Presented by:

Mahmoud Amro 15104792

Ahmed Atef 15104829
Ahmed magdy Ali 15106728
 Secularism
‘Secularism’ can mean different things to different people, is working to separate the government and
its institutions and the political authority from the religious authority or religious figures, it may be
objected to the failure of the Government or the State to compel any person to profess or exchange a
particular belief, religion or tradition on subjective subjectivity. It also seems that the right not to
convert to a particular religion and to renounce a certain religion as an official religion of the state. In
general, if this term refers to the view that human activities and decisions - especially political ones
Secularism is not rigid; it is adaptable according to the conditions of the countries it adopts. Its
application and support are different from the parties or associations supporting it among the different
regions of the world. Secularism itself is not opposed to religion, but rather neutral. In the United
States, for example, secularism has served religion from state and government intervention, not vice
versa. Some may consider it to be part of the "Arabism trend" as stated in the World Arab
Encyclopedia issued in Saudi Arabia.
It is a definition that encompasses three essential aspects and overlaps with the concept of the
religion of the State or religion of particular privilege in a particular State. There are some countries
whose constitutions explicitly state their secular identity, such as the United States, France, South
Korea, India and Canada. Some other countries have not mentioned secularism in their constitutions
but have not defined a state religion. Their laws provide for equality among all citizens, non-preference
for one religion, freedom to practice religious belief and law, and change in religion, including atheism
or the creation of new religions, Religious minorities, and are thus considered secular. The third
tranche of states, whose constitutions state the religion of a certain state such as Egypt, Monaco and
Greece, but whose constitutions contain general secular principles, such as the equality of all its
citizens and the guarantee of public freedoms, In Malta, a country where Catholic Christianity is a
religion, abortion is forbidden by law, given Catholic beliefs. However, the restriction of public
freedoms in Malta is much lower than in other countries such as Egypt, where Islamic law is the main
source of legislation, About changing religion or building non-Muslim places of worship, as well as
legislation on polygamy and other issues related to personal status law. The Egyptian example applies
to a number of other countries, prompting some researchers to make changes to the term "civil state"
instead of "secular state" and suggested some "civil state religious reference," but according to some
researchers empties the principles of equality and public freedoms of its content The countries closest
to the model of Malta are agreed upon as secular states, along with some reservations such as the
term "state neutrality towards religion" rather than "separation of state and religion"
The secular state is against theocracy, and therefore is considered a civil rule, although it is possible
to have a secular-military. It does not specify that the state is secular in terms of state debt, as
determined by the nature of the role of clerics in the state. Theocracy as a system of government is
the rule of a class of clergy either as a result of divine right or as a result of divine "conservation of the
law," either directly through their direct or direct administration of the state through the right to pass or
object to legislation and administration. Often, the clergy in non-secular states are a class or body with
powers. "An un-elected, possibly hereditary, incompetent, and often unrestricted authority, and
absolute authority in the hands of one class is absolutely corrupt." There are many historical examples
of the alliance between the authorities and the clergy, the defense of the clergy and the interests of the
political class in the name of religion
 The Council of Jurists in Iran, a body that has the right to bring down any project contrary to
Islamic law, was presented in 1981 with a reform of agricultural land, which guarantees a fairer
distribution, and receives the support of Khomeini. But many of the jurists in the Guardians'
Council had great property, and such legislation harmed their interests; when the reform project
offered them the right to object to it, under the pretext of violating the Sharia and overthrowing
it. Khomeini said that this issue is unforgivable, and will lead to the nation's distrust of clerics.
Secularism entered Egypt with the campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte. Al-Jabarti referred to the part
devoted to the French campaign against Egypt and its events. The Khedive Ismael replaced French
law in 1883, and this Khedive was fascinated by the West. He hoped to make Egypt a piece of Europe
Obstacles:
1. Increasing religious ideas
2. Migrations
3. Secularism 1 & Secularism 2

Ingenuity
Ingenuity is the quality of being clever, original, and inventive, often in the process of applying
ideas to solve problems or meet challenges/ ideas applied to solve practical social and technical
problems.
Obstacles:
1. Personal obstacles (Blind imitation, leading to limited thinking and failure to create.)
2. Fear of error and failure: The creative individual may fall into error, or failure
3. Resistance to change, the lack of acceptance of any new ideas and methods because of the
fear that the new ideas may threaten the gains and conditions and the multiplication of
words such as self-conflation: This idea will cost a lot, this method will not solve the
problem,
4. Obstacles to creativity in school, such as traditional and old teaching methods, and
conservation methods.
5. Lack of resources, limited and weak financial support, which affects the ability to perform
creative experiments and apply ideas on the ground.
6. The leaders lack good leadership and managerial qualifications
7. Resistance of responsible administrative bodies and unwillingness to change creative
8. Policy of satisfaction of all parties
 NGO
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit, citizen-based group that functions
independently of government.
The goal or objective of an NGO can cover just about any topic related to improving a region, country
the state of the world in some way.
NGOs rely on a variety of sources for funding projects, operations, salaries and other overhead costs.
Because the annual budget of an NGO can be in the hundreds of millions (or even billions) of dollars,
fundraising efforts are important for the NGO's existence and success.
Funding sources include
1. Membership dues
2. The sale of goods and services for private sector for-profit companies
3. Philanthropic foundations
4. Grants from local, state and federal agencies private donations.
5. Bequests, donations
6. Foundation
Problems in funding:

1. Must be constant
2. Lack of confidence in the administration and NGOs
3. The money does not reach the donor
4. Corruption ( in developing countries the most)
5. Do not hire technology for serve it

Activities:

NGO activities include, but are not limited to, environmental, social, advocacy and human rights work.
They can work to promote social or political change on a broad scale or very locally. NGOs play a
critical part in developing society, improving communities, and promoting citizen participation.

Operational: Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small-scale change directly through projects”.
They mobilize financial resources, materials, and volunteers to create localized programs. They hold
large-scale fundraising events and may apply to governments and organizations for grants or
contracts to raise money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure; a main
headquarters being staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, and
report and communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects. Operational
NGOs deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with the delivery of services or
environmental issues, emergency relief, and public welfare. Operational NGOs can be further
categorized by the division into relief-oriented versus development-oriented organizations; according
to whether they stress service delivery or participation; whether they are religious or secular; and
whether they are more public- or private-oriented. Although operational NGOs can be community-
based, many are national or international. The defining activity of operational NGOs is the
implementation of projects.

Campaigning: NGOs seek to "achieve large-scale change promoted indirectly through influence of
the political system". Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group of professional
members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They must plan and host
demonstrations and events that will keep their cause in the media. They must maintain a large
informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attention and
influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holding demonstrations.
Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating to human rights, women's rights, and children's
rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote a specific cause. As
opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness,
acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activist even

Public Relation: Non-governmental organizations need healthy relationships with the public to meet
their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds
and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political
importance because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of ethics was
established in 2002 by The World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations.

Project management: There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to
project success in non-governmental organizations. Generally, non-governmental organizations that
are private have either a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such
as religion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public support and voluntary
contributions for aid; they often have strong links with community groups in developing countries,
and they often work in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible. NGOs are
accepted

The role of non-governmental agencies in requalifying handicapped persons and activates

human rights

Ethiopia: Community-based Rehabilitation, mine clearance efforts, education of accident prevention,

training local bomb clearance experts, supporting local mine clearance organizations. Whether
dealing with prostheses, orthoses or other types of orthopedic device, the orthopedic techniques
used by Handicap International's specialists are adapted to the equipment, skills and infrastructure
available in the field. The prevention of disabling diseases, the creation of community health
services, the provision of psychological support for victims, all these initiatives aim to fulfill the same
objective: to ensure every man, woman and child receives the same level of health care.

https://www.unhcr.org/4ec3c78c6.pdf