to the impedance data of the fictitious segment LB1 , at the same distance from the relay location. In particular,
LC1 , whose positive-sequence impedance is represented by the the following fault cases are examined:
vector ZC1 on the R-X plane of Fig. 1. However, in this case, 1) Faults SC1 and SC1 , at distance d1 from the relay location.
the relay will locate the fault accurately only if the fault occurs 2) Faults SC2 and SC2 , at distance d2 from the relay location.
exactly at point SC1 , whereas the problem will remain unsolved 3) Faults SC3 and SC3 , at distance d3 from the relay location.
for the rest of the line. where d1 < d2 < d3 . Note that all SLG faults (six in total)
It can be derived that, when a distance relay protects a line shown in Fig. 1 with their actual fault position (symbol SC) are
consisting of segments with different impedance data, it is not independent of each other and do not occur at the same time.
possible to determine a single value for K0 which results in ac- Due to the differences in the conductor cross-sections, the
curate fault distance calculation for all the possible SLG fault sit- impedance vector (dashed lines) up to the fault position for a
uations in the protected line. This phenomenon can be analysed fault in the lateral is of greater magnitude and smaller angle com-
based on the general expression of the impedance calculated by pared to the corresponding vector for a fault in the main trunk,
the relay in case of a phase-a SLG fault [2]: at the same distance from the relay location. Furthermore, it is
apparent that as the distance from the relay location increases,
Za = V a/[Ia(1 + K0 )] (2)
the divergence of the impedance vector for a lateral fault, from
where Va and Ia are the phase-a voltage and current measured the corresponding vector for a fault in the main trunk, increases.
by the relay respectively. Assuming that K0 is set according to the impedance data of the
We could express (2) as: main trunk, then, as the lateral conductor length up to the fault
position increases, the compatibility of K0 decreases, so does
Za = Znc/(1 + K0 ) (3)
the relay accuracy. This can be related to the previous interpre-
where Zn c stands for the non-compensated impedance, namely tation of (4). In general, one could say that the inaccuracy rate
the calculated impedance up to the fault position without the of a ground distance element is proportional to the percentage
consideration of K0 , which would lead the relay to an inaccurate of the total conductor length up to the fault position that corre-
fault distance calculation. sponds to different impedance data compared to the impedance
Considering again the example of Fig. 1 and based on (3), data based on which K0 is set.
the impedance calculated by the relay for a phase-a SLG fault
at point SC1 of segment LB1 will be:
B. Simulation Results
Za = [ZA1nc/(1 + K0 )] + [ZB1 nc/(1 + K0 )] (4)
The previous analysis is performed for the radial 20 kV,
where ZA 1n c is the non-compensated impedance from the re- 50 Hz, overhead distribution line, shown in Fig. 2, which
lay location to the endpoint of LA1 and ZB 1 nc is the non- is based on typical data of the Greek distribution system,
compensated impedance from the endpoint of LA1 to the fault as received by the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network
Downloaded from http://iranpaper.ir
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
TSIMTSIOS AND NIKOLAIDIS: SETTING ZERO-SEQUENCE COMPENSATION FACTOR IN DISTANCE RELAYS 1239
TABLE II
CALCULATED IMPEDANCE FOR EACH FAULT LOCATION POINT
1240 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 33, NO. 3, JUNE 2018
TSIMTSIOS AND NIKOLAIDIS: SETTING ZERO-SEQUENCE COMPENSATION FACTOR IN DISTANCE RELAYS 1241
TABLE III
PERCENTAGE (%) VARIATION OF MAGNITUDE AND ANGLE OF TERM (1 + K 0 )
% variation of B % variation of b
C S1 16 1.16∠13.57o + 25.00 + 27.12 Fig. 6. Ground distance zones for the examined distribution feeder.
C S2 35 1.45∠17.25o
+ 11.72 −6.09
C S3 50 1.62∠16.20o + 22.22 −18.58
C S4 95 1.98∠13.19o - -
effect of K0 on the relay accuracy. The proposed methodol-
ogy mainly considers the calculated reactance variation and is
implementable using the current relay technologies and logics;
reactance) the variation of magnitude B (always positive) is however, it requires that the relay allows the determination of a
greater than that of angle b. Therefore, the tendency towards the different K0 setting for each ground distance element, a feature
reduction of the calculated reactance is always dominant. Note provided by several well-established relay manufacturers.
that in the case of moving from CS1 to CS2 , the percentage In principle, the proposed methodology is based on the setting
variation of angle b is greater than that of magnitude B; however, rules originally described in [6]. To briefly illustrate these set-
as this variation is positive, it further strengthens the tendency ting rules, let us consider again the radial overhead line depicted
towards the reduction of the calculated reactance. in Fig. 2. Fuses f1 - f4 protect the main laterals, whereas fuses
Based on the above explanation, the decrease of magnitude f1.r − f 4.r protect the remotest tapped distribution transformer
C is always more intense than the possible increase of angle c. connected to each lateral. Coordination between the main fuse
In fact, when the combination of Cases 1 and 4 results in an in- and the fuse at the primary of the tapped transformers is always
crease of angle c, this increase is not enough to compensate for assumed. According to the setting philosophy of [6], the zone
the decrease of magnitude C and lead to a greater calculated re- 1 phase and ground distance elements of the relay are set to
actance compared to that of the actual fault position. This can be cover 85% of the main line between the relay location and the
further clarified with the example of Fig. 5(b), which illustrates first lateral. The higher-step distance zones are set to protect up
the impedance vectors Cact ∠cact and Ca ∠ca corresponding to to the endpoint of one or more laterals, i.e., up to the remotest
the actual and the calculated fault position respectively, on the distribution transformer(s) fed by the lateral(s), without over-
R-X plane. In this example, it is assumed that Ca and ca both reaching it (them). Fig. 6 shows the feeder with ground distance
differ by 50% (decrease and increase respectively) compared to zones graphically illustrated on it.
Cact and cact respectively. As analysed before, the variation in Moreover, the fuse-blowing principle is adopted in [6], mean-
angle c is always less intense. However, even in this case, where ing that faults occurring in a lateral are let to be cleared by the
the vector magnitude and angle are equally varied, the calcu- lateral fuse before the distance relay trips. This way, the relay
lated reactance (+ Xa ) is considerably lower than the reactance serves as primary protection for the main line and as backup
of the actual fault position (+ Xact ). protection for the line laterals, which are primarily protected
To sum up, it is generally fair to say that when a SLG fault by the fuses. In order for this to be ensured, the time delay of
occurs at a point that corresponds to an impedance vector of each phase/ground distance zone is set greater (increased by the
greater magnitude and smaller angle compared to the impedance proper Coordination Time Interval - CTI) than the maximum
vector based on which K0 is set, the relay calculates a lower possible total clearing time of any main fuse(s) included in this
reactance value compared to the reactance of the actual fault zone. In addition, coordination between two successive zones
position. Similar analysis showed that exactly the opposite is is achieved, meaning that the time delay tk of zone k is always
also valid. Just to mention, in the example of Fig. 3, for the SLG lower than the time delay tk + 1 of zone k + 1.
faults at P2 , P3 and P4 , the ground distance element calculates, Assuming now that the reach and time delay settings of the
in each case, an impedance of smaller magnitude and greater ground elements of a distance relay, protecting a distribution
angle (resulting to a lower reactance), compared to the actual feeder, have already been set based on [6], K0 for each ground
impedance up to the fault position. element is set following the next steps:
1) The areas Ak −1,k , formed in the complex impedance plane
between + Xk −1 and + Xk , where + Xk is the forward
B. Proposed K0 Setting Methodology
reactance reach of ground distance zone k, are determined.
Major problem for setting a ground distance element pro- The first area A01 is the area between the R-X origin
tecting an inhomogeneous line part is that a single K0 cannot (relay location) and the forward reactance reach of the
be compatible with all the possible fault cases. This can result first ground distance zone.
in undetected ground faults, if the fault is located outside the 2) The positive-sequence impedance (Z1 ) and the zero-
desirable zone, or in undesired zone trips due to under-/over- sequence impedance (Z0 ) of the main trunk, from the
reach. This work proposes a simple methodοlogy to deal with relay location up to the beginning of the lateral in-
this problem, based on the previously derived pattern for the side each area Ak −1,k which is closest to the relay, are
Downloaded from http://iranpaper.ir
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
1242 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 33, NO. 3, JUNE 2018
TSIMTSIOS AND NIKOLAIDIS: SETTING ZERO-SEQUENCE COMPENSATION FACTOR IN DISTANCE RELAYS 1243
TABLE IV TABLE VI
CALCULATED K 0 VALUES FOR EACH GROUND DISTANCE ELEMENT CHECK FOR UNDESIRED TRIPS DUE TO SLG FAULTS IN LATERALS
ACCORDING TO THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Calculated Calculated UB ( + X k )
Ground Z 1 up to the reference Z 0 up to the reference K0 reactance with reactance with the (Ω primary)
element (k) point (Ω primary) point (Ω primary) conventional K 0 proposed K 0
(Ω primary) (Ω primary)
2 1.075 + 1.670 j 1.815 + 7.780 j 1.030∠26o
3 3.095 + 3.600j 4.575 + 15.700j 0.860∠34o Ground B2 B3 B2 B3
4 5.975 + 5.585j 8.195 + 23.675j 0.740∠40o element (k)
1244 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 33, NO. 3, JUNE 2018
TABLE VII
TRIPPING TIME OF GROUND DISTANCE ELEMENTS COMPARED TO THAT OF A
TYPICAL RECLOSER
1 - - 0.055
2 L1 f1 0.265 0.565 0.567
3 L2 f2 0.378 0.678 0.729
4 L3 , L4 f3 , f4 0.752 1.052 1.196
TSIMTSIOS AND NIKOLAIDIS: SETTING ZERO-SEQUENCE COMPENSATION FACTOR IN DISTANCE RELAYS 1245
TABLE VIII for PV systems), the reactance seen by a ground element for a
+ X k SETTING DETERMINED IN EACH CASE TO ADDRESS THE INFEED EFFECT
SLG fault will be lower than the actual one, thus it will definitely
lie inside the assigned zone.
No DG 2 DG plants (at B 1 and B 3 ) Based on the results of the above analysis, the proposed K0
DG type Ground element Initial + X k for + X k for the setting facilitates the optimized adjustment of the relay settings
(k) + Xk ideal K 0 proposed K 0 to the infeed effect conditions. A more detailed study of setting
setting (Ω primary) (Ω primary) the ground distance elements rigorously, when DG is present, is
(Ω primary)
planned for future work.
SG 2 2.97 3.67 3.05
3 4.90 6.73 6.09
4 8.87 14.30 13.57 V. CONCLUSION
IG 2 2.97 3.72 3.08
3 4.90 6.84 6.18 This paper examines the effect of K0 on the operation accu-
4 8.87 14.63 13.88 racy of distance relays protecting distribution feeders. Accord-
PV 2 2.97 2.99 2.45
3 4.90 4.96 4.38 ing to the theoretical analysis performed and based on the results
4 8.87 9.02 8.25 extracted from the examined test cases, the K0 effect follows
a specific pattern, considering conductors commonly used in
distribution networks. In particular, if K0 has been set based
on a specific positive- and zero-sequence impedance (reference
2) A set of four 250 KVA, 0.4 kV, 50 Hz induction generators impedance corresponding to a reference position) and a fault oc-
(IGs). curs in a position (downstream to the reference position), which
3) A set of two 500 KVA, 0.4 kV, 50 Hz inverter-interfaced corresponds to a positive-sequence impedance of greater mag-
photovoltaic (PV) systems operating with a unity power nitude and smaller angle compared to the reference impedance,
factor. The maximum steady state short-circuit contribu- the ground distance element locates the fault in a position of
tion of each PV system is limited to its nominal current. lower reactance compared to that of the actual fault position,
SLG faults are simulated at the endpoints of laterals L1 , L2 i.e., over-reach appears. On the contrary, if a fault occurs up-
and L4 , which correspond to the UB of ground distance zones 2, stream to the reference position, under-reach may appear. If not
3, and 4 respectively, in order to calculate the increased + Xk considered properly, those phenomena may lead to incorrect
setting for those zones, which addresses the infeed effect. Zone relay operation.
1 remains unaffected. Each fault is simulated twice; at first for By exploiting this pattern, the authors develop a methodology
the (theoretical) ideal K0 corresponding exactly to the fault for determining a single K0 factor for each ground distance ele-
position, in order to extract the pure effect of the intermediate ment, which leads the element to locate any SLG fault occurring
infeed, and secondly for the K0 setting of Table IV. in its assigned line part, inside the corresponding (desirable) dis-
The results of this analysis are presented in Table VIII. Each tance zone. The proposed methodology can be applied offline,
value in the fourth column of Table VIII corresponds to the reac- does not require considerable computational effort, and is ef-
tance calculated by each ground distance element for the ideal ficient for distribution systems without DG, in contrast to the
and the proposed K0 setting, when DG production is present traditional K0 setting philosophy. If intermediate DG sources
in the line. These values can be compared to those of the third are considered, it is observed that the proposed K0 reduces the
column, corresponding to zero DG production, in order to cal- infeed effect, making its handling easier.
culate the required increase in the + Xk setting and achieve
discrimination between the ground distance zones. VI. FUTURE WORK
It is shown that when SG or IG type DG units are connected
to the line, the + Xk setting of all zones, except the first one, has Using the findings of this work, the authors intend to proceed
to be increased either if the ideal or the proposed K0 is assumed. with a deeper examination of additional parameters, such as the
However, when the proposed K0 setting is applied, the required effect of fault resistance and DG. In addition, several other set-
increase is reduced. Concerning the connection of PV type DG ting criteria considering the coverage and time delay of distance
units, the infeed effect is negligible due to their low short-circuit relay zones will be examined. The ultimate goal is to propose
contribution. Therefore, when the ideal K0 is considered, the complete guidelines for the optimized setting of distance relays
required increase of the + Xk setting for zones 2, 3 and 4, is protecting distribution feeders with DG.
very low in this case. On the contrary, when the proposed K0
is considered, not only there is no need to increase the + Xk REFERENCES
setting of the ground distance zones, but also the calculated
[1] J. A. Momoh, Electric Power Distribution, Automation, Protection, and
reactance becomes lower than the initial + Xk setting (i.e., the Control. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC, 2007.
reactance corresponding to the actual fault position). In the latter [2] J. M. Gers and E. J. Holmes, Protection of Electricity Distribution Net-
case, the proposed methodology seems to be fully efficient in works. London, U.K.: IET, 2004.
[3] J. Chang, L. Gara, P. Fong, and Y. Kyosev, “Application of a multifunc-
terms of addressing the infeed effect. tional distance protective IED in a 15KV distribution network,” in Proc.
DG intermittence is not a problem in the above-mentioned 66th Annu. Conf. Protect. Relay Eng., College Station, TX, USA, 2013,
approach, since when DG production is zero (e.g., during night pp. 150–171.
Downloaded from http://iranpaper.ir
http://www.itrans24.com/landing1.html
1246 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 33, NO. 3, JUNE 2018
[4] A. Enayati and T. H. Ortmeyer, “A novel approach to provide relay coor- [14] C. Jecu et al., “Protection scheme based on non communicating relays
dination in distribution power systems with multiple reclosers,” in Proc. deployed on MV distribution grid,” in Proc. PowerTech, Grenoble, France,
North Amer. Power Symp., Charlotte, NC, 2015, pp. 1–6. 2013, pp. 1–4.
[5] A. Sinclair, D. Finney, D. Martin, and P. Sharma, “Distance protection in [15] J. G. Andrichak and G. E. Alexander, “Distance relays fundamentals,”
distribution systems: How it assists with integrating distributed resources,” General Electric Co., Malvern, PA, USA, Rep. GER-3966.
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 2186–2196, May/Jun. 2014. [16] G. Ziegler, Numerical Distance Protection: Principles and Applications.
[6] V. C. Nikolaidis, C. Arsenopoulos, A. S. Safigianni, and C. D. Vournas, “A Erlangen, Germany: Publicis Publishing, 2011.
distance based protection scheme for distribution systems with distributed
generators,” in Proc. Power Syst. Comput. Conf., Genoa, Italy, 2016, pp.
1–7.
[7] I. Chilvers, N. Jenkins, and P. Crossley, “Distance relaying of 11kV circuits Aristotelis M. Tsimtsios (S’17) received the Diploma of Electrical and Com-
to increase the installed capacity of distributed generation,” Proc. Inst. puter Engineering and the M.Sc. degree in energy systems and renewable energy
Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm. Distrib., vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 40–46, Jan. 2005. sources from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dem-
[8] K. Pandakov, H. K. Høidalen, and J. I. Marvik, “Implementation of dis- ocritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece, in 2013 and 2015, respectively.
tance relaying in distribution network with distributed generation,” in Proc. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at the same Department. His
13th Int. Conf. Develop. Power Syst. Protect., Edinburgh, U.K., 2016, pp. research interests include power system protection, distributed generation, and
1–7. power system reliability. Dr. Tsimtsios is a member of the Technical Chamber
[9] H. Lin, C. Liu, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vásquez, “Distance protection for of Greece.
microgrids in distribution system,” in Proc. 41st Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind.
Electron. Soc. Yokohama, Japan, 2015, pp. 731–736.
[10] L. Jin, M. Jiang, and G. Yang, “Fault analysis of microgrid and adaptive
distance protection based on complex wavelet transform,” in Proc. Int. Vassilis C. Nikolaidis (M’11) received the five-year Diploma of Electrical
Power Electron. Appl. Conf. Expo., Shanghai, China, 2014, pp.1–5. and Computer Engineering from the Department of Electrical and Computer
[11] V. Sellwood, U. Klapper, M. Kruger, and S. Kaiser, “A new technique for Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece, in 2001, the
setting distance protection and fault location by measurement of transmis- M.Sc. degree in energy engineering and management from National Techni-
sion line system impedance characteristics,” in Proc. 8th IEE Int. Conf. cal University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece, in 2002, and the Doctor of
AC DC Power Transm., London, U.K., 2006. Engineering degree from NTUA, in 2007. Since 2008, he has been working as a
[12] M. El-Hadidy, H. Farouk, and B. Soudy, “Zero sequence compensation power systems consulting engineer. He is currently an Assistant Professor with
factor effect on distance protection ground reach (practical study),” in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus Univer-
Proc. CIGRE Paris Session, Paris, France, 2012, pp. 1–8. sity of Thrace. His research interests mainly include power system protection,
[13] Y. Hu, D. Novosel, M. M. Saha, and V. Leitloff, “An adaptive scheme for control, stability, and transients.
parallel-line distance protection,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 1,
pp. 105–110, Jan. 2002.